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Di S, Diao Z, Xie Y, Cang T, Wang Z, Qi P, Liu Z, Zhao H, Wang X. Study on the enantioselective behaviors, activity, toxicity and mechanism of novel SDHI fungicide benzovindiflupyr to reduce the environmental risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116735. [PMID: 39024954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Benzovindiflupyr (BEN) has emerged as one of the fastest-growing SDHI fungicides in recent years, but it is considered "very highly toxic" to aquatic fish, invertebrates and crustaceans (EC50 or LC50, 0.0035-0.056 mg/L, acute toxicity). The comprehensive study on bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation behaviors of BEN at the enantiomeric level would facilitate the development of a high-efficiency and low-risk application method. The bioactivities of 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN against five target pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Phoma multirostrata, Selerotium rolfsii, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Rhizoctonia solani) (EC50, 0.00562-0.329 mg/L, high-efficiency) were 6.7-1029 times higher than 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN, demonstrating significant enantioselectivity. For Danio rerio, 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN (LC50, 0.0360 mg/L, "very highly toxic") exhibited higher toxicity than 1 R, 4S-(+)-BEN, but the toxic interaction was concentration addition (TUrac, 0.94), indicating an enhanced toxicity in the presence of 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN. Molecular docking was employed to offer insights at the molecular level and elucidate the factors influencing enantioselectivity. The stronger binding affinity of 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN with SDH was in line with the quantitative experimental findings. The degradation of two BEN enantiomers in four different fruits followed the first-order degradation kinetics equation, and displayed enantioselectivity. The preferential degradation of 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN was found in pears and grapes, while varying enantioselectivity was found at different stages in tomatoes and watermelons. The residual concentrations of BEN in grapes were higher than the EU's MRL, which in the other three fruits were below the MRLs during the sampling. In conclusion, 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN proved to be the more effective monomer. Utilizing the pure monomer could not only reduce the dosage of racemate by about 44-59 %, but also mitigate the risk of introducing inefficient monomer into the environment (especially for fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yunye Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Wang X, Di W, Wang Z, Qi P, Liu Z, Zhao H, Ding W, Di S. Cadmium stress alleviates lipid accumulation caused by chiral penthiopyrad through regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish liver. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135560. [PMID: 39173367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of cadmium (Cd) can potentiate (synergism) or reduce (antagonism) the pesticide effects on organisms, which may change with chiral pesticide enantiomers. Previous studies have reported the toxic effects of chiral penthiopyrad on lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. The Cd effects and toxic mechanism on lipid accumulation were investigated from the perspective of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The coexistence of Cd increased the concentrations of penthiopyrad and its metabolites in zebrafish. Penthiopyrad exposure exhibited significant effects on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function-related indicators, which were verified by lipid droplets and mitochondrial damage in subcellular structures. Moreover, penthiopyrad activated the genes of ER unfolded protein reaction (UPR) and Ca2+ permeable channels, and S-penthiopyrad exhibited more serious effects on ER stress with ER hyperplasia than R-penthiopyrad. As a mitochondrial uncoupler, the coexistence of Cd could decrease lipid accumulation by alleviating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and these effects were the most significant for R-penthiopyrad. There were antagonistic effects between Cd and penthiopyrad, which could reduce the damage caused by penthiopyrad in zebrafish, thus increasing the bioaccumulation of penthiopyrad in zebrafish. These findings highlighted the importance and necessity of evaluating the ecological risks of metal-chiral pesticide mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Weixuan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Northeast agricultural university, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast agricultural university, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Guo P, Ren Y, Pan X, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y, Du F, Dong F. Stereoselective Bioactivity and Action Mechanism of the Fungicide Isopyrazam. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39141781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the stereoselective bioactivity of chiral pesticides is crucial for accurately evaluating their effectiveness and optimizing their use. Isopyrazam, a widely used chiral SDHI fungicide, has been studied for its antifungal activity only at the racemic level. Therefore, to clarify the highly bioactive isomers, the stereoselective bioactivity of isopyrazam isomers against four typical phytopathogens was studied for the first time. The bioactivity ranking of the isomers was trans-1S,4R,9R-(+)-isopyrazam > cis-1R,4S,9R-(+)-isopyrazam > trans-1R,4S,9S-(-)-isopyrazam > cis-1S,4R,9S-(-)-isopyrazam. SDH activity was assessed by molecular docking simulation and actual detection to confirm the reasons for stereoselective bioactivity. The results suggest that the stereoselective bioactivity of isopyrazam is largely dependent on the differential binding ability of each isomer to the SDH ubiquitin-binding site, located within a cavity formed by the iron-sulfur subunit, the cytochrome b560 subunit, and the cytochrome b small subunit. Moreover, to reveal the molecular mechanism of isopyrazam stereoselectively affecting mycelial growth, the contents of succinic acid, fumaric acid, and ATP were measured. Furthermore, by measuring exospore polysaccharides and oxalic acid content, it was determined that 1S,4R,9R-(+)- and 1R,4S,9R-(+)-isopyrazam more strongly inhibited the ability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to infect plants. The findings provided essential data for the development of high-efficiency isopyrazam fungicides and offered a methodological reference for analyzing the enantioselective activity mechanism of SDHI fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- College of Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Colleage of Plant Health and Medicine, and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shan-dong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fengpei Du
- College of Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Li W, Zhao D, Chen H, Guo L, Wei Y, Weng H, Cheng L, Zhu H, Guo Q, Shen S. Chiral Herbicide Fluorochloridone: Absolute Configuration, Stereoselective Bioactivity, Toxicity, and Degradation in the Potatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17880-17889. [PMID: 39083674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluorochloridone (FLC) is a chiral herbicide that has four stereoisomers. This study systematically assessed the stereoselectivity of FLC to reveal the selective environmental behavior of its four isomers. Absolute configuration confirmation, evaluation of stereoselective bioactivity toward monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, toxicity to Danio rerio, and the stereoselective degradation in the potato system under field conditions of FLC were conducted. The four FLC stereoisomers were effectively separated on a superchiral S-AD column. The absolute configurations of the four stereoisomers of FLC were confirmed as (-)-(3S, 4S), (+)-(3S, 4R), (-)-(3R, 4S), and (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The activities of the four stereoisomers were in the order of (-)-(3S, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC, and the rate of selective degradation were in the order of (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3S, 4R)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4S)-FLC. The toxicity of the isomers were in the order of (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3S, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4R). Based on the results of bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation behavior assessments, the stereoisomer mixture containing (3R,4R)-FLC and (3S,4S)-FLC was concluded to be a better option than racemic FLC for increasing bioactivity and reducing usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Liangzhi Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Youhai Wei
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hua Weng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Haixia Zhu
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
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Liu J, Pan W, Pei T, Wang F, Zhao W, Wang E, Li L, Jing X. High-throughput semi-automated emulsive liquid-liquid microextraction for detecting SDHI fungicides in water, juice, and alcoholic beverage samples via UHPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 274:126038. [PMID: 38579419 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a High-Throughput Semi-automated Emulsive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (HTSA-ELLME) method was developed to detect Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides in food samples via UHPLC-MS/MS. The Oil-in-Water (O/W) emulsion comprising a hydrophobic extractant and water was dilutable with the aqueous sample solution. Upon injecting the primary emulsion into the sample solution, a secondary O/W emulsion was formed, allowing SDHI fungicides to be extracted. Subsequently, a NaCl-saturated solution was injected in the secondary O/W emulsion as a demulsifier to rapidly separate the extractant, eliminating the need for centrifugation. A 12-channel electronic micropipette was used to achieve a high-throughput semi-automation of the novel sample pretreatment. The linear range was 0.003-0.3 μg L-1 with R2 > 0.998. The limit of detection was 0.001 μg L-1. The HTSA-ELLME method successfully detected SDHI fungicides in water, juice, and alcoholic beverage samples, with recoveries and relative standard deviations of 82.6-106.9% and 0.8-5.8%, respectively. Unlike previously reported liquid-liquid microextraction approaches, the HTSA-ELLME method is the first to be both high-throughput and semi-automated and may aid in designing pesticide pretreatment processes in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Tao Pei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Fuyun Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Wenting Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Enhua Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Li Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Xu Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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Sun X, Huang XY, Pei D, Di DL. Continuous chiral separation process for high-speed countercurrent chromatography established and scaled up: A case of Voriconazole enantioseparation. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400190. [PMID: 38894562 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An efficient method for the continuous separation of Voriconazole enantiomers was developed using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) as a chiral selector in high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) with different types. The separation was performed using a two-phase solvent system consisting of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/100 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH = 3.0, containing 50 mmol/L SBE-β-CD) (1.5:0.5:2, v/v/v). A fast and predictable scale-up process was achieved using an analytical DE HSCCC instrument. The optimized parameters were subsequently applied to a preparative Tauto HSCCC instrument, resulting in consistent separation time and enantiomeric purity, with throughput boosted by a remarkable 11-fold. Preparative HSCCC successfully separated 506 mg of the racemate, delivering enantiomers exceeding 99% purity as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. This investigation presents an effective methodology for forecasting the HSCCC scale-up process and attaining continuous separation of chiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Duo-Long Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China
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Diao Z, Di S, Qi P, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhao H, Wang M, Zhang C, Wang X. Stereoselective study on chiral fungicide metconazole in four kinds of fruits: Absolute configuration, SFC-MS/MS enantioseparation, degradation and risk assessment. Food Chem 2024; 438:137944. [PMID: 37984002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Metconazole is a novel chiral fungicide with two chiral carbon atoms, but the research on its stereoselective behavior is limited. Therefore, the stereoselective behaviors of metconazole in four fruits, including grape, peach, pear and jujube, were summarized in this study. After determining the absolute configuration of metconazole stereoisomers, a chiral separation method through supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was first developed, which combined an improved QuEChERS method obtained the recoveries of 71.6-113 % with RSD ≤ 19.8 %. The LOD and LOQ were 4.30-95.9 and 10.5-143.2 ng/kg, respectively. Different stereoselective and diastereoselective behaviors were observed in four fruits. Dietary risk assessments of rac-metconazole were performed in populations with different ages and genders. Both acute (RQa, 0.0124-0.140 %) and chronic (HQ, 0.0234-0.0794 %) intake risks were acceptable. The results of this study would contribute to more complete risk assessments of metconazole and provide data for chiral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Diao
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Di S, Diao Z, Cang T, Wang Z, Xu L, Qi P, Zhao H, Liu Z, Wang X. Enantioselective fate and risk assessment of chiral fungicide pydiflumetofen in rice-fish and wheat farming systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169262. [PMID: 38081426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides have been widely used for reducing the losses caused by plant diseases. Rice and wheat are the most basic food crops, and the potential risks after applying fungicides are worthy of attention. Especially rice-fish farming system is an ecological symbiosis system that is beneficial to both environmental and ecological protection. However, the application of pesticides will stress the ecosystem, and the pesticide residues in rice and fish would be transmitted along the food chain, which is harmful to human health. Here, the enantioselective behaviors of chiral pydiflumetofen in rice-fish and wheat farming systems were clarified. In the rice-fish farming system, pydiflumetofen enantiomers were preferentially attached to the plants, entering the paddy water and settling into the paddy soil, and then accumulating and dissipating in the fish. With the growth of rice, it was transported to rice fruits. The wheat farming system was similar. Enantioselective dissipation occurred in carp (Cyprinus carpio), brown rice and wheat soil, and S-(+)-pydiflumetofen was preferentially dissipated. In other words, R-(-)-pydiflumetofen showed higher concentrations, especially in carp, which meant R-(-)-pydiflumetofen was more easily accumulated in the environment, and posed a greater potential risk to the farming system. The pydiflumetofen residues in brown rice and wheat were lower than MRLs from the EFSA (0.02 mg/kg) and eCFR (0.3 mg/kg), respectively. What deserves attention is that the MRL of pydiflumetofen in fish is not clear. Meanwhile, pydiflumetofen in paddy soil and wheat soil had a persistent residual effect, and the risks could not be ignored. Combined with the previous research, developing S-(+)-pydiflumetofen products will help to reduce the dosage and reduce the risks to environment and people. This study evaluated the environmental fate and risk of chiral pydiflumetofen from the perspective of farming system, and would provide data support for its rational use and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Ziyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Lu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Di S, Xie Y, Cang T, Liu Z, Chu Y, Zhao H, Qi P, Wang Z, Wang X. Comprehensive evaluation of chiral sedaxane with four stereoisomers for risk reduction: Bioactivity, toxicity, and stereoselective dissipation in crop planting systems. Food Chem 2024; 434:137375. [PMID: 37716143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of chiral pesticide at the stereoisomeric level is an effective strategy to improve efficiency and reduce risk on foods. For chiral sedaxane with four stereoisomers, there were 517-1013 fold differences in bioactivity for three kinds of phytopathogens and 3.73 fold differences in toxicity against model organism (Danio rerio) between the best (trans-1R2S-sedaxane) and worst stereoisomer (cis-1S2S-sedaxane). Trans-1R2S-sedaxane had the strongest affinity with the active site than other stereoisomers, which might contribute to the highest bioactivity. Trans-sedaxane was 28.2-331 fold more effective than cis-sedaxane. The dissipation half-lives of sedaxane stereoisomers ranged from 3.28 to 30.7 d in the test crops and soils. Trans-1S2R-sedaxane and cis-1S2S-sedaxane were preferentially dissipated in corn plants, while the preferential dissipation of trans-1R2S-sedaxane was found in wheat plants, potato plants and corn soil. The preferential dissipation of trans-sedaxane in corn plants, wheat plants, potato plants and corn soil would be environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yunye Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China/Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Wang X, Diao Z, Liu Z, Qi P, Wang Z, Cang T, Chu Y, Zhao H, Zhang C, Xu H, Di S. Development of S-penthiopyrad for bioactivity improvement and risk reduction from the systemic evaluation at the enantiomeric level. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122012. [PMID: 37307862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of screening high-efficiency and low-risk green pesticides, a systematic study on fungicide penthiopyrad was conducted at the enantiomeric level. The bioactivity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad (median effective concentration (EC50), 0.035 mg/L) against Rhizoctonia solani was 988 times higher than R-(-)-penthiopyrad (EC50, 34.6 mg/L), which would reduce 75% usage of rac-penthiopyrad under the same efficacy. Furthermore, their antagonistic interaction (toxic unit (TUrac), 2.07) indicated the existence of R-(-)-penthiopyrad would reduce the fungicidal activity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad. AlphaFold2 modeling and molecular docking illustrated that S-(+)-penthiopyrad had the higher binding ability with the target protein than R-(-)-penthiopyrad, showing higher bioactivity. For model organism Danio rerio, S-(+)-penthiopyrad (median lethal concentrations (LC50), 3.02 mg/L) and R-(-)-penthiopyrad (LC50, 4.89 mg/L) were both less toxic than rac-penthiopyrad (LC50, 2.73 mg/L), and the existence of R-(-)-penthiopyrad could synergistically enhance the toxicity of S-(+)-penthiopyrad (TUrac, 0.73), using S-(+)-penthiopyrad would reduce at least 23% toxicity to fish. The enantioselective dissipation and residues of rac-penthiopyrad were tested in three kinds of fruits, and their dissipation half-lives ranged from 1.91 to 23.7 d. S-(+)-penthiopyrad was dissipated preferentially in grapes, which was R-(-)-penthiopyrad in pears. On the 60th d, the residue concentrations of rac-penthiopyrad in grapes were still higher than its maximum residue limit (MRL), but the initial concentrations were lower than their MRL values in watermelons and pears. Thus, more tests in different cultivars of grapes and planting environments should be encouraged. Based on the acute and chronic dietary intake risk assessments, the risks in the three fruits were all acceptable. In conclusion, S-(+)-penthiopyrad is a high-efficiency and low-risk alternative to rac-penthiopyrad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570100, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Tang Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China/ Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Hainan University, No. 158 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570100, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
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