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Zhao R, Yao H, Hou Z, Zhou Q, Zhao M, Wu C, Zhang L, Xu C, Su H. Sensomics-assisted analysis unravels the formation of the Fungus Aroma of Fu Brick Tea. Food Chem 2024; 458:140174. [PMID: 38964109 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Fu Brick Tea (FBT) is characterized by Fungus Aroma (FA), which determines the quality of FBT products. However, the aroma constituents and their interactive mechanism for FA remain unclear. In this study, the FBT sample with the optimal FA characteristics was selected from 29 FBTs. Then, 19 components with OAV ≥ 1 were identified as the odorants involved in the FA formation. The aroma recombination test suggested that the FA was potentially produced by the synergistic interplay among the 15 key odorants, including (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-β-ionone, 4-ketoisophorone, dihydroactinidiolide, (E)-β-damascenone, 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, geraniol, heptanal, hexanal, and phenylacetaldehyde. And, the synergistic effects between them were preliminarily studied by aroma omissions, such as modulatory effects, masking effects, compensatory effects, and novelty effects, ultimately contributing to the FA. In all, this work helps us better understand the formation of the FA and provides a basis for the improvement of FBT production technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renliang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hengbin Yao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziyan Hou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Henan Commerce Science Institute Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Chunlai Wu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lipan Zhang
- Henan Commerce Science Institute Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hui Su
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Wang Y, Deng G, Huang L, Ning J. Sensory-directed flavor analysis reveals the improvement in aroma quality of summer green tea by osmanthus scenting. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101571. [PMID: 39007121 PMCID: PMC11239469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Flower scenting is an effective way to enhance the aroma of green tea (GT), including those osmanthus scented green tea (OSGT). However, the mechanism of aroma enhancement by scenting is still unclear. Here, the volatiles of GT, OSGT, and osmanthus were detected by GC-MS. The total volatile content of OSGT was significantly increased compared to GT, with the flowery and coconut aromas enhanced. Furthermore, 17 of 139 volatiles were responsible for the enhancement by GC-olfactometry and their absolute odor activity values (OAVs). Aroma recombination, omission and addition experiments showed that dihydro-β-ionone, (E)-β-ionone, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal, geraniol, linalool, α-ionone, and γ-decalactone were the key aroma volatiles with flowery or coconut aromas. Additionally, the dynamics of the key volatiles (OAVs >1) from different scenting durations were analyzed, proving that the optimal duration was 6-12 h. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of aroma formation during OSGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Guojian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Lunfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, China
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3
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Lu Q, Qiu C, Zhu J, Liu J, Wang X, Guo X. Elucidation of key fatty aroma compound contributing to the hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis using sensomics approach by GC-IMS and GC-MS-O. Food Chem 2024; 455:139904. [PMID: 38901221 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Aroma is one of the most noticeable characteristics when consuming Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and is crucial for consumer satisfaction and the development of industry. In this study, we utilized fingerprints and the sensomics approach to analyze volatiles in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis from Chongming and Taixing. GC-IMS indicated that the odor profile was dominated by pungent (-), buttery (+), and fruity (+) from Chongming and was more prone to alcoholic (-), solvent (-), and aldehydic (+) in Taixing. Moreover, PLS-DA modeling identified 2-acetylthiazole and toluene as the primary differential compounds. Subsequently, fifteen active-aroma compounds with FD values of >4 was recombined in an odorless matrix to simulate the odor profile of the hepatopancreas. Notably, removing methional may significantly decrease the intensity of the fatty and toasted odors. The findings reveal the odor profile of hepatopancreas and establish a theoretical foundation for subsequent studies on flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Caohua Qiu
- Gerstel (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianshe Zhu
- Gerstel (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Gerstel (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xueqian Guo
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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4
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Sui M, Wang L, Xue R, Xiang J, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Pu Q, Fang X, Liu B, Hu X, Liu X, Huang Y. The aroma formation from fresh tea leaves of Longjing 43 to finished Enshi Yulu tea at an industrial scale. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39177297 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enshi Yulu tea (ESYL) is the most representative of steamed green tea in China, but its aroma formation in processing is unclear. Thus, the ESYL volatiles during the whole industrial processing were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 134 volatiles were identified. Among these, 31 differential volatiles [P < 0.05 and variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1] and 25 key volatiles [relative odor activity value (rOAV) and/or the ratio of each rOAV to the maximum rOAV (ROAV) > 1.0] were screened out, wherein β-ionone and nonanal were the most key odorants. Besides, the sensory evaluation combined with multivariate statistical analysis of volatiles pinpointed spreading, fixation, first drying, and second drying as the key processing steps that have a pronounced influence on the aroma quality of ESYL. Furthermore, the oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids, synthesis of monoterpenes, and degradation of carotenoids were the main metabolic pathway for the formation of key odorants. CONCLUSION The study provides comprehensive insights into the volatile characteristics during the industrial processing of ESYL and promote our understanding of the aroma formation in steamed green teas. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Sui
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Xue
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Pu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Enshi City Huazhishan Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Youyi Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Tea Science Department of College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Qi Z, Huang W, Liu Q, Ning J. Variation in the Aroma Composition of Jasmine Tea with Storage Duration. Foods 2024; 13:2524. [PMID: 39200451 PMCID: PMC11353297 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the changes in the aroma of jasmine tea during storage. Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-GC-MS were combined to detect all volatile compounds. GC-olfactometry (GC-O), odor activity value (OAV), and p-value were employed to analyze and identify the key aroma compounds in six jasmine tea samples stored for different durations. Nine key aroma compounds were discovered, namely (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, methyl anthranilate, methyl salicylate, trans-β-ionone, linalool, geraniol, (Z)-4-heptenal, benzoic acid methyl ester, and benzoic acid ethyl ester. The importance of these compounds was confirmed through the aroma addition experiment. Correlation analysis showed that (Z)-4-heptenal might be the main reason for the increase in the stale aroma of jasmine tea. Through sensory evaluation and specific experimental analysis, it can be concluded that jasmine tea had the best aroma after 3 years of storage, and too long a storage time may cause the overall aroma of the tea to weaken and produce an undesirable odor. The findings can provide a reference for the change in aroma during the storage of jasmine tea and provide the best storage time (3 years) in terms of jasmine tea aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.Q.); (W.H.); (Q.L.)
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6
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Sun H, Fan R, Fang R, Shen S, Wang Y, Fu J, Hou R, Sun R, Bao S, Chen Q, Yue P, Gao X. Dynamics changes in metabolites and pancreatic lipase inhibitory ability of instant dark tea during liquid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger. Food Chem 2024; 448:139136. [PMID: 38581964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Instant dark tea (IDT), prepared by liquid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger, is known for its high theabrownins content and lipid-lowering effect. To explore the impact of fungal fermentation on IDT compositions and its pancreatic lipase inhibitory ability (PLIA), untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis were applied to track the changes of metabolites over a 9-day fermentation period, and correlation analysis was then conducted between metabolites and PLIA of IDT. There were 54 differential metabolites exhibited significant changes from day 3 to day 5 of fermentation. The concentrations of theabrownins and caffeine increased during fermentation, while phenols and free amino acids decreased. The PLIA of IDT samples significantly increased from day 5 to day 9 of fermentation. Theabrownins not only positively correlated with the PLIA but also exhibited a high inhibition rate. These findings provide a theoretical basis to optimize the production of IDT as functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ranqin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jialin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Runchen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shinuo Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Pengxiang Yue
- Damin Foodstuff (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Xueling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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7
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Liu H, Cheng Z, Xie J. Formation of special odors driven by volatile compounds during the growth and maturation in edible fungi ( Phallus impudicus). Food Chem X 2024; 22:101288. [PMID: 38524779 PMCID: PMC10957454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Composition and content of volatiles, the important factors in flavor formation of edible fungi, are affected by growth process. GC-MS was performed and a total of 102 volatiles were identified in Phallus impudicus. Almost all identified volatile compounds showed an obvious upward trend at four growth period, and reached the maximum at fourth stage (PIII), of which the transition from first stage (ZP) to second stage (PI) achieved a breakthrough for 88 volatile compounds from scratch. The PCA and HCA results showed that the four stages were completely separated and appeared different, among which third stage (PII) and PIII might be the two dramatic change nodes in aroma quality. In addition, the top 50 differential metabolites were screened by OPLS-DA and PLS-DA, and correlation analysis showed that 6-undecyl alcohol, α-terpine-7-al, 2, 4-decenol, and 2-cyano-2-ethyl-butanamide, might co-regulate the flavor formation of Phallus impudicus through synergistic action of other chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, PR China
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Basic Teaching Department, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guizhou 551499, PR China
| | - Jiao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, PR China
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Guo L, Xie C, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Lin Z. Comparison of Volatile Compounds among Four Types of Teas Analyzed Using Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Foods 2024; 13:2043. [PMID: 38998549 PMCID: PMC11241802 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) is a smart method that has been applied to determine the volatile compounds in Chinese teas, but its use in comparing the volatile compounds of different types of tea has not been mentioned. In this study, the volatile compounds found in four types of samples (green, yellow, white, and black teas) made with fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze 'Zhongcha 111' were analyzed using GC-IMS. The results showed that 93 volatile compounds were identified from our tea samples and that the average volume of aldehydes was higher than that for other compounds, especially in white tea. The different samples were successfully categorized using multivariate statistical analysis. Using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), we found 15 key compounds, including four differential components: (E)-2-hexenal, 2-furanmethanethio, 2-hexanol, and 1-octene. There were 29 common components, and their total content reached 386.0 μg/g. Moreover, the 3-methyl-2-butenal and dimethyl disulfide detected in the four samples were also differential compounds, varying according to the manufacturing technology. Thus, this study demonstrates that different types of teas can be discriminated easily using GC-IMS and that this is helpful to shorten the time for improving tea quality and developing new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenxi Xie
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhi Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.X.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Deng Y, Li C, Chen Y, Zou Z, Gong J, Shen C, Fang K. Chemical Profile and Aroma Effects of Major Volatile Compounds in New Mulberry Leaf Fu Brick Tea and Traditional Fu Brick Tea. Foods 2024; 13:1808. [PMID: 38928750 PMCID: PMC11203251 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the aroma effects of key volatile compounds in a new type of mulberry leaf Fu brick teas (MTs) and traditional Fu brick teas (FTs). Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), sensory evaluation, and chemometrics were used to determine the differences in key flavour qualities between the two. The results showed that a total of 139 volatile components were identified, with aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols dominating. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with the odour activity value (OAV) showed that seven aroma compounds had an OAV > 10, including 2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propan-2-ol with floral and fruity aroma and green attributes, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-one, (3E,5E)-octa-3,5-dien-2-one, Benzaldehyde, and (E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, which were more abundant in MTs than FTs; Cedrol with sweet aroma attributes was more consistent in MTs than FTs, and we suggest that these odour compounds are important aroma contributors to MTs. Taken together, these findings will provide new insights into the mechanism of formation of the characteristic attributes of aroma in MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhao Deng
- College of Information and Intelligent Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Information and Intelligent Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Yineng Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Women’s College, Changsha 410000, China;
| | - Zhuoyang Zou
- College of Information and Intelligent Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Junyao Gong
- College of Information and Intelligent Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Chengwen Shen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Kui Fang
- College of Information and Intelligent Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
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10
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Liu H, Cheng Z, Xie J. The dynamic changes in volatile metabolites provide a new understanding for the special flavor formation in z. Mioga flower buds during the growth stages. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114347. [PMID: 38729697 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Although Z. mioga flower buds are popular among consumers for its unique spicy flavor, high nutritional and medicinal value, there are few reports on the formation and changes of the flavor during its growth and maturation process. The understanding of the profile of volatile compounds would help to unravel the flavor formation for Z. mioga flower buds during growth. The volatile changes in Z. mioga flower buds were analyzed by GC-MS and a total of 182 volatile compounds identified, and the terpenoids accounted for the most abundant volatile substances. Almost all the identified volatiles presented an intuitive upward trend throughout the growth period and reached the maximum at the later stage of development (DS3 or DS4). Regarding the PCA and HCA results, there were significant differences found among the four stages, and the DS3 was the critical node. The top 50 differential volatiles screened by OPLS-DA and PLS-DA were all up-regulated, and the correlation analysis indicated that terpenoids might synergize with other chemical types of volatiles to jointly affect the flavor formation of Z. mioga flower buds during growth. The association network for flavor omics revealed that the most important sensory flavor for Z. mioga flower buds were woody and sweet, and the main contribution compounds for the unique flavor contained β-guaiene, β-farnesene, δ-cadinene and citronellyl isobutanoate. Taken together, the results of this study provided a reference for flavor quality evaluation of flower buds and determination of the best harvest period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Basic Teaching Department, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guizhou 551499, PR China.
| | - Jiao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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11
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Cao Y, Huang C, Guo Y, Xu Y, Gong S, Chu Q, Chen P. Unraveling the contributing factors of stale odor in Longjing tea through a sensomics approach. Food Chem 2024; 441:138301. [PMID: 38176144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Longjing tea is renowned for its fresh aroma and high value. However, during storage, the emergence of an off-flavor known as "stale odor" can significantly impact the flavor quality and economic benefits of Longjing tea. Yet, the specific volatiles responsible for this stale odor in Longjing tea remain unknown. In this study, Longjing tea samples with varying degrees of stale odor intensity were analyzed using simultaneous distillation extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SDE-GC-MS). Through odor activity value (OAV) and fractional omission testing, hexanoic acid and trans-2-nonenal were identified as the primary contributors to the stale odor. Moreover, the concentration of hexanoic acid was found to be valuable in predicting the intensity of the stale odor in Longjing tea. The oxidative degradation of linoleic acid was proved as the generation pathway of stale odor in Longjing tea. These findings provide essential theoretical principles for Longjing tea production and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Chuangsheng Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yating Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yingxin Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Shuying Gong
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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12
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Huang X, Li Y, Zhou F, Xiao T, Shang B, Niu L, Huang J, Liu Z, Wang K, Zhu M. Insight into the chemical compositions of Anhua dark teas derived from identical tea materials: A multi-omics, electronic sensory, and microbial sequencing analysis. Food Chem 2024; 441:138367. [PMID: 38199099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Anhua dark teas (DTs), including Tianjian tea, Qianliang tea, Hei brick tea, and Fu brick tea, are unique fermented teas from China's Anhua County; yet their chemical composition differences remain unclear. Herein, metabolomics, volatolomics, and electronic sensory assessments were employed to analyze and compare chemical compositions and sensory characteristics of five types of Anhua DTs. All of these teas were derived from identical tea materials. Chemical compositions differed significantly among Anhua DTs, with Tianjian tea remarkable. Long-lasting fermentation and complex processing methods led to transformation of multiple compounds, particularly catechins. Eighteen volatile compounds with OVA > 1 were key aroma contributors in Anhua DTs. Internal transcribed spacer and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing showed that Eurotium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus are dominant microorganisms in Anhua DTs. Furthermore, this study unveiled notable differences in chemical compositions between Anhua DTs and five other traditional types of tea. This research enhances our understanding of Anhua DTs processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yilong Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China.
| | - Tian Xiao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Bohao Shang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Li Niu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jianan Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Kunbo Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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13
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Li J, Han S, Mei X, Wang M, Han B. Changes in profiles of volatile compounds and prediction of the storage year of organic green tea during the long-term storage. Food Chem 2024; 437:137831. [PMID: 37897818 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the volatile compounds in organic green tea with a continuous storage period (ranging from 1 to 16 years) were comprehensively analyzed and compared through SDE-GC-MS and chemometrics. The results revealed that the total of 124 volatiles were identified, and their total amount was increased with the prolongation of the storage years. Ketones, alcohols, esters, and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main types of volatiles in organic green tea, among which 26 volatile compounds were significantly correlated with storage years, and six volatile compounds that were most seriously affected by the storage years. The results of the support vector machine classification combined with multiple linear regression analysis showed that the content-period prediction model for the six volatile compounds can accurately predict the storage years of organic green tea. Therefore, this study offers novel insights into volatile compounds changes during the storage of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shanjie Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Hangzhou Tea & Chrysanthemum Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xianshan Mei
- Zhejiang Meifeng Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Lishui 323000, China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Baoyu Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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14
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Sales AL, Cunha SC, Ferreira IM, Morgado J, Melo L, DePaula J, Miguel MAL, Farah A. Volatilome, Microbial, and Sensory Profiles of Coffee Leaf and Coffee Leaf-Toasted Maté Kombuchas. Foods 2024; 13:484. [PMID: 38338619 PMCID: PMC10855110 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Kombucha is a fermented beverage traditionally made from the leaves of Camelia sinensis. The market has drastically expanded recently, and the beverage has become more elaborated with new, healthy food materials and flavors. Pruning and harvesting during coffee production may generate tons of coffee leaves that are discarded although they contain substantial amounts of bioactive compounds, including those found in maté tea and coffee seeds. This study characterized the changes in volatilome, microbial, and sensory profiles of pure and blended arabica coffee leaf tea kombuchas between 3-9 days of fermentation. Acceptance was also evaluated by consumers from Rio de Janeiro (n = 103). Kombuchas (K) were prepared using black tea kombucha starter (BTKS) (10%), sucrose (10%), a symbiotic culture of Bacteria and Yeasts (SCOBY) (2.5%), and a pure coffee leaf infusion (CL) or a 50:50 blend with toasted maté infusion (CL-TM) at 2.5%. The RATA test was chosen for sensory profile characterization. One hundred volatile organic compounds were identified when all infusions and kombucha samples were considered. The potential impact compounds identified in CL K and CL-TM K were: methyl salicylate, benzaldehyde, hexanal, nonanal, pentadecanal, phenylethyl-alcohol, cedrol, 3,5-octadien-2-one, β-damascenone, α-ionone, β-ionone, acetic acid, caproic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, isovaleric acid, linalool, (S)-dihydroactinidiolide, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoate, and geranyl acetone. Aroma and flavor descriptors with higher intensities in CL K included fruity, peach, sweet, and herbal, while CL-TM K included additional toasted mate notes. The highest mean acceptance score was given to CL-TM K and CL K on day 3 (6.6 and 6.4, respectively, on a nine-point scale). Arabica coffee leaf can be a co-product with similar fingerprinting to maté and black tea, which can be explored for the elaboration of potentially healthy fermented beverages in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Luísa Sales
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Café Prof. Luiz Carlos Trugo (NUPECAFÉ), Laboratóriode Química e Bioatividade de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. J, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.M.); (J.D.)
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. I, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sara C. Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.C.)
| | - Isabel M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.C.)
| | - Jéssika Morgado
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Café Prof. Luiz Carlos Trugo (NUPECAFÉ), Laboratóriode Química e Bioatividade de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. J, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.M.); (J.D.)
| | - Lauro Melo
- Laboratório de Análise Sensorial e Estudos do Consumidor (LASEC), Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT, Bl. E, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Juliana DePaula
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Café Prof. Luiz Carlos Trugo (NUPECAFÉ), Laboratóriode Química e Bioatividade de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. J, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.M.); (J.D.)
| | - Marco Antonio L. Miguel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. I, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Adriana Farah
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Café Prof. Luiz Carlos Trugo (NUPECAFÉ), Laboratóriode Química e Bioatividade de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. J, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.M.); (J.D.)
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15
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Ma C, Gao C, Li Y, Zhou X, Fan G, Tian D, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhou H. The Characteristic Aroma Compounds of GABA Sun-Dried Green Tea and Raw Pu-Erh Tea Determined by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Relative Odor Activity Value. Foods 2023; 12:4512. [PMID: 38137315 PMCID: PMC10742727 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to improve the product quality of GABA raw Pu-erh tea during development and processing. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology combined with relative odor activity evaluations was used to compare the volatile compounds of GABA sun-dried green tea and GABA raw Pu-erh tea. Sensory evaluation showed a higher aroma score of GABA raw Pu-erh tea than that of GABA sun-dried green tea, with significant differences in aroma type and purity. A total of 147 volatile compounds of 13 categories were detected, which differed in composition and quantity between the two teas. 2-Buten-1-one,1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-,(E)- and beta.-myrcene largely contributed to the aroma formation of both teas. Five volatile compounds were screened as potential markers for tea aroma. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that monoterpenoid biosynthesis may be beneficial to the formation of flowery and fruity aromas in the teas. We suggest that the findings of this study may provide important guidance for the processing and optimization of GABA tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ma
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China; (C.M.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Chang Gao
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China; (C.M.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Yuanda Li
- Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China; (C.M.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Guofu Fan
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China; (C.M.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Di Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Pu-Erh Tea, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Puer 671000, China;
| | - Yali Li
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China; (C.M.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Hongjie Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China;
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16
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Zhang M, Zhou C, Zhang C, Xu K, Lu L, Huang L, Zhang L, Li H, Zhu X, Lai Z, Guo Y. Analysis of Characteristics in the Macro-Composition and Volatile Compounds of Understory Xiaobai White Tea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4102. [PMID: 38140429 PMCID: PMC10747399 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Understory planting affects the growth environment of tea plants, regulating the tea plant growth and the formation of secondary metabolites, which in turn affects the flavor of Xiaobai white tea. The present research adopted biochemical composition determination, widely targeted volatilities (WTV) analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and odor activity value (OAV) analysis to analyze the characteristics in the macro-composition and volatile compounds of understory white tea. The sensory evaluation results indicated that understory Xiaobai white tea (LWTs) was stronger than ordinary Xiaobai white tea (PWTs) in terms of the taste of smoothness, sweetness, and thickness as well as the aromas of the flower and sweet. Understory planting reduced light intensity and air temperature, increased air humidity, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen contents, which improved the growth environment of tea plants. The phytochemical analysis showed that the water-extractable substances, caffeine, flavonoids, and soluble sugar contents of understory tea fresh-leaf (LF) were higher than those of ordinary fresh-leaf (PF). The phytochemical analysis showed that the free amino acids, theaflavins, thearubigins, water-extractable substances, and tea polyphenols contents of LWTs were significantly higher than those of PWTs, which may explain the higher smoothness, sweetness, and thickness scores of LWTs than those of PWTs. The 2-heptanol, 2-decane, damasone, and cedar alcohol contents were significantly higher in LWTs than in PWTs, which may result in stronger flowery and sweet aromas in LWTs than in PWTs. These results provide a firm experimental basis for the observed differences in the flavor of LWTs and PWTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Li Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Linjie Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lixuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Huang Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xuefang Zhu
- Nanping Jianyang District Tea Development Center, Nanping 353000, China;
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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17
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Shen S, Zhang J, Sun H, Zu Z, Fu J, Fan R, Chen Q, Wang Y, Yue P, Ning J, Zhang L, Gao X. Sensomics-Assisted Characterization of Fungal-Flowery Aroma Components in Fermented Tea Using Eurotium cristatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18963-18972. [PMID: 37962281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fermented tea (FT) using a single Eurotium cristatum strain can produce a pleasant fungal-flowery aroma, which is similar to the composite aroma characteristic of minty, flowery, and woody aromas, but its molecular basis is not yet clear. In this study, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry were applied to isolate and identify volatiles from the FT by E. cristatum. The application of an aroma extract dilution analysis screened out 43 aroma-active compounds. Quantification revealed that there were 11 odorants with high odor threshold concentrations. Recombination and omission tests revealed that nonanal, methyl salicylate, decanoic acid, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, α-terpineol, phenylacetaldehyde, and coumarin were the major odorants in the FT. Addition tests further verified that methyl salicylate, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and coumarin were the key odorants for fungal-flowery aroma, each corresponding to minty, woody, and flowery aromas, respectively. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde and coumarin were newly found odorants for fungal-flowery aroma in FT, and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde had not been reported as a tea volatile compound before. This finding may guide future industrial production optimization of FT with improved flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhongqi Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jialin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ranqin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Pengxiang Yue
- Damin Foodstuff (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xueling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Wen S, Jiang R, An R, Ouyang J, Liu C, Wang Z, Chen H, Ou X, Zeng H, Chen J, Sun S, Cao J, Pu S, Huang J, Liu Z. Effects of pile-fermentation on the aroma quality of dark tea from a single large-leaf tea variety by GC × GC-QTOFMS and electronic nose. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113643. [PMID: 37986484 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is one of the significant quality factors of dark tea (DT). However, for a single large-leaf tea variety, there are few studies analyzing the effect of pile-fermentation on the aroma quality of DT. The GC × GC-QTOFMS, electronic nose (E-nose) and GC-olfactometry (GC-O) techniques were employed to analysis the difference of tea products before and after pile-fermentation. A total of 149 volatile metabolites (VMs) were identified, with 92 VMs exhibiting differential characteristics. Among these, 31 VMs with OAV > 1.0 were found to be correlated with E-nose results (|r| > 0.8). Additionally, GC-O analysis validated seven major differential metabolites. Notably, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and dibenzofuran were found to enhance the woody aroma, while (Z)-4-heptenal, 2-nonenal and 1-hexanol were associated with an increase in mushroom, fatty and sweet odors, respectively. Moreover, 1-octen-3-ol was linked to reducing pungent fishy smell. These findings could provide a certain theoretical basis for understanding the influence of pile-fermentation on the aroma quality of dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ronggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ran An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xingchang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongzhe Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junxi Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Songtao Pu
- Yunnan Xiaguantuo Tea (Group) Co. Ltd, Dali 671000, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Liu H, Li J, Zhang D, Hamid N, Liu D, Hua W, Du C, Ma Q, Gong H. The effect of thermal times of circulating non-fried roast technique on the formation of (non)volatile compounds in roasted mutton by multi-chromatography techniques and heat transfer analysis. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113567. [PMID: 37986440 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The circulating non-fried roast (CNR) technology was firstly applied to roast mutton. The formation of (non)volatile compounds in the mutton roasted for 0-15 min was investigated. The samples roasted at varying times were discriminated using GC-O-MS and multivariate data analysis. A total of 40 volatile compounds were observed, in which 17 compounds were considered as key odorants with odor activity values (OAVs) higher than 1, such as dimethyl trisulfide and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine. Composition and concentrations of volatile compounds were significantly changed during the process. The key nonvolatile compounds that contributed to flavor were 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and glutamic acid based on taste active values (TAVs) greater than 1. The reduced concentrations of most free amino acids and 5'-nucleotides decreased the equivalent umami concentrations (EUC). The higher thermal conductivity, lower thermal diffusivity and water activity were responsible for the formation of volatile compounds with increased roasting times. The CNR technology was an efficient tool to roast meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology for Prepared Food, Yantai Engineering Research Center of Green Food Processing and Quality Control, Bionanotechnology Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Jingyu Li
- School of Food Engineering, Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology for Prepared Food, Yantai Engineering Research Center of Green Food Processing and Quality Control, Bionanotechnology Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Dequan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nazimah Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dengyong Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Weiming Hua
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Chao Du
- School of Food Engineering, Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology for Prepared Food, Yantai Engineering Research Center of Green Food Processing and Quality Control, Bionanotechnology Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Food Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hansheng Gong
- School of Food Engineering, Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology for Prepared Food, Yantai Engineering Research Center of Green Food Processing and Quality Control, Bionanotechnology Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Guo J, Yu Z, Liu M, Guan M, Shi A, Hu Y, Li S, Yi L, Ren D. Analysis of Volatile Profile and Aromatic Characteristics of Raw Pu-erh Tea during Storage Based on GC-MS and Odor Activity Value. Foods 2023; 12:3568. [PMID: 37835224 PMCID: PMC10572200 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile constituents are critical to the flavor of tea, but their changes in raw Pu-erh tea (RAPT) during storage have not been clearly understood. This work aimed to investigate the volatile composition and their changes at various storage durations. The volatile profile of RAPT was determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 130 volatile compounds were identified in RAPT samples, and 64 of them were shared by all samples. The aroma attributes of RAPT over a storage period ranging from 0 to 10 years were assessed through the combination of odor activity value (OAV), aroma characteristic influence(ACI) value, and multivariate statistical analysis. The results revealed that RAPT exhibited a distinct floral and fruity aroma profile after storage for approximately 3-4 years. A notable shift in aroma was observed after 3-4 years of storage, indicating a significant turning point. Furthermore, the likely notable shift after 10 years of storage may signify the second turning point. According to the odor activity value (OAV ≥ 100), eight key volatile compounds were identified: linalool, α-terpineol, geraniol, trans-β-ionone, α-ionone, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, 1-octanol, and octanal. Combining OAV (≥100) and ACI (≥1), five compounds, namely linalool, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-1-oxaspiro [4.5]dec-6-ene, and octanal, were identified as significant contributors to the aroma. The results offer a scientific foundation and valuable insights for understanding the volatile composition of RAPT and their changes during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhihao Yu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Mengdi Guan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Aiyun Shi
- Yunnan TAETEA Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Yongdan Hu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Siyu Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dabing Ren
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.G.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
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Dippong T, Cadar O, Kovacs MH, Dan M, Senila L. Chemical Analysis of Various Tea Samples Concerning Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids, Minerals and Assessment of Their Thermal Behavior. Foods 2023; 12:3063. [PMID: 37628061 PMCID: PMC10453188 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most consumed drink worldwide due to its pleasant taste and various beneficial effects on human health. This paper assesses the physicochemical analysis of different varieties of tea (leaves, flowers, and instant) after prior drying and fine grinding. The thermal decomposition behavior of the tea components shows that the tea has three stages of decomposition, depending on temperature. The first stage was attributed to the volatilization of water, while the second stage involved the degradation of volatiles, polyphenols, and fatty acids. The degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content occurs at the highest temperature of 400 °C in the third stage. A total of 66 volatile compounds, divided into eight classes, were identified in the tea samples. The volatile compounds were classified into nine odor classes: floral, fruity, green, sweet, chemical, woody, citrus, roasted, and alcohol. In all flower and leaf tea samples, monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were identified. A high content of omega-6 was quantified in acacia, Saint John's Wort, rose, and yarrow, while omega-3 was found in mint, Saint John's Wort, green, blueberry, and lavender samples. The flower and leaf tea samples studied could be a good dietary source of polyphenolic compounds, essential elements. In instant tea samples, a low quantity of polyphenols and major elements were identified. The physicochemical analysis demonstrated that both flower and leaf teas have high-quality properties when compared to instant tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dippong
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania;
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Melinda Haydee Kovacs
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
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