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Gonçalves-Filho D, De Souza D. Trends in pulse voltammetric techniques applied to foodstuffs analysis: The food additives detection. Food Chem 2024; 454:139710. [PMID: 38815328 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Food additives are chemical compounds intentionally added during foodstuff production to control technological functions, such as pH, viscosity, stability (color, flavor, taste, and odor), homogeneity, and loss of nutritional value. These compounds are fundamental in inhibition the degradation process and prolonging the shelf life of foodstuffs. However, their inadequate employment or overconsumption can adversely affect consumers' health with the development of allergies, hematological, autoimmune, and reproductive disorders, as well as the development of some types of cancer. Thus, the development and application of simple, fast, low-cost, sensitivity, and selectivity analytical methods for identifying and quantifying food additives from various chemical classes and in different foodstuffs are fundamental to quality control and ensuring food safety. This review presents trends in the detection of food additives in foodstuffs using differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, the main pulse voltammetric techniques, indicating the advantages, drawbacks, and applicability in food analysis. Are discussed the importance of adequate choices of working electrode materials in the improvements of analytical results, allowing reliable, accurate, and inexpensive voltammetric methods for detecting these compounds in foodstuffs samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gonçalves-Filho
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Djenaine De Souza
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG 38700-002, Brazil.
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2
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Paramasivam G, Palem VV, Meenakshy S, Suresh LK, Gangopadhyay M, Antherjanam S, Sundramoorthy AK. Advances on carbon nanomaterials and their applications in medical diagnosis and drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114032. [PMID: 38905812 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials are indispensable due to their unique properties of high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and thermal stability, which makes them important nanomaterials in biomedical applications and waste management. Limitations of conventional nanomaterials, such as limited surface area, difficulty in fine tuning electrical or thermal properties and poor dispersibility, calls for the development of advanced nanomaterials to overcome such limitations. Commonly, carbon nanomaterials were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), laser ablation or arc discharge methods. The advancement in these techniques yielded monodispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and allows p-type and n-type doping to enhance its electrical and catalytic activities. The functionalized CNTs showed exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal conductivity (3500-5000 W/mK) properties. On the other hand, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) exhibit strong photoluminescence properties with high quantum yield. Carbon nanohorns are another fascinating type of nanomaterial that exhibit a unique structure with high surface area and excellent adsorption properties. These carbon nanomaterials could improve waste management by adsorbing pollutants from water and soil, enabling precise environmental monitoring, while enhancing wastewater treatment and drug delivery systems. Herein, we have discussed the potentials of all these carbon nanomaterials in the context of innovative waste management solutions, fostering cleaner environments and healthier ecosystems for diverse biomedical applications such as biosensing, drug delivery, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Paramasivam
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India.
| | - Vishnu Vardhan Palem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641022 India
| | - Simi Meenakshy
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Lakshmi Krishnaa Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Moumita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Santhy Antherjanam
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, No.162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India.
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Nasiriani T, Javanbakht S, Shaabani A, Kazeminava F. Gelatin-based carbon quantum dot-molecularly imprinted polymer: Safe photoluminescent core-shell nano-carrier for the pH-responsive anticancer drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134669. [PMID: 39151855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize a core-shell gelatin-based carbon quantum dot-molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP@g-CQD) via the precipitation free-radical polymerization process using methotrexate (MTX) as a model anticancer template. To investigate the efficiency of the prepared photoluminescent MIP@g-CQD as a pH-responsive nano-carrier, MTX was loaded into MIP@g-CQD by soaking in a drug solution and the release behavior of the loaded drug was evaluated in the necessary pH values (7.4, 5). The successful synthesis of materials was characterized using PL, TEM, FE-SEM, DLS, and FT-IR analyses. Interestingly, the created cavities in the core-shell nano-carriers can interact with the MTX molecules effectively, leading to an increase in the loading capacity. According to the obtained results from Langmuir adsorption isotherms, the imprinting factor was calculated (IF = 4.91). Also, the binding kinetics of MTX revealed the creation of particular recognition sites in the core-shell polymeric network. The MTX-loaded MIP@g-CQD displayed a low rate and limited release at the simulated physiological environment (pH 7.4, 37 °C), but it is increased at tumor tissue (pH 5, 41 °C) conditions, which can lead to long-term and sustained release of MTX in the desired target. This property of MIP@g-CQD could avoid the release of MTX in normal physiological conditions, decreasing the possible side effects of MTX drug. Owing to the existence of amide functional groups in the nano-carrier structure and its negatively charged nature, the MTT assay displayed desirable cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) for the MTX-loaded nano-carrier. According to the obtained results, the prepared safe photoluminescent MIP@g-CQD with appropriate pH-responsivity has a high ability to be applied as an anticancer and bio-detection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Nasiriani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 1983963113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Kazeminava
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Virumbrales C, Hernández-Ruiz R, Trigo-López M, Vallejos S, García JM. Sensory Polymers: Trends, Challenges, and Prospects Ahead. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3852. [PMID: 38931634 PMCID: PMC11207698 DOI: 10.3390/s24123852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, sensory polymers have evolved significantly, emerging as versatile and cost-effective materials valued for their flexibility and lightweight nature. These polymers have transformed into sophisticated, active systems capable of precise detection and interaction, driving innovation across various domains, including smart materials, biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial safety. Their unique responsiveness to specific stimuli has sparked considerable interest and exploration in numerous applications. However, along with these advancements, notable challenges need to be addressed. Issues such as wearable technology integration, biocompatibility, selectivity and sensitivity enhancement, stability and reliability improvement, signal processing optimization, IoT integration, and data analysis pose significant hurdles. When considered collectively, these challenges present formidable barriers to the commercial viability of sensory polymer-based technologies. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing technological innovation, regulatory compliance, market analysis, and commercialization strategies. Successfully navigating these complexities is essential for unlocking the full potential of sensory polymers and ensuring their widespread adoption and impact across industries, while also providing guidance to the scientific community to focus their research on the challenges of polymeric sensors and to understand the future prospects where research efforts need to be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Virumbrales
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (M.T.-L.); (S.V.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Raquel Hernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (M.T.-L.); (S.V.); (J.M.G.)
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Wang X, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhou H, Meng X, Wang N, Fang Y, Cui B. Photoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on TPA-NO 2 and dual-functional polythiophene films. Food Chem 2024; 441:138299. [PMID: 38176143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is of great significance for the environment and human health. Herein, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection strategy based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was proposed for the sensitive detection of E. coli. 4,4',4″-Trinitrotriphenylamine (TPA-NO2) was prepared using a simple nitration reaction. Subsequently, MIP films were polymerized on the surface of TPA-NO2 using 1,3-dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione as the functional monomer with the dual functions of specific recognition and sensitization. The linear range was 10-108 CFU/mL and the limit of detection was 10 CFU/mL. It showed favorable recoveries in real sample tests of milk, orange juice and tomato. Additionally, the ability of functional monomers to bind excellently with E. coli was verified using molecular docking techniques. This research provided broader possibilities for constructing MIPs-PEC sensors and analyzing the interaction mechanism between E. coli and functional monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huiyi Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yishan Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
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Li B, Xie X, Meng T, Guo X, Li Q, Yang Y, Jin H, Jin C, Meng X, Pang H. Recent advance of nanomaterials modified electrochemical sensors in the detection of heavy metal ions in food and water. Food Chem 2024; 440:138213. [PMID: 38134834 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main pollutants, heavy metal ions can accumulate in the human body and cause a cascade of damage. Electrochemical sensors provide great prospects for tracing heavy metal ions because of their properties of high sensitivity, low detection limits and fast response. Electrode surface modification materials play a key role in enhancing the performance of electrochemical sensors. Herein, we summarize in detail the recent work on electrochemical sensors modified by carbon nanomaterials (graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes), metal nanomaterials (gold, silver, bismuth and iron), complexes (MOFs, ZIFs and MXenes) and their composites for the detection of heavy metal ions (mainly include Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), As(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) in food and water. The synthetic strategies, mechanisms, innovations, advantages, challenges and prospects of various electrode modification nanomaterials for the detection of heavy metal ions in food and water are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Tonghui Meng
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Guo
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Qingzheng Li
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Haixia Jin
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Changhai Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangren Meng
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225127, PR China.
| | - Huan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225002, PR China.
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Sahu S, Tripathy K, Bhattacharjee M, Chopra D. Engineering mechanical compliance in polymers and composites for the design of smart flexible sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4382-4394. [PMID: 38577734 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00938j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymers are one of the most popular materials for next-generation flexible sensing device fabrication due to their tunable mechanical and electrical properties. A series of prior research studies in the field of smart flexible and wearable sensing illustrates the potential of various polymer and composite materials to be applied in sensor development. In this direction, mechanical compliance plays a vital role as it ensures the stability and reliability of the fabricated sensor. Therefore, engineering mechanical compliance for the development of smart flexible solutions has emerged as a significant area of research. Furthermore, the usage of flexible sensing devices is rapidly increasing in the field of healthcare devices and robotic automation. This feature article summarizes the relevant contributions of the authors in the field of engineered polymers and composites for flexible sensor development with a focus on healthcare and physical sensing applications. We discuss the polymer and composite materials, their characteristics, fabrication technologies, finite element method analysis, and examples of flexible physical sensors, i.e. pressure, strain, and temperature sensors, for various wearable healthcare applications and robotic automation. Finally, we discuss examples of multi-sensory systems having flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivank Sahu
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Kamalesh Tripathy
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Mitradip Bhattacharjee
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
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Arshad F, Nurul Azian Zakaria S, Uddin Ahmed M. Nanohybrid nanozyme based colourimetric immunosensor for porcine gelatin. Food Chem 2024; 438:137947. [PMID: 37979269 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme mimicking nanomaterials, nanozymes, have gained considerable interest in the scientific community because of their superior properties compared to natural enzymes, including their high stability at extreme conditions, cheaper availability, and ease of synthesis. Herein, we report novel colloidal gold nanoparticles - graphene nanoplatelets - chitosan (CS) with peroxidase mimicking properties used to carry out highly sensitive and selective immunoassay for porcine gelatin detection. The interaction between anti-gelatin antibody conjugated nanozyme with porcine gelatin proteins produced an ultrasensitive immunoassay response in the form of a colourimetric signal directly proportional to the porcine gelatin protein concentration. The nanozyme produced a colourimetric response in the presence of its substrate, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), demonstrating its peroxidase mimicking properties. The results revealed that the nanozyme exhibited remarkable selectivity and sensitivity in the assay, detecting proteins at concentrations as low as 86.42 pg/mL. Additionally, the immunosensor demonstrated a broad linear detection range spanning from 200 pg/mL to 2 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeha Arshad
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Siti Nurul Azian Zakaria
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei.
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Yu X, Yang Y, Shen Q, Sun Y, Kang Q, Shen D. A novel differential ratiometric molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for determination of sulfadiazine in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 434:137461. [PMID: 37716152 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel differential ratiometric molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for sulfadiazine (SDZ). An MIP membrane with double templates, SDZ and propyl gallate (PG), was fabricated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by CuInS2/ZnS nanocomposites. After adding PG in the samples as the reference, the current differences between MIP@CuInS2/ZnS/GCE and non-imprinted polymer@CuInS2/ZnS/GCE at the potentials of 0.18 V (ΔIPG) and 0.92 V (ΔISDZ) were measured. The ratio of ΔISDZ/ΔIPG was used for SDZ determination in the differential and ratiometric dual-mode. The influence of the variations in electrode modification and sample enrichment conditions on the determination of SDZ can be suppressed by 2.8 ∼ 13.2-fold, enhancing the reproducibility and stability of the MIP sensor. The interference level was reduced by one order of magnitude compared with the normal MIP mode. The proposed sensors were used to determine SDZ in food samples, with the detection limit of 2.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Qirui Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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Ahmadi Tabar F, Lowdon JW, Bakhshi Sichani S, Khorshid M, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, Wagner P, van Grinsven B. An Overview on Recent Advances in Biomimetic Sensors for the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:130. [PMID: 38202993 PMCID: PMC10781331 DOI: 10.3390/s24010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of materials that have been widely used in the industrial production of a wide range of products. After decades of bioaccumulation in the environment, research has demonstrated that these compounds are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Therefore, it is essential to map the extent of the problem to be able to remediate it properly in the next few decades. Current state-of-the-art detection platforms, however, are lab based and therefore too expensive and time-consuming for routine screening. Traditional biosensor tests based on, e.g., lateral flow assays may struggle with the low regulatory levels of PFAS (ng/mL), the complexity of environmental matrices and the presence of coexisting chemicals. Therefore, a lot of research effort has been directed towards the development of biomimetic receptors and their implementation into handheld, low-cost sensors. Numerous research groups have developed PFAS sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or aptamers. In order to transform these research efforts into tangible devices and implement them into environmental applications, it is necessary to provide an overview of these research efforts. This review aims to provide this overview and critically compare several technologies to each other to provide a recommendation for the direction of future research efforts focused on the development of the next generation of biomimetic PFAS sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi Tabar
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Joseph W. Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Soroush Bakhshi Sichani
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mehran Khorshid
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.A.T.); (S.B.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.J.C.); (K.E.); (B.v.G.)
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