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Gwad MMA, El-Sayed ASA, Abdel-Fattah GM, Abdelmoteleb M, Abdel-Fattah GG. Potential fungicidal and antiaflatoxigenic effects of cinnamon essential oils on Aspergillus flavus inhabiting the stored wheat grains. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:394. [PMID: 38741071 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the essential crops for the human and animal nutrition, however, contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi, due to the improper storage conditions and high humidity, was the main global threats. So, preventing the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored wheat grains, by using different essential oils was the main objective of this work. Aspergillus flavus EFBL-MU12 PP087400, EFBL-MU23 PP087401 and EFBL-MU36 PP087403 isolates were the most potent aflatoxins producers inhabiting wheat grains. The effect of storage conditions of wheat grains "humidity, temperature, incubation period, and pH" on growth of A. flavus, was assessed by the response surface methodology using Plackett-Burman design and FCCD. The highest yield of aflatoxins EFBL-MU12 B1 and B2 by A. flavus grown on wheat grains were 145.3 and 7.6 μg/kg, respectively, at incubation temperature 35°C, 16% moisture contents, initial pH 5.0, and incubated for 14 days. The tested oils had a powerful antifungal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus in a concentration-dependent manner. Among these oils, cinnamon oil had the highest fungicidal activity for A. flavus at 0.125%, with about 85-90 % reduction to the aflatoxins B1 and B2, conidial pigmentation and chitin contents on wheat grains. From the SEM analysis, cinnamon oils had the most deleterious effect on A. flavus with morphological aberrations to the conidial heads, vegetative mycelia, alteration in conidiophores identity, hyphae shrank, and winding. To emphasize the effect of the essential oils on the aflatoxins producing potency of A. flavus, the molecular expression of the aflatoxins biosynthetic genes was estimated by RT-qPCR. The molecular expression of nor-1, afLR, pKsA and afLJ genes was suppressed by 94-96%, due to cinnamon oil at 0.062% compared to the control. Conclusively, from the results, cinnamon oils followed by the peppermint oils displayed the most fungicidal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus grown on wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Abdel Gwad
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Bouelet Ntsama IS, Frazzoli C, Pouokam GB, Colizzi V. Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Most Consumed Foods in Cameroon: Exploring Current Data to Understand Futures Challenges. Foods 2023; 12:1713. [PMID: 37107508 PMCID: PMC10137334 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins that contaminate different crops and foodstuffs under certain circumstances during harvesting, handling, storage, and processing. Neither the dietary intake of mycotoxins in Cameroon is well characterized, nor its health effects on the consumers. This review is intended to be the first milestone towards national risk management of mycotoxins. It is noteworthy that mycotoxins contaminate the main staple foods of Cameroonian communities, which are also often used as complementary foods for infants, young children, and people with compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS), thus calling for urgent intervention in primary and secondary prevention. Very few data exist on mycotoxin contamination in Cameroonian agricultural commodities and food items. Only 25 studies from 14 different authors have been published in the last decade. On the basis of available data in Cameroon, the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of major mycotoxins in foods for Aflatoxins was 0.0018-14.2 µg/kgbw/day in maize, 0.027-2.36 µg/kgbw/day in cassava, and 0.023-0.1 µg/kgbw/day in groundnuts. The estimated daily intake of fumonisins was 0.12-60.6 µg/kgbw/day in maize and 0.056-0.82 µg/kgbw/day in beans. Based on the estimated distribution of human exposure levels by food, maize and cassava are the major sources of exposure and should be prioritized, followed by beans and spices. This estimate will be updated along with improvements on the national database on mycotoxin contamination of Cameroonian foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Sandrine Bouelet Ntsama
- Advanced Teacher’s Training College for Technical Education, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 1872, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Food Science and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Guy Bertrand Pouokam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon
- Nutrition and Food Safety and Wholesomness (Noodles Cameroon), Yaoundé P.O. Box 3746, Cameroon
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Nutrition and Food Safety and Wholesomness (Noodles Cameroon), Yaoundé P.O. Box 3746, Cameroon
- Interdipartimental Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Phosphomannose Isomerase Is Involved in Development, Stress Responses, and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0202722. [PMID: 35980200 PMCID: PMC9603912 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02027-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus causes invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients and severe contamination of agriculturally important crops by producing aflatoxins. The fungal cell wall is absent in animals and is structurally different from that of plants, which makes it a potential antifungal drug target due to its essentiality for fungal survival. Mannose is one of the important components in the fungal cell wall, which requires GDP-mannose (GDP-Man) as the primary donor. Three consecutive enzymes, namely, phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannose mutase (PMM), and GDP-mannose phosphorylase (GMPP), are required for GDP-Man biosynthesis. Thus, PMI is of prime importance in cell wall biosynthesis and also has an active role in sugar metabolism. Here, we investigated the functional role of PMI in A. flavus by generating a pmiA-deficient strain. The mutant required exogenous mannose to survive and exhibited reduced growth rate, impaired conidiation, early germination, disturbance in stress responses, and defects in colonization of crop seeds. Furthermore, attenuated virulence of the mutant was documented in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella infection models. Our results suggested that PMI plays an important role in the development, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus and therefore could serve as a potential target for battling against infection and controlling aflatoxin contamination caused by A. flavus. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus flavus is a common fungal pathogen of humans, animals, and agriculturally important crops. It causes invasive aspergillosis in humans and also produces highly carcinogenic mycotoxins in postharvest crops that threaten food safety worldwide. To alleviate or eliminate the threats posed by A. flavus, it is necessary to identify genes involved in pathogenicity and mycotoxin contamination. However, little progress has been made in this regard. Here, we focused on PMI, which is the first enzyme involved in the biosynthesis pathway of GDP-Man and thus is important for cell wall synthesis and protein glycosylation. Our study revealed that PMI is important for growth of A. flavus. It is also involved in conidiation, germination, morphogenesis, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus. Thus, PMI is a potent antifungal target to curb the threats posed by A. flavus.
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Maxwell LA, Callicott KA, Bandyopadhyay R, Mehl HL, Orbach MJ, Cotty PJ. Degradation of Aflatoxins B 1 by Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Biocontrol Agents. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2343-2350. [PMID: 33754847 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0066-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent Aspergillus mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed, thereby impacting health and trade. Biopesticides with atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates as active ingredients are used to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops. The mechanism of aflatoxin biocontrol is primarily attributed to competitive exclusion but, sometimes, aflatoxin is reduced by greater amounts than can be explained by displacement of aflatoxin-producing fungi on the crop. Objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability of atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and (ii) characterize impacts of temperature, time, and nutrient availability on AFB1 degradation by atoxigenic A. flavus. Aflatoxin-contaminated maize was inoculated with atoxigenic isolates in three separate experiments that included different atoxigenic genotypes, temperature, and time as variables. Atoxigenic genotypes varied in aflatoxin degradation but all degraded AFB1 >44% after 7 days at 30°C. The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 25 to 30°C, which is similar to the optimum range for AFB1 production. In a time-course experiment, atoxigenics degraded 40% of AFB1 within 3 days, and 80% of aflatoxin was degraded by day 21. Atoxigenic isolates were able to degrade and utilize AFB1 as a sole carbon source in a chemically defined medium but quantities of AFB1 degraded declined as glucose concentrations increased. Degradation may be an additional mechanism through which atoxigenic A. flavus biocontrol products reduce aflatoxin contamination pre- or postharvest. Thus, selection of optimal atoxigenic active ingredients can include assessment of both competitive ability in agricultural fields and their ability to degrade aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourena A Maxwell
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
- Eduado Mondlane University, P. O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kenneth A Callicott
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85701, U.S.A
| | | | - Hillary L Mehl
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85701, U.S.A
| | - Marc J Orbach
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | - Peter J Cotty
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Hydrogen cyanide and mycotoxins: Their incidence and dietary exposure from cassava products in Anyigba, Nigeria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ono LT, Taniwaki MH. Fungi and mycotoxins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its products. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a highly consumed food in the world, especially in developing countries. Much of this tuber production comes from small farmers and it can suffer microbial infection during pre-harvest in the field and/or postharvest if stored under inadequate conditions. This review presented cassava production and the processing steps, resulting in products consumed in Brazil and other countries. Studies on fungal occurrence, including toxigenic fungi, presence of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in cassava and its products carried out in several countries have been revised as well as the used methodologies for mycotoxin detection.
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Hashemi SMB, Hashemi Moosavi M, Hossein Asadi‐Yousefabad S, Omidi M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Effect of storage temperature on fungal growth and aflatoxin formation in oils extracted from wild almond nuts. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Motahareh Hashemi Moosavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Asadi‐Yousefabad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran
- Food Health Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Food Health Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
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Ezekiel CN, Oyedele OA, Kraak B, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Houbraken J, Krska R. Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32328050 PMCID: PMC7161469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be pre-packaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium, Allophoma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma, Fomitopsis, Microdochium, Tolypocladium, and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri, cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 μg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Bart Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, Netherlands
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Mgbeahuruike AC, Ejioffor TE, Christian OC, Shoyinka VC, Karlsson M, Nordkvist E. Detoxification of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Poultry Feeds by 3 Adsorbents, Bentonite, Activated Charcoal, and Fuller’s Earth. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Occurrence of aflatoxins in rice and in cassava (Manihot esculenta) products (meal, bread) produced in Guyana. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:75-81. [PMID: 30311147 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted on Guyana's main staple foods, rice, cassava meal and cassava bread to determine the presence and concentration of aflatoxins (AFs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection for concurrence. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungus Aspergillus and can be a health risk to humans and animals. Results were compared with European Union Commission (EUC) maximum levels of total aflatoxins of 10 μg/kg. Various types of rice (paddy, steamed paddy, cargo rice, white rice and parboiled rice) were randomly collected either directly from the field and rice mills in Guyana during the November 2015/March 2016 season. Of the total 186 composite samples of rice fractions collected from field and mills, 10% (19) had AF concentrations greater than the maximum EUC level of 10 μg/kg. Fifteen samples had aflatoxin concentrations ranging from 10 to 171 μg/kg, mean 54.4 μg/kg; four samples were outliers. Since Guyanese consume mainly white and parboiled rice, composite samples were taken along the marketing chain at points of sale to determine the presence of AFs. Of the sixty samples of white rice collected, 6.7% (4) had AF concentrations greater than the EUC regulatory limits ranging from 31.9 to 131 μg/kg, mean 80.8 μg/kg. For the 57 samples of parboiled rice, 3.5% (2) samples exceeded the limit with values of 72.6 and 407 μg/kg. Forty (40) samples each of cassava meal and cassava bread were analysed fresh and after 2 months of storage, and no sample exceeded the ELISA detection limit of 0.5 μg/kg.
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Udomkun P, Mutegi C, Wossen T, Atehnkeng J, Nabahungu NL, Njukwe E, Vanlauwe B, Bandyopadhyay R. Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2227-2238. [PMID: 30510723 PMCID: PMC6261206 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are noxious secondary metabolites, of certain fungal species, found in food and feed. Contamination of a commodity with aflatoxins is associated with production and storage losses, and subsequently less food availability. Aflatoxins can also pose human health risks and represent a barrier to the development of trade, in both domestic and international markets. In this study, samples of cassava, maize, groundnut, beans, soybean, sorghum and milk, and their processed products were collected from local markets in Burundi and Eastern DRC. In order to investigate the levels of aflatoxin, crop samples were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (Reveal Q+), while enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze aflatoxin‐M1 in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples. The results revealed the presence of aflatoxins in all samples from both countries, with levels ranging from 1.3 to 2,410 μg/kg. Samples collected from Burundi contained relatively higher (p > 0.0.5) levels of aflatoxins. In 51% of all the crops samples, total aflatoxin contamination was above the EU maximum tolerable level of 4 μg/kg. Processed products, particularly from groundnut, maize, and sorghum, had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination when compared to unprocessed grain. With regard to milk and dairy products, the level of aflatoxin‐M1 ranged from 4.8 to 261.1 ng/kg. Approximately 29% of milk and yogurt samples had aflatoxin‐M1 higher than the EU regulatory limit of 50 ng/kg, whereas 20% of cheese samples were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the maximum limit of 250 ng/kg. These results can serve as the basis for pre‐ and postharvest approaches to reduce aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities in Burundi and Eastern DRC in order to reduce health risk, avoid reduced production in livestock, and open up export markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Njukwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Bujumbura Burundi
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Ladeira C, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Engaging One Health for Non-Communicable Diseases in Africa: Perspective for Mycotoxins. Front Public Health 2017; 5:266. [PMID: 29085817 PMCID: PMC5650707 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mycotoxins-e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids-has been recognized in the etiology of a number of diseases. In many African countries, the public health impact of chronic (indoor) and/or repeated (dietary) mycotoxin exposure is largely ignored hitherto, with impact on human health, food security, and export of African agricultural food products. Notwithstanding, African scientific research reached milestones that, when linked to findings gained by the international scientific community, make the design and implementation of science-driven governance schemes feasible. Starting from Nigeria as leading African Country, this article (i) overviews available data on mycotoxins exposure in Africa; (ii) discusses new food safety issues, such as the environment-feed-food chain and toxic exposures of food producing animals in risk assessment and management; (iii) identifies milestones for mycotoxins risk management already reached in West Africa; and (iv) points out preliminary operationalization aspects for shielding communities from direct (on health) and indirect (on trade, economies, and livelihoods) effects of mycotoxins. An African science-driven engaging of scientific knowledge by development actors is expected therefore. In particular, One health/One prevention is suggested, as it proved to be a strategic and sustainable development framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- Environment and Health Research Group, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (ESTeSL – IPL), Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Genética e Metabolismo, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (ESTeSL – IPL), Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, ENSP, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-Associated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Prencipe S, Siciliano I, Contessa C, Botta R, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from fresh chestnuts and along the chestnut flour process. Food Microbiol 2017; 69:159-169. [PMID: 28941897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An extensive sampling of Aspergillus section Flavi considered to be the main agent responsible for aflatoxin contamination, was carried out in the field and along the processing phases of chestnut flour production in 2015. Fifty-eight isolates were characterized by means of biological, molecular and chemical assays. The highest incidence of Aspergillus section Flavi was found in the field. The identification of the isolates was based on β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences. A. flavus was found to be the dominant species, and this was followed by A. oryzae var effusus, A. tamarii, A. parasiticus and A. toxicarius. Nineteen percent of the strains produced aflatoxins in vitro and forty percent in vivo. The pathogenicity assay on chestnut showed 56 virulent strains out of 58. The molecular, morphological, chemical and biological analyses of A. flavus strains showed an intraspecific variability. These results confirm that a polyphasic approach is necessary to discriminate the species inside the Aspergillus section Flavi. The present research is the first monitoring and characterization of aflatoxigenic fungi from fresh chestnut and the chestnut flour process, and it highlights the risk of a potential contamination along the whole chestnut production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Prencipe
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Cecilia Contessa
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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14
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Ferraro V, Piccirillo C, Tomlins K, Pintado ME. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Crops and Their Derived Foodstuffs: Safety, Security and Nutritional Value. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2714-27. [PMID: 26165549 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) are tropical crops consumed by ca. 2 billion people and represent the main source of carbohydrate and energy for the approximately 700 million people living in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. They are a guarantee of food security for developing countries. The production of these crops and the transformation into food-derived commodities is increasing, it represents a profitable business and farmers generate substantial income from their market. However, there are some important concerns related to the food safety and food security. The high post-harvest losses, mainly for yam, the contamination by endogenous toxic compounds, mainly for cassava, and the contamination by external agents (such as micotoxins, pesticides, and heavy metal) represent a depletion of economic value and income. The loss in the raw crops or the impossibility to market the derived foodstuffs, due to incompliance with food regulations, can seriously limit all yam tubers and the cassava roots processors, from farmers to household, from small-medium to large enterprises. One of the greatest challenges to overcome those concerns is the transformation of traditional or indigenous processing methods into modern industrial operations, from the crop storage to the adequate package of each derived foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Ferraro
- a CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado , Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto , Portugal
| | - Clara Piccirillo
- a CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado , Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto , Portugal
| | - Keith Tomlins
- a CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado , Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto , Portugal
| | - Manuela E Pintado
- a CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado , Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto , Portugal
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15
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Ofori H, Tortoe C, Akonor PT, Ampah J. Trace metal and aflatoxin concentrations in some processed cereal and root and tuber flour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Ofori H, Akonor PT, Dziedzoave NT. Variations in trace metal and aflatoxin content during processing of High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-015-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Harish G, Nataraja MV, Holajjer P, Thirumalaisamy PP, Jadon KS, Savaliya SD, Padavi RD, Koradia VG, Gedia MV. Efficacy and insecticidal properties of some essential oils against Caryedon serratus (Oliver)-a storage pest of groundnut. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 51:3505-9. [PMID: 26396354 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During storage groundnut is attacked by number of stored grain pest and management of these insect pests particularly bruchid beetle, Caryedon serratus (Oliver) is of prime importance as they directly damage the pod and kernels. Hence, some essential oils were tested for their insecticidal and fungicidal properties. Highest total bruchid mortality was recorded with the application of neem oil and pongamia oil at 10% (v/w) concentration and lowest in eucalyptus oil at 5% (v/w). Number of eggs laid was recorded 2.3 in neem oil 10% (v/w) which was lowest and significantly superior over untreated control and was at par with castor oil 10% (v/w) which recorded 2.5 eggs per 100 g of groundnut pods. There was no adult emergence in the groundnut pods treated with castor oil, eucalyptus oil, neem oil and pongamia oil at 10% (v/w) concentration. Groundnut pods treated with castor oil, eucalyptus oil, neem oil and pongamia oil at 10% (v/w) and neem oil at 5% (v/w) concentrations recorded no damage to pods and kernels and also zero per cent weight loss. These oils effectively influenced groundnut bruchid establishment and reduce damage besides reduction in aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harish
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - M V Nataraja
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - Prasanna Holajjer
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - P P Thirumalaisamy
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - K S Jadon
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - S D Savaliya
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - R D Padavi
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - V G Koradia
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
| | - M V Gedia
- Crop Protection Unit, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), PO Box 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat, India
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19
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Abia WA, Warth B, Sulyok M, Krska R, Tchana A, Njobeh PB, Turner PC, Kouanfack C, Eyongetah M, Dutton M, Moundipa PF. Bio-monitoring of mycotoxin exposure in Cameroon using a urinary multi-biomarker approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:927-34. [PMID: 24128729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-monitoring of human exposure to mycotoxin has mostly been limited to a few individually measured mycotoxin biomarkers. This study aimed to determine the frequency and level of exposure to multiple mycotoxins in human urine from Cameroonian adults. 175 Urine samples (83% from HIV-positive individuals) and food frequency questionnaire responses were collected from consenting Cameroonians, and analyzed for 15 mycotoxins and relevant metabolites using LC-ESI-MS/MS. In total, eleven analytes were detected individually or in combinations in 110/175 (63%) samples including the biomarkers aflatoxin M1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and total deoxynivalenol. Additionally, important mycotoxins and metabolites thereof, such as fumonisin B2, nivalenol and zearalenone, were determined, some for the first time in urine following dietary exposures. Multi-mycotoxin contamination was common with one HIV-positive individual exposed to five mycotoxins, a severe case of co-exposure that has never been reported in adults before. For the first time in Africa or elsewhere, this study quantified eleven mycotoxin biomarkers and bio-measures in urine from adults. For several mycotoxins estimates indicate that the tolerable daily intake is being exceeded in this study population. Given that many mycotoxins adversely affect the immune system, future studies will examine whether combinations of mycotoxins negatively impact Cameroonian population particularly immune-suppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred A Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Gauteng, South Africa
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20
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Adjovi YCS, Bailly S, Gnonlonfin BJG, Tadrist S, Querin A, Sanni A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Bailly JD. Analysis of the contrast between natural occurrence of toxigenic Aspergilli of the Flavi section and aflatoxin B1 in cassava. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:151-9. [PMID: 24290638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergilli of the section Flavi that may contaminate food, in the field or during storage. Cassava represents an important staple food in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis of aflatoxigenic fungi in 36 cassava samples obtained from producers in Benin indicated that 40% were contaminated by Aspergilli of the section Flavi. Upon morphological and molecular characterization of the 20 isolates, 16 belonged to Aspergillus flavus, 2 to Aspergillus parvisclerotigenus and 2 to Aspergillus novoparasiticus. This is the first time that this latter species is isolated from food. Although most of these isolates were toxigenic on synthetic media, no AFB1 contamination was observed in these cassava samples. In order to determine the action of cassava on AFB1 synthesis, a highly toxigenic strain of A. flavus, was inoculated onto fresh cassava and despite a rapid development, no AFB1 was produced. The anti-aflatoxin property was observed with cassava from different geographical origins and on other aflatoxigenic strains of the section Flavi, but it was lost after heating, sun drying and freezing. Our data suggest that fresh cassava is safe regarding AFB1 contamination, however, processing may alter its ability to block toxinogenesis leading to secondary contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C S Adjovi
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, INP, Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, 04 P.O. Box 0320, Cotonou, Benin
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21
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Determination of multi-mycotoxin occurrence in cereals, nuts and their products in Cameroon by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Makun HA, Adeniran A, Mailafiya SC, Ayanda IS, Mudashiru AT, Ojukwu UJ, Jagaba AS, Usman Z, Salihu DA. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in some marketed Nigerian foods. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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