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Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, G2 and Ochratoxin A in Infant Formulas from Brazil Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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2
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A systematic literature review for aflatoxin M1 of various milk types in Iran: Human health risk assessment, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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3
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products Traded in São Paulo, Brazil: An Update. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct an up-to-date investigation on the occurrence levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of raw milk (n = 40), pasteurized milk (n = 44), ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk (n = 27), Minas cheese (n = 57), and yogurt (n = 44) traded in São Paulo state, Brazil. AFM1 was extracted from fluid milks and dairy products using immunoaffinity columns and determined by high performance liquid chromatography. AFM1 was detected at the mean level of 0.080 ± 0.071 µg/L or kg in 72 samples (34.0%) evaluated in the study (n = 212). Detectable levels of AFM1 were observed in five samples of raw milk (12.5%), 16 samples of pasteurized milk (36.4%), 13 samples of UHT milk (48.1%), 27 samples of cheese (47.4%), and 11 samples of yogurt (25.0%), although none of them had concentrations above the maximum permitted levels (MPL) for AFM1 adopted in Brazil. However, 11.7% (n = 13) of samples of raw, pasteurized, and UHT milks would have AFM1 concentrations above the MPL of 0.05 μg/L adopted in the EU. The maximum level was detected in one cheese sample containing 0.695 µg/kg. Although none of the samples exceeded the Brazilian MPL, the high frequencies of AFM1 in Brazilian milk products warrant concern about their contribution to the human exposure to aflatoxins. Because aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens known, the results of this trial stress the need for stringent measures in the milk production system to avoid AFM1 in milk and derived products.
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Human health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk from the Kermanshah province, Iran. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Farag MA, Khalifa I, Gamal M, Bakry IA. The chemical composition, production technology, authentication, and QC analysis of dried milk. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Makhdoumi P, Hossini H, Mohammadi R, Limoee M. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in conventional and industrial dairy products (yogurt, cheese, kashk and dough) of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:123-135. [PMID: 33984875 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a toxic metabolite produced mainly by Aspergillus spp. which may occur in dairy products because of biotransformation. In this work, a systematic and meta-analysis approach has been considered on the topic of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content in dairy Iranian products. Based on the literature review, AFM1 was the most common aflatoxin contamination in dairy product. Additionally, studies revealed that higher levels of AFM1 were produced during cold seasons includes winter and autumn. Although, immunochemical technique (ELISA) was the frequent and rapid test, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and chromatographic methods (HPLC) were commonly used as confirmative techniques to determine the level of aflatoxin. Meta-analyzing of the results showed that AFM1 can be found in the dairy products with overall prevalence percentage of 63.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.28-70.78) and 54.05 (95% CI: 43.09-65.02) based on the sample type and production process, respectively. The higher prevalence percentage of AFM1 of 73.96 (95% CI: 60.27-87.66) and 69.91 (95% CI: 62.00-78.83) was found in yoghurt and industrial production type of samples, respectively. In general, 17.8% of cheese, 14% of yogurt, 12.63% of kashk, and 2.1% of doogh contained AFM1 in concentrations exceeding the permitted level of standards. Totally, results showed that 88.89% of dairy products were contaminated by AFM1 exceeding from standard limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouran Makhdoumi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hooshyar Hossini
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Limoee
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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GONÇALVES BL, ULIANA RD, COPPA CFSC, LEE SHI, KAMIMURA ES, OLIVEIRA CAF, CORASSIN CH. Aflatoxin M1: biological decontamination methods in milk and cheese. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.22920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M 1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:315-325. [PMID: 34625918 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment for exposure to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) related to the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products of Argentina was developed. The frequency and concentration of AFM1 was modelled at various stages through the milk processes, considering Argentinean practices. Concentration of AFM1 (0.046 μg/l, 95%CI = 0.002-0.264 μg/l) in raw milk was estimated. The AFM1 concentration in milk was sensitive to the carry-over rate (r = 0.80), and milk yield in the first third of lactation during the spring-summer season (r = 0.11). AFB1 levels in silage (r = 0.22), pasture during the spring-summer season (r = 0.11), concentrate (r = 0.08), and cotton seed (r = 0.05) were the factors most correlated with AFM1 concentrations. Although the results showed that MoE values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 were < 10,000 in infants, toddlers, and other children, the additional cancer risk due to exposure to AFM1 in infants, toddlers, and other children was 0.007, 0.005, and 0.0009 additional cases per year per 100,000 individuals, respectively, which indicates no health concern. In addition, the percentages of the population exceeding HI values (HI > 1) for exposure to AFM1 for infants, toddlers, and other children were 45%, 49.1%, and 40.6%, respectively. Under this scenario, the most susceptible population at risk was children < 10 years old; therefore, it is necessary to establish measures to prevent contamination of AFM1 in milk and milk products.
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9
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Chhaya RS, O'Brien J, Cummins E. Feed to fork risk assessment of mycotoxins under climate change influences - recent developments. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Frey M, Rosim R, Oliveira C. Mycotoxin Co-Occurrence in Milks and Exposure Estimation: A Pilot Study in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:507. [PMID: 34437378 PMCID: PMC8402475 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a first evaluation on the co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) M1, B1, B2, G1 and G2; fumonisins (F) B1 and B2; deoxynivalenol (DON); de-epoxydeoxinivalenol (DOM-1); ochratoxin A (OTA); zearalenone (ZEN); α-zearalenol (α-ZEL); and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) in 68 samples of fluid milk consumed in Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. The probable daily intake (PDI) was also calculated for each mycotoxin evaluated. Mycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Sixty-two (91.2%) samples contained at least one type of mycotoxin. AFM1 was found in 6 samples (8.8%), and none of them presented concentrations above the Brazilian maximum permitted level in milk (500 ng/L). Low levels of non-regulated mycotoxins DOM-1, OTA, FB1, FB2, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were found in 6 (8.8%), 17 (25%), 10 (14.7%), 3 (4.4%), 39 (57.4%) and 28 (41.2%) samples of milk, respectively. None of the PDIs calculated for the quantified mycotoxins were above recommended values, indicating low exposure through milk consumption in the area studied. However, 21 samples (30.9%) contained 2-4 types of mycotoxins, which warrants concern about the potential adverse effects of mycotoxin mixtures in milks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga CEP 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.); (R.R.)
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11
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Conteçotto ACT, Pante GC, Castro JC, Souza AA, Lini RS, Romoli JCZ, Abreu Filho BA, Mikcha JMG, Mossini SAG, Machinski Junior M. Occurrence, exposure evaluation and risk assessment in child population for aflatoxin M1 in dairy products in Brazil. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148:111913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Marimón Sibaja KV, Garcia SDO, Nogueira WV, de Oliveira FK, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Dietary Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products of Latin America. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1880434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Sabrina De Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Francine Kerstner de Oliveira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
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13
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Aflatoxins in Milk and Dairy Products: Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for the Serbian Population. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure associated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) of the adult population in Serbia from consumption of milk and dairy products. This assessment was performed using concentration values of AFM1 in raw milk (385 samples) and dairy products (556 samples) based on the analyses conducted in the period between 2015 and 2018. In parallel, a dairy products consumption survey was completed during 2018 based on ‘one-day’ and ‘seven-day’ recall methods. In order to estimate the intake of AFM1 from the consumption of dairy products for both recall methods, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted. The study revealed that pasteurized milk and yogurt are dairy products mostly consumed by the Serbian adult population. Estimated daily intake of AFM1 was in the range of 62–74 × 10−3 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the recall methods and scenarios employed. Although the results show moderate exposure risks compared to similar studies worldwide, climatic conditions and weather extremes that have occurred recently may have negatively influenced the contamination of feed and, consequently, AFM1 contamination of milk. As a result, it is justifiable to promote continuous monitoring in feed and dairy supply chains in Serbia and provide an update of exposure assessment.
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Tarannum N, Nipa MN, Das S, Parveen S. Aflatoxin M1 detection by ELISA in raw and processed milk in Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1339-1343. [PMID: 33102136 PMCID: PMC7569182 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologically aflatoxin M1 was detected in raw and processed milk in Bangladesh. Aflatoxin M1 mean level was found to be highest in raw milk (699.07 ng/kg). EC and US regulations exceeded in 75 % and 43 % of contaminated samples, respectively. Aflatoxin M1 existence level in milk can be detrimental to human health.
An analysis was accomplished to get information regarding presence of highly toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw and processed samples of milk applying ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Investigation of a set of 100 samples (n=100) taken from different regional small-scale farms as well as grocery stores of Bangladesh containing three groups of milk including raw (n=50), pasteurized (n=25) and UHT (n=25), exhibited in total 53% AFM1 contamination where 70% contamination was found in raw milk ranging from 22.79−1489.28 ng/kg (mean value 699.07 ng/kg), 52% in pasteurized milk ranging from 18.11−672.18 ng/kg (mean value 99.77 ng/kg) and 20% in UHT milk ranging from 25.07−48.95 ng/kg (mean value 35.46 ng/kg). Among all the positive samples, 75% contaminated samples were above the European Communities prescribed limits (50 ng/kg) while having 25% samples still below this limit whereas 43% samples crossed the accepted limit of US regulations/Codex Alimentarius Commission regulations (500 ng/kg). Thus the findings of this study may lead to increase awareness regarding health impact of aflatoxin M1 and implementation of strict regulations by law enforcement bureaus of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourin Tarannum
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meher Nigad Nipa
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suvra Das
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sahana Parveen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hooshfar S, Khosrokhavar R, Yazdanpanah H, Eslamizad S, Kobarfard F, Nazari F, Kokaraki V, Kokkinakis M, Goumenou M, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A. Health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in infant formula milk in IR Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111455. [PMID: 32474022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two accurate, precise, selective and sensitive methods were developed for determining aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The validated methods were used for determination of AFM1 in 29 samples of 6 different infant formula milk brands and the risk of AFM1 in infants aged zero to 6 months old was assessed using cancer risk, Margin of Exposure (MOE) and Hazard Index (HI). Only one sample (3.4%) was contaminated with AFM1. Although the results showed that MOE values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 was <10,000 in infants, the additional cancer risk due to mean and median exposure to AFM1 in infant <6 months were 0.00010 and 0.00012 additional cases per year per 105 individuals, respectively, which indicates no health concern. In addition, HI values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 for infants were quite below one which indicates no health concern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on risk assessment of AFM1 in infant formula milk consumed by Iranian infants <6 months old, presenting a low risk for the evaluated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hooshfar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roya Khosrokhavar
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&ME, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Samira Eslamizad
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Nazari
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Venetia Kokaraki
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis Kokkinakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Quevedo-Garza PA, Amador-Espejo GG, Salas-García R, Ramos-Peña EG, Trujillo AJ. Aflatoxin M 1 Determination in Infant Formulae Distributed in Monterrey, Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E100. [PMID: 32033214 PMCID: PMC7076842 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formulae commercialized in the metropolitan area of Monterrey (Nuevo León, Mexico) was determined by using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by HPLC determination with fluorimetric detection. For this, 55 infant formula powders were classified in two groups, starter (49 samples) and follow-on (6 samples) formulae. Eleven of the evaluated samples (20%) presented values above the permissible limit set by the European Union for infant formulae (25 ng/L), ranging from 40 to 450 ng/L. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for AFM1 was determined employing the average body weight (bw) of the groups of age in the ranges of 0-6 and 6-12 months, and 1-2 years. The results evidenced high intake values, ranging from 1.56 to 14 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the group. Finally, with the EDI value, the carcinogenic risk index was determined, presenting a high risk for all the evaluated groups. Based on these results, it is a necessary extra effort by the regulatory agencies to reduce the AFM1 presence in infant formulae consumed in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Quevedo-Garza
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, N.L.; Mexico; (P.A.Q.-G.); (R.S.-G.); (E.G.R.-P.)
| | - Genaro G. Amador-Espejo
- CONACYT–Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-IPN, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico;
| | - Rogelio Salas-García
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, N.L.; Mexico; (P.A.Q.-G.); (R.S.-G.); (E.G.R.-P.)
| | - Esteban G. Ramos-Peña
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, N.L.; Mexico; (P.A.Q.-G.); (R.S.-G.); (E.G.R.-P.)
| | - Antonio-José Trujillo
- Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), TECNIO-UAB, MALTA-Consolider Team, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Serraino A, Bonilauri P, Kerekes K, Farkas Z, Giacometti F, Canever A, Zambrini AV, Ambrus Á. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Marketed in Italy: Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2516. [PMID: 31787941 PMCID: PMC6856139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is based on the AFM1 contamination of milk determined from April 2013 to December 2018 in the framework of a self-control plan of six milk processing plants in Italy. These data - together with the consumption data of milk consumers - were evaluated and used for the calculation of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), the Hazard Index (HI), and the fraction of hepatocarcinoma cases (HCC) due to AFM1 exposure in different population groups. Altogether a total of 31,702 milk samples were analyzed, representing 556,413 tons of milk, which is an outstanding amount compared to published studies. The results indicate the monthly fluctuation of AFM1 levels through a period of nearly 6 years. The EDI of AFM1 in different population groups was in the range of 0.025-0.328 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) per day, based on the average consumption levels and weighted mean contamination of the milk in the study period. Considering average consumptions, in the groups of infants and toddlers, the HI calculation resulted in 1.64 and 1.4, respectively, while for older age groups, it was <1. The estimated fractions of HCC incidences attributable to the AFM1 intakes were 0.005 and 0.004 cases per 100,000 individuals in the 0-0.9 and 1-2.9-year age groups, respectively, and below 0.004 cases in the other age categories. The monthly average AFM1 contamination of tested milk consignments ranged between 7.19 and 22.53 ng kg-1. Although the results of this extensive investigation showed a low risk of HCC, the variability of climatic conditions throughout years that influence AFB1 contamination of feed and consequently AFM1 contamination of milk justifies their continuous monitoring and update of the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Kata Kerekes
- Department of Food Safety Planning and Monitoring, System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- Department of Food Safety Planning and Monitoring, System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Canever
- Department of Quality, Innovation, Safety, Environment, Granarolo S.p.A., Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Árpád Ambrus
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Nejad ASM, Heshmati A, Ghiasvand T. The Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Exposure to Aflatoxin M 1 in Ultra-High Temperature and Pasteurized Milk in Hamadan Province of Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:228-233. [PMID: 31497494 PMCID: PMC6711718 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aflatoxins are a category of poisonous compounds found in most plants, milk and dairy products. The present research was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk collected from Hamadan province, Iran. Methods Twenty five samples of ultra-high temperature (UHT) and 63 samples of pasteurized milk were collected and the amount of AFM1 was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. In addition, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of AFM1 was determined by the following equations:(EDI= mean concentration of AFM1 × daily consumption of milk/body weight; HI= EDI/Tolerance Daily Intake). Results AFM1 was detected in 21 (84%) UHT milk samples and in 55 (87.30%) pasteurized milk samples. Seven (28%) samples of UHT and 21 (33.33%) pasteurized milk samples had higher AFM1 content than the limit allowed in the European Union and Iranian National Standard Limits (0.05 μg/kg). None of the samples exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration limit (0.5 μg/kg) for AFM1. EDI and HI for AM1 through milk were 0.107 ng/kg body weight/day, and 0.535, respectively. Conclusion A significant percentage of milk produced by different factories in Iran (84% of UHT and 87.3% of pasteurized milk) was contaminated with AFM1. Therefore, more control and monitoring of livestock feeding in dairy companies may help reduce milk contamination with AFM1. As the HI value was lower than 1, it can be assumed that there was no risk of developing liver cancer due to milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sasan Mozaffari Nejad
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Tayebe Ghiasvand
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
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Udovicki B, Djekic I, Kalogianni EP, Rajkovic A. Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Aflatoxin M1 Intake through Consumption of Milk and Yoghurt by Student Population in Serbia and Greece. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040205. [PMID: 30959754 PMCID: PMC6520882 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to perform an exposure assessment of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) intake through the consumption of milk and yoghurt by the student population in Serbia and Greece. A food consumption survey of milk and yoghurt was performed during the first half of 2018 in the two countries with at least 500 interviewees (aged between 18 and 27 years) per country, covering their dietary habits and body weight based on one-day and seven-day recall methods. Values for the concentration of AFM1 were extracted from published research. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of 100,000 iterations was performed to estimate the intake of AFM1 from the consumption of the two dairy products. Results revealed that the estimated average exposure of students to AFM1 was in the range of 1.238⁻2.674 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for Serbia, and 0.350⁻0.499 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for Greece, depending on the dietary recall method employed. High estimations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases/year/10⁵ individuals, depending on the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive individuals (HBsAg+), were 0.0036⁻0.0047 and 0.0007⁻0.0009 for Serbia and Greece, respectively. Presented Margin of Exposure (MOE) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicate increased risk from exposure to AFM1, particularly in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ilija Djekic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Eleni P Kalogianni
- Department of Food Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Marimón Sibaja KV, Gonçalves KDM, Garcia SDO, Feltrin ACP, Nogueira WV, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Aflatoxin M1 and B1 in Colombian milk powder and estimated risk exposure. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:97-104. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1567611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Keven David Moreira Gonçalves
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Sabrina De Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Penteado Feltrin
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Gonçalves KDM, Sibaja KVM, Feltrin ACP, Remedi RD, de Oliveira Garcia S, Garda-Buffon J. Occurrence of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in milk powder and UHT consumed in the city of Assomada (Cape Verde Islands) and southern Brazil. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:653-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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GONÇALVES L, DALLA ROSA A, GONZALES SL, FELTES MMC, BADIALE-FURLONG E, DORS GC. Incidence of aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk from small farms. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Želježić B, Cvetnić L, Benić M, Tanković S, Cvetnić Ž. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow, goat and sheep milk during spring and autumn in Croatia during 2016. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1306785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Blaženka Želježić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Sanin Tanković
- State Veterinary Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shahbazi Y, Nikousefat Z, Karami N. Occurrence, seasonal variation and risk assessment of exposure to aflatoxin M 1 in Iranian traditional cheeses. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Malik N. The seasonal variation of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and dairy products and assessment of dietary intake in Punjab, Pakistan. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Li S, Min L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and UHT milks in China in 2014–2015. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Sifuentes dos Santos J, Granella V, Pigatto GM, Reiniger LRS, Costabeber IH. Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and raw milk from organic and conventional systems. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-016-1039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kerekes K, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Piva S, Zambrini V, Canever A, Farkas Z, Ambrus Á. An effective self-control strategy for the reduction of aflatoxin M1 content in milk and to decrease the exposure of consumers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1840-1849. [PMID: 27690758 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1241895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study reports the results of testing the sensitivity of an early warning sampling plan for detecting milk batches with high aflatoxin AFM1 concentration. The effectiveness of the method was investigated by the analysis of 9017 milk samples collected in Italian milk processing plants that applied control plans with different action limits (AL). For those milk processing plants where 30 ng kg-1 AL has been applied, the AFM1 contamination was significantly lower at or above the 95th percentile of the milk samples when compared with plants that used 40 ng kg-1 AL. The results show that the control plan can be used effectively for early warning of occurrence of high AFM1 contamination of milk and to carry out pro-active measures to limit the level of contamination. Estimation of dietary exposure was also carried out, based on the aflatoxin M1 content of the milk samples and on Italian food consumption data. Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) were calculated for different age groups of the population. HIs show that no adverse effects are expected for the adult population, but in the case of children under age three, the approximate HI values were considerably higher. This underlines the importance of the careful monitoring and control of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Kerekes
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- b Diagnostic Department of Reggio Emilia , Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Regions , Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | | | | | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Árpád Ambrus
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
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31
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Ishikawa AT, Takabayashi-Yamashita CR, Ono EYS, Bagatin AK, Rigobello FF, Kawamura O, Hirooka EY, Itano EN. Exposure Assessment of Infants to Aflatoxin M₁ through Consumption of Breast Milk and Infant Powdered Milk in Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E246. [PMID: 27589799 PMCID: PMC5037473 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) is an important biomarker that can be used to evaluate aflatoxin exposure in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure degree of infants to AFM₁ through consumption of breast milk and infant powdered milk in Brazil. For this purpose, the estimated daily intake (EDI) for infants was calculated based on the AFM₁ levels analyzed in 94 breast milk (BM) samples collected in Southern Brazil, and 16 infant powdered milk (IPM) samples commonly commercialized in Brazil. AFM₁ was detected in 5.3% (n = 5) and 43.8% (n = 7) of BM and IPM samples, with mean levels of 0.003 ng/g and 0.011 ng/g, respectively. All the IPM samples showed AFM₁ levels lower than those established by the Brazilian guidelines (5 ng/g), and in most of the samples (81.25%) levels were below the maximum limit tolerated by the European Commission (0.025 ng/g). The EDI of AFM₁ for infants aged zero to 12 months old showed values from 0.018 to 0.069 ng/kg body weight/day for BM, and 0.078 to 0.306 ng/kg body weight/day for IPM. Hazard index (HI) values for BM and IPM were less than one, except for IPM intended for infants up to one month. In conclusion, the exposure of infants to AFM₁ was low, but continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels is essential to minimize infant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica T Ishikawa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia R Takabayashi-Yamashita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Y S Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Artur K Bagatin
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Fabiana F Rigobello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osamu Kawamura
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Elisa Y Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eiko N Itano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.D. Womack
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - D.L. Sparks
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - A.E. Brown
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Ismail A, Riaz M, Levin RE, Akhtar S, Gong YY, Hameed A. Seasonal prevalence level of aflatoxin M 1 and its estimated daily intake in Pakistan. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Becker‐Algeri TA, Castagnaro D, Bortoli K, Souza C, Drunkler DA, Badiale‐Furlong E. Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review. J Food Sci 2016; 81:R544-52. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aparecida Becker‐Algeri
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of FoodDept. of Food Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande (FURG) Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros Rio Grande RS CEP 96203–900 Brazil
| | - Denise Castagnaro
- Post Graduate Program in Food TechnologyDept. of Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR) Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência Medianeira PR CEP 85884–000 Brazil
| | - Kennidy Bortoli
- Graduation in Food EngineeringFederal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR) Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência Medianeira PR CEP 85884‐000 Brazil
| | - Camila Souza
- Graduation in Food EngineeringFederal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR) Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência Medianeira PR CEP 85884‐000 Brazil
| | - Deisy Alessandra Drunkler
- Post Graduate Program in Food TechnologyDept. of Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR) Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência Medianeira PR CEP 85884–000 Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale‐Furlong
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of FoodDept. of Food Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande (FURG) Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros Rio Grande RS CEP 96203–900 Brazil
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Iqbal S, Jinap S, Pirouz A, Ahmad Faizal A. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jawaid S, Talpur FN, Nizamani SM, Afridi HI. Contamination profile of aflatoxin M1 residues in milk supply chain of Sindh, Pakistan. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1418-1422. [PMID: 28962483 PMCID: PMC5598205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a potent carcinogen, teratogen and mutagen found in the milk when lactating animals consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In the present study, the contamination of AFM1 was evaluated in the milk supply chain of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. For the broader profiling of targeted toxin, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the determination of AFM1 in both branded and non-branded milk samples. The results showed that 96.43% of samples (81 out of 84) were contaminated with AFM1 in the range of 0.01-0.76 μg/L. The average contamination level was 0.38 μg/L. The determined values of AFM1 in the collected milk samples were above the standard limit of the European Commission while 70% of the samples exceeded levels established by United States regulations. According to these results, the estimated daily intake of AFM1 for adults was determined as 3.1 ng/kg of body weight per day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah N. Talpur
- Corresponding author at: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Fax: +92 22 9213431.
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Silva MV, Janeiro V, Bando E, Machinski Jr M. Occurrence and estimative of aflatoxin M1 intake in UHT cow milk in Paraná State, Brazil. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Santili ABN, de Camargo AC, Nunes RDSR, Gloria EMD, Machado PF, Cassoli LD, Dias CTDS, Calori-Domingues MA. Aflatoxin M1in raw milk from different regions of São Paulo state – Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:207-14. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1048538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ismail A, Akhtar S, Levin RE, Ismail T, Riaz M, Amir M. Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:418-27. [PMID: 25853494 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.958051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is among the most carcinogenic compounds, relatively high levels being consumed, especially by the most vulnerable age groups, i.e. infants and the elderly. Reports on its prevalence are constantly being received from various parts of the world compelling nations to establish their own standard limits for AFM1. Global review of the literature indicates the existence of methods of partial decontamination of AFM1, however; evidence based studies do not suggest that any single strategy as a coherent and complete solution to the issue. Microbial decontamination of AFM1 has emerged as the most suitable method up to now but the stability of toxin-microbial cell complexes still remains questionable. This review discusses the chemical nature, established maximum permissible limits and prevalence of AFM1 in various countries from 2009 to 2014. Moreover, the possible mechanisms for AFM1 reduction mainly the microbial decontamination and the stability and bioaccessibility of microbial-AFM1 complexes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ismail
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Robert E Levin
- b Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Tariq Ismail
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Mamoona Amir
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
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Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in UHT and Powdered Milk by Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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42
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Raad F, Nasreddine L, Hilan C, Bartosik M, Parent-Massin D. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol from a total diet study in an adult urban Lebanese population. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:35-43. [PMID: 25088296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins may be associated with carcinogenic, immunosuppressant and estrogenic effects. In the Middle-East, studies investigating food contamination and dietary exposure to mycotoxins are particularly scarce. This study aims at evaluating the dietary exposure of an adult Lebanese urban population to four mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, DON) classified as priority food contaminants by the WHO. Dietary exposure assessment was performed by means of the total diet study approach. Average and excessive consumer exposure estimates (p95) were calculated and compared with appropriate toxicological reference values (TRVs). Average dietary exposure levels to OTA and DON represented 29.9% and 156.8% of the respective TRVs, with the p95 exposure estimates approaching or exceeding the TRVs for these mycotoxins (95.1% and 355.8%, respectively). Based on the mean dietary exposure level to AFB1, cancer risk was estimated at 0.0527-0.0545cases/100,000persons/year, while mean exposure to AFM1 was associated with a population risk of 0.0018-0.0027cases/100,000persons/year. The study's findings place Lebanon among countries that are highly exposed to mycotoxins through the diet and call for larger-scale studies aiming at providing a comprehensive assessment of the dietary exposure of the Lebanese population to mycotoxins as well as to other food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raad
- Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Tel Amara Station, Bekaa, Lebanon; Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, France
| | - L Nasreddine
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - C Hilan
- Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Tel Amara Station, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - M Bartosik
- ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal, Pôle Analyses et Méthodes, Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
| | - D Parent-Massin
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, France; Université Paris-Sud, Inserm UMR-S 996, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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43
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Kos J, Lević J, Đuragić O, Kokić B, Miladinović I. Occurrence and estimation of aflatoxin M1 exposure in milk in Serbia. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Magoha H, Kimanya M, De Meulenaer B, Roberfroid D, Lachat C, Kolsteren P. Association between aflatoxin M1 exposure through breast milk and growth impairment in infants from Northern Tanzania. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infants breastfeeding from mothers consuming aflatoxin contaminated foods may be exposed to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a metabolite of aflatoxin B1. This study estimated the association between AFM1 exposure levels and growth indicators, for infants under six months of age in the Rombo district in Northern Tanzania. A total of 143 infants and their mothers were involved. Breast-milk samples, infants' anthropometric data and 24 h dietary recall for mothers were taken at the 1st, 3rd and 5th months of children age. AFM1 contaminations in the samples were determined using HPLC. Aflatoxin M1 exposure by an infant was estimated by multiplying contamination in the breast milk consumed by him/her with the breast milk intake recorded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for infants of his/her age divided by the infant's body weight. All the breast-milk samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.55 ng/ml. Above 90% of samples exceeded the EU limit of 0.025 ng/ml for infants' foods while over 76% exceeded the EU limit of 0.05 ng/ml for dairy milk and milk products. Only 1% of the samples exceeded the limit of 0.5 ng/ml set for dairy milk in the United States and several countries in Asia. AFM1 Exposures ranged from 1.13-66.79 ng/kg body weight per day. A small but significant (P<0.05) inverse association was observed between AFM1 exposure levels and weight for age Z-score or height for age Z-score. Appropriate strategies should be applied to minimise aflatoxin B1 exposure in lactating mothers in order to protect infants from AFM1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Magoha
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Research group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition - nutriFOODchem, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Home economics and Human nutrition, Open University of Tanzania (OUT), P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M. Kimanya
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - B. De Meulenaer
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Research group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition - nutriFOODchem, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Roberfroid
- Department of Public Health, Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C. Lachat
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Research group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition - nutriFOODchem, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P. Kolsteren
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Research group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition - nutriFOODchem, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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García Londoño VA, Boasso AC, de Paula MCZ, Garcia LP, Scussel VM, Resnik S, Pacín A. Aflatoxin M1 survey on randomly collected milk powder commercialized in Argentina and Brazil. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Afsah-Hejri L, Jinap S, Hajeb P, Radu S, Shakibazadeh S. A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:629-651. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Afsah-Hejri
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Jinap
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - P. Hajeb
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Radu
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - Sh. Shakibazadeh
- Dept. of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400, UPM Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
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48
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Duarte S, Almeida A, Teixeira A, Pereira A, Falcão A, Pena A, Lino C. Aflatoxin M1 in marketed milk in Portugal: Assessment of human and animal exposure. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Oliveira CPD, Soares NDFF, Oliveira TVD, Baffa Júnior JC, Silva WAD. Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in ultra high temperature (UHT) treated fluid milk from Minas Gerais/Brazil. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Tsakiris IN, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Vlachou MI, Renieri EA, Tsatsakis AM. Risk assessment scenarios of children's exposure to aflatoxin M1 residues in different milk types from the Greek market. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:261-5. [PMID: 23439481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined in 196 milk samples (conventional, organic and kids milk) from the Greek market during November 2009 to June 2010. AFM1 content was analyzed using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) commercial kit. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 46.5% of the samples. 46.5% of the samples were found positive for AFM1. The most frequent range of detection was between 5 and 10 ng/l. Based on the EU regulation only 2 milk samples presented AFM1 levels higher than the maximum residue limits. Two different scenarios were used for the determination of hazard index: (a) scenario 1 using only positive (detected AFM1) samples and (b) scenario 2 when missing values where imputed with Limit of Detection (LOD) divided by 2. Significant statistical differences between different milk categories were presented only when the results were imputed with LOD/2 values. Exposure assessment scenarios were developed for ages 1, 3, 5, 7 and 12 and their respective estimated weights and daily milk consumption. Under the worst-case scenario all milk types presented a Hazard Index (HI) less than one. The highest HI values appear in the ages of 1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Tsakiris
- TEI of Western Macedonia, Florina Branch, Department of Agricultural Products Management and Quality Control, Terma Kontopoulou, 53100 Florina, Greece
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