1
|
Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NIP, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed from selected regions of Malaysia by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:777-787. [PMID: 35302923 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed. Different sampling points throughout the feed supply chain were selected from two companies that manufactured the poultry feed. A total of 51 samples, consisting of grain maize and maize-based poultry feeds, were collected. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin. The results revealed that 100% of samples throughout the maize-based poultry feed supply chain were spoiled with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisin B1 (8.02-1,220 µg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (11.1-1,109 µg/kg) were the main mycotoxins detected at all sampling points throughout the feed supply chain. Zearalenone (ZEA) (6.63-7.50 µg/kg) was also detected in 11.7% (n = 6) (out of a total of 51) samples. As the supply chain progresses, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination was observed. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxin were not detected. The levels of mycotoxins detected throughout the supply chain were below the international regulatory limits, thus indicating the low risk of exposure to mycotoxins in maize-based poultry feed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, due to the presence of multiple ingredients in most food and feed, efforts to understand and address challenges associated with mycotoxins throughout the entire supply chain need to be more holistic to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norafidah Nasaruddin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman
- Laboratory of Halal Policy and Management, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Bulut S, Kocić-Tanackov S. Review of occurrence of mycotoxins in Serbian food items in the period from 2005 to 2022. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr49-39145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to review the publications on mycotoxins' presence in cereals and foodstuffs originated from the Serbian market covering the period from 2005 to 2022. The review covers all the important steps in mycotoxins analysis including sampling, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, and concentration ranges in which the mycotoxins were found. Also, the results were interpreted from the European Union regulation point of view. The review emphasizes the importance of multi-mycotoxins analysis for determining the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins that can negatively affect the Serbian human population. The most frequently used instrumental technique in the mycotoxin analysis of Serbian products was the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay followed by the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the studies undertaken in Serbia until now investigated a few groups of matrices such as wheat, maize, milk, and dairy products. Only a few studies involved specific matrices such as nuts, dried fruits, biscuits, cookies, and spices. The review showed that contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), occurred at the very beginning of 2013, was the major health issue related to the population health. The contamination of milk and dairy products with the AFM1 was a consequence of maize contamination with aflatoxins which occurred in the year 2012, characterized by drought conditions. The studies dealing with the analysis of masked and emerging mycotoxins are rare and more attention should be paid to monitoring the presence of these types of mycotoxins in foodstuffs from Serbia.
Collapse
|
3
|
Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Bulut S, Kocić-Tanackov S. Review of occurrence of mycotoxins in Serbian food items in the period from 2005 to 2022. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr0-39145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to review the publications on mycotoxins' presence in cereals and foodstuffs originated from the Serbian market covering the period from 2005 to 2022. The review covers all the important steps in mycotoxins analysis including sampling, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, and concentration ranges in which the mycotoxins were found. Also, the results were interpreted from the European Union regulation point of view. The review emphasizes the importance of multi-mycotoxins analysis for determining the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins that can negatively affect the Serbian human population. The most frequently used instrumental technique in the mycotoxin analysis of Serbian products was the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay followed by the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the studies undertaken in Serbia until now investigated a few groups of matrices such as wheat, maize, milk, and dairy products. Only a few studies involved specific matrices such as nuts, dried fruits, biscuits, cookies, and spices. The review showed that contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), occurred at the very beginning of 2013, was the major health issue related to the population health. The contamination of milk and dairy products with the AFM1 was a consequence of maize contamination with aflatoxins which occurred in the year 2012, characterized by drought conditions. The studies dealing with the analysis of masked and emerging mycotoxins are rare and more attention should be paid to monitoring the presence of these types of mycotoxins in foodstuffs from Serbia.
Collapse
|
4
|
Koletsi P, Schrama JW, Graat EAM, Wiegertjes GF, Lyons P, Pietsch C. The Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Raw Materials and Fish Feeds in Europe and the Potential Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Health and Growth of Farmed Fish Species-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:403. [PMID: 34198924 PMCID: PMC8226812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first part of this study evaluates the occurrence of mycotoxin patterns in feedstuffs and fish feeds. Results were extrapolated from a large data pool derived from wheat (n = 857), corn (n = 725), soybean meal (n = 139) and fish feed (n = 44) samples in European countries and based on sample analyses by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the period between 2012-2019. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was readily present in corn (in 47% of the samples) > wheat (41%) > soybean meal (11%), and in aquafeeds (48%). Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was frequently observed in feedstuffs and aquafeed samples. For example, in corn, multi-mycotoxin occurrence was investigated by Spearman's correlations and odd ratios, and both showed co-occurrence of DON with its acetylated forms (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON) as well as with zearalenone (ZEN). The second part of this study summarizes the existing knowledge on the effects of DON on farmed fish species and evaluates the risk of DON exposure in fish, based on data from in vivo studies. A meta-analytical approach aimed to estimate to which extent DON affects feed intake and growth performance in fish. Corn was identified as the ingredient with the highest risk of contamination with DON and its acetylated forms, which often cannot be detected by commonly used rapid detection methods in feed mills. Periodical state-of-the-art mycotoxin analyses are essential to detect the full spectrum of mycotoxins in fish feeds aimed to prevent detrimental effects on farmed fish and subsequent economic losses for fish farmers. Because levels below the stated regulatory limits can reduce feed intake and growth performance, our results show that the risk of DON contamination is underestimated in the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Koletsi
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Johan W. Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Philip Lyons
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc., A86 X006 Dunboyne, Ireland;
| | - Constanze Pietsch
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), Applied University Berne (BFH), 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Topi D, Babič J, Pavšič-Vrtač K, Tavčar-Kalcher G, Jakovac-Strajn B. Incidence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat and Maize from Albania. Molecules 2020; 26:E172. [PMID: 33396539 PMCID: PMC7796429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, ten Fusarium toxins were analysed in wheat and maize commodities from Albania. In total, 71 samples of wheat and 45 samples of maize were collected from different producing regions. The analytical procedure consisted of a simple one-step sample extraction followed by the determination of toxins using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fusarium toxins were found in 23% of the analysed wheat samples and in 78% of maize samples. In maize samples, most often fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) were found. They were present in 76% of samples. They were detected in all positive samples except in one with concentrations ranging from 59.9 to 16,970 μg/kg. The sum of FB1 and FB2 exceeded the EU maximum permitted level (4000 μg/kg) in 31% of maize samples. In wheat samples, the only detected Fusarium mycotoxin was deoxynivalenol (DON), present in 23% of samples. In one sample with the concentration of 1916 μg/kg, the EU maximum permitted level (1250 μg/kg) was exceeded. This is the first report on the presence of Fusarium toxins in wheat and maize grains cultivated in Albania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Topi
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.T.); (J.B.); (K.P.-V.); (B.J.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zogu 1, 25, 1016 Tirana, Albania
| | - Janja Babič
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.T.); (J.B.); (K.P.-V.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Katarina Pavšič-Vrtač
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.T.); (J.B.); (K.P.-V.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.T.); (J.B.); (K.P.-V.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.T.); (J.B.); (K.P.-V.); (B.J.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wan J, Chen B, Rao J. Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal-based food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:928-953. [PMID: 33331688 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal-based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.,School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elaridi J, Yamani O, Al Matari A, Dakroub S, Attieh Z. Determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA), Ochratoxin B (OTB), T-2, and HT-2 Toxins in Wheat Grains, Wheat Flour, and Bread in Lebanon by LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E471. [PMID: 31409003 PMCID: PMC6723938 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereals are prone to fungal infection during growth, harvesting, transportation, and/or storage. As a result, cereals such as wheat grains and wheat-derived products may be contaminated with mycotoxins leading to acute and chronic health exposure. The current study investigated the presence of the mycotoxins: ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), T-2, and HT-2 toxins in samples of wheat grains (n = 50), wheat flour (n = 50), and bread (n = 37) from the main mills in Lebanon using LC-MS/MS. Accuracy ranged from 98-100%, recoveries from 93-105%, and intraday and interday precision were 5-7% and 9-12%, respectively. The tested wheat grains, wheat flour, and bread samples did not contain detectable levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and OTB. Four wheat flour samples (8% of flour samples) showed positive OTA levels ranging from 0.6-3.4 μg·kg-1 with an arithmetic mean of 1.9 ± 0.2 μg·kg-1. Only one sample contained an OTA concentration greater than the limit set by the European Union (3 μg·kg-1) for wheat-derived products. This study suggests that mycotoxin contamination of wheat grains, wheat flour, and bread in Lebanon is currently not a serious public health concern. However, surveillance strategies and monitoring programs must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal mycotoxin contamination of wheat-based products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Elaridi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon.
| | - Osama Yamani
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, American University of Science and Technology, Achrafieh 16-6452, Lebanon
| | - Amira Al Matari
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, American University of Science and Technology, Achrafieh 16-6452, Lebanon
| | - Saada Dakroub
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, American University of Science and Technology, Achrafieh 16-6452, Lebanon
| | - Zouhair Attieh
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, American University of Science and Technology, Achrafieh 16-6452, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stanciu O, Juan C, Berrada H, Miere D, Loghin F, Mañes J. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E163. [PMID: 30875933 PMCID: PMC6468749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of weather conditions on mycotoxin presence in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO) and zearalenone (ZEN) were evaluated in 102 Romanian wheat samples coming from five wheat growing areas during 2015. Only six mycotoxins were detected, while FUS-X, DAS, NEO and NIV were not present in the wheat samples. Mycotoxin concentrations were correlated with precipitation and temperature values during anthesis and the preharvest period. Overall, the highest frequency was registered for DON, while the lowest frequency was registered for NIV. In the North Muntenia, DON and ZEN registered high frequencies (68% and 16%, respectively). This region was characterized in June and July by medium to high values of rainfall (41⁻100 mm/month) and normal temperatures (mean of 20.0 °C in June and 24.0 °C in July), suggesting that precipitation levels influence fungi and mycotoxin development to a greater extent compared to the influence of temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stanciu
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004⁻2016. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 29976881 PMCID: PMC6070786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004⁻2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Humans significantly metabolize and excrete the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its modified form deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside within 24 hours. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5255. [PMID: 29588479 PMCID: PMC5869592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a comprehensive human intervention study was conducted to unravel the urinary excretion profile and metabolism of the fungal metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified form deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside). Twenty volunteers were restricted in consuming cereals and cereal-based foods for 4 days. At day 3, a single bolus of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON and a single bolus of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON-3-glucoside after a washing-out period of two months was administered, and a 24-h urine collection was performed. The urine was analysed for DON, DON-3-glucoside, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-glucuronide) and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide (DON-15-glucuronide). The urinary biomarker-analysis revealed that DON and DON-3-glucoside were rapidly absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. Sixty-four % of the administered DON and 58% of DON-3-glucoside was recovered in the urine collected within 24 h. DON-15-glucuronide was the most prominent urinary biomarker followed by free DON and DON-3-glucuronide. Moreover, correlations among the presence of DON-15-glucuronide and DON-3-glucuronide were observed (within 24 hours (r = 0.61)). The DOM-1 detected in the urine was higher after the DON-3-glucoside administration. The obtained results are imperative to construct a standardized method to estimate DON-intake by means of urinary biomarkers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Khaneghah AM, Martins LM, von Hertwig AM, Bertoldo R, Sant’Ana AS. Deoxynivalenol and its masked forms: Characteristics, incidence, control and fate during wheat and wheat based products processing - A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
12
|
Effects of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Grain and Malt Infected by Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:toxins10010017. [PMID: 29280978 PMCID: PMC5793104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a destructive disease of cereals worldwide. The aim of this research was to study the effect of heavy Fusarium infection with Fusarium culmorum and biosynthesis of mycotoxins on different wheat varieties during malting by setting up field trials with control and Fusarium-inoculated treatments at the Agricultural Institute Osijek. The highest occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins was expectedly recorded in susceptible variety in grain and malt (3247 and 1484 µg kg−1 for deoxynivalenol (DON), 735 and 1116 µg kg−1 for 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 37 and 233 µg kg−1 for zearalenone (ZEN), respectively). Based on published information, complemented by our own results, the following conclusions can be drawn: The presence of 3-ADON in different wheat varieties might be the result of its conversion into DON by deacetylation during the malting process. The detection of the mycotoxin ZEN indicated that this mycotoxin is only specific for wheat malt.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Gooneratne R. Preparation of T-2-glucoronide with Rat Hepatic Microsomes and Its Use along with T-2 for Activation of the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in RAW264.7 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4811-4818. [PMID: 28556663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2), one of the most toxic trichothecene A-type mycotoxins, is biotransformed in animal tissues to modified T-2s (mT-2s) including T-2-glucuronide (T-2-GlcA). In this study, the optimal conditions for T-2-GlcA synthesis were established, and the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells was used to study the toxicity of T-2-GlcA. Because many mT-2 standards are not readily available, optimal conditions for T-2-GlcA synthesis in vitro were established by incubating T-2 with rat liver microsomes, UDPGA, and 0.2% Triton X-100 for 90 min. qRT-PCR and Western blot results showed 21- and 760-fold increases in IL-6 mRNA expression induced by T-2-GlcA and T-2, respectively. Similar differences were observed in JAK3, SOCS2/3, and CIS mRNA expression. T-2-GlcA induced a dose-responsive decrease in STAT1 mRNA expression, whereas the result with T-2 was the opposite. Moreover, the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by T-2-GlcA was higher than that by T-2, whereas the phosphorylation of STAT1 was to the contrary. Overall, the results show that T-2-GlcA was somewhat toxic, but activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 was higher by T-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Lincoln University , P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pleadin J, Vasilj V, Kudumija N, Petrović D, Vilušić M, Škrivanko M. Survey of T-2/HT-2 toxins in unprocessed cereals, food and feed coming from Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. Food Chem 2017; 224:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Škrbić B, Antić I, Cvejanov J. Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1012-1025. [PMID: 28332414 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1303195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, fast and simple method using UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2) and G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in crude extracts of biscuits with fruit filling, cookies, dried fruits and fruit jams. The method was successfully demonstrated on 39 samples of biscuits with fruit filling, 34 cookies, 14 dried fruits and 10 fruit jams. The mycotoxins detected in biscuits samples were ZEA, OTA, T-2 and AFB1 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.64, 4.10, 8.13 and 1.32 µg kg-1, respectively; while the mycotoxins detected in jam samples were AFB1, OTA, T-2 and AFB2 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.00, 17.7, 4.37 and 1.15 µg kg-1, respectively. The results showed that the majority of samples were in compliance with relevant regulations. However in eight samples of biscuits and three samples of fig jam the contents of OTA were higher than the existing OTA limits. The combined dietary exposure of selected mycotoxins was estimated for the first time for children, adolescents and adults. The estimated combined dietary exposures were all lower than the proposed value assumed to predict a possible risk scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Igor Antić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejanov
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tolosa J, Graziani G, Gaspari A, Chianese D, Ferrer E, Mañes J, Ritieni A. Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis in Durum Wheat Pasta by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020059. [PMID: 28208797 PMCID: PMC5331438 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid multi-mycotoxin method for the determination of 17 mycotoxins simultaneously is described in the present survey on durum and soft wheat pasta samples. Mycotoxins included in the study were those mainly reported in cereal samples: ochratoxin-A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), neosolaniol (NEO), fusarenon-X, (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2), and four emerging mycotoxins: three enniatins (ENA, ENA1, and ENB), and beauvericin (BEA). Twenty-nine samples were analyzed to provide an overview on mycotoxin presence: 27 samples of durum wheat pasta, and two samples of baby food. Analytical results concluded that trichothecenes showed the highest incidence, mainly DON, NIV, and HT-2 toxin, followed by ZON and ENB, while NEO, FUS-X, OTA, AFB1, and FUM were not detected in any sample. The highest contents corresponded to ENB and ranged from 91.15 µg/kg to 710.90 µg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Donato Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kovalsky P, Kos G, Nährer K, Schwab C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G, Sulyok M, Krska R. Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Finished Feed and Maize-An Extensive Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E363. [PMID: 27929415 PMCID: PMC5198557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global trade of agricultural commodities (e.g., animal feed) requires monitoring for fungal toxins. Also, little is known about masked and emerging toxins and metabolites. 1926 samples from 52 countries were analysed for toxins and metabolites. Of 162 compounds detected, up to 68 metabolites were found in a single sample. A subset of 1113 finished feed, maize and maize silage samples containing 57 compounds from 2012 to 2015 from 44 countries was investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins showed large increases of annual medians in Europe. Within a region, distinct trends were observed, suggesting importance of local meteorology and cultivars. In 2015, median DON concentrations increased to 1400 μ g·kg - 1 in Austria, but were stable in Germany at 350 μ g·kg - 1 . In 2014, enniatins occurred at median concentrations of 250 μ g·kg - 1 in Europe, at levels similar to DON and ZEN. The latter were frequently correlated with DON-3-glucoside and ZEN-14-sulfate. Co-occurrence of regulated toxins was frequent with e.g., enniatins, and moniliformin. Correlation was observed between DON and DON-3-glucoside and with beauvericin. Results indicate that considerably more than 25% of agricultural commodities could be contaminated with mycotoxins as suggested by FAO, although this is at least partly due to the lower limits of detection in the current survey. Observed contamination percentages ranged from 7.1 to 79% for B trichothecenes and 88% for ZEN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lemmens M, Steiner B, Sulyok M, Nicholson P, Mesterhazy A, Buerstmayr H. Masked mycotoxins: does breeding for enhanced Fusarium head blight resistance result in more deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in new wheat varieties? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From economic and environmental points of view, enhancing resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat is regarded as the best option to reduce fungal colonisation and the concomitant mycotoxin contamination. This review focuses on the effect of FHB resistance on deoxynivalenol (DON) and the masked metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) in wheat. Based on published information complemented with our own results we draw the following conclusions: (1) All investigated wheat cultivars can convert DON to DON-3-glucoside. Hence, detoxification of DON to DON-3-glucoside is not a new trait introduced by recent resistance breeding against FHB. (2) The amount of DON-3-glucoside relative to DON contamination can be substantial (up to 35%) and is among other things dependent on genetic and environmental factors. (3) Correlation analyses showed a highly significant relationship between the amount of FHB symptoms and DON contamination: breeding for FHB resistance reduces DON contamination. (4) DON contamination data are highly correlated with DON-3-glucoside concentration data: in other words, reduction of DON content through resistance breeding results in a concomitant reduction in DON-3-glucoside content. (5) The DON-3-glucoside/DON ratio increases with decreasing DON contamination: the most resistant lines with the lowest DON contamination show the highest relative level of DON-3-glucoside to DON. In summary, introgressing FHB resistance reduces both DON and DON-3-glucoside levels in the grain, but the reduction is lower for the masked toxin. DON-3-glucoside can represent a possible hazard to human and animal health, especially in wheat samples contaminated with DON close to permitted limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lemmens
- Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - B. Steiner
- Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - M. Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Nicholson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - A. Mesterhazy
- Cereal Research non-profit Ltd., 6701 Szeged, P.O. Box 391, Hungary
| | - H. Buerstmayr
- Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Trombete F, Barros A, Vieira M, Saldanha T, Venâncio A, Fraga M. Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and Nivalenol in Wheat Grains by HPLC-PDA with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
García-Fonseca S, Rubio S. Restricted access supramolecular solvents for removal of matrix-induced ionization effects in mass spectrometry: Application to the determination of Fusarium toxins in cereals. Talanta 2016; 148:370-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Bolechová M, Benešová K, Běláková S, Čáslavský J, Pospíchalová M, Mikulíková R. Determination of seventeen mycotoxins in barley and malt in the Czech Republic. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Škrbić B, Živančev J, Godula M. Multimycotoxin analysis of crude extracts of nuts with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Jajić I, Krstović S, Kos J, Abramović B. Incidence of deoxynivalenol in Serbian wheat and barley. J Food Prot 2014; 77:853-8. [PMID: 24780345 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One hundred thirty-nine small-grain cereal (wheat and barley) samples collected during the 2010 harvest in Serbia were tested for deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. Samples were classified into four different groups and then analyzed by analytical methods based on cleanup by solid-phase extraction and detection by liquid chromatography after the validation. Limits of detection of DON were 18 and 22 μg/kg for wheat and barley, respectively, and limits of quantification were 60 and 73 μg/kg for wheat and barley, respectively. Obtained recovery values for wheat and barley samples ranged from 93.7 to 105.8% and from 84.7 to 89.2%, respectively. Analysis of 128 wheat samples showed that 100 (78.1%) of them were contaminated with DON at the levels ranging from 64 to 4,808 μg/kg. The contamination level of even 16 (12.5%) samples was above the established maximum tolerable limits adopted by the European Commission (EC) and Serbian regulation. In the 11 examined barley samples, DON was found in 3 (27.3%), with the levels ranging from 118 to 355 μg/kg, although none of the samples were contaminated above the limit for this cereal. The results obtained were analyzed as a function of climatic conditions and compared with the previous data on the presence of DON in Serbia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jajić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Abramović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Běláková S, Benešová K, Čáslavský J, Svoboda Z, Mikulíková R. The occurrence of the selected fusarium mycotoxins in Czech malting barley. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
De Boevre M, Vanheule A, Audenaert K, Bekaert B, Di Mavungu JD, Werbrouck S, Haesaert G, De Saeger S. Detached leaf in vitro model for masked mycotoxin biosynthesis and subsequent analysis of unknown conjugates. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript details the development of an in vitro model plant system using detached leaves because there is a need for biosynthetic methods for the production and isolation of masked mycotoxins. This detached leaf in vitro model was firstly applied to deoxynivalenol with satisfying results. The biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was confirmed using its respective commercially available reference standard. Secondly, the detached leaf in vitro model was applied to T-2 toxin. Mono- and tri-glucoside derivatives of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, T-2-(3)-glucoside, T-2-(3)-triglucoside and HT-2-(3)-glucoside were identified and characterised using Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first report on a triglucoside of T-2 toxin. The discovery of new masked forms implies the importance of the development of analytical methods for their detection, the constitution of toxicity studies, and proving the relevance of their presence in the food and feed chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A. Vanheule
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Audenaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B. Bekaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. Werbrouck
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Haesaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
De Boevre M, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, Maene P, Di Mavungu D, Eeckhout M, Haesaert G, De Saeger S. Occurrence and within field variability of Fusarium mycotoxins and their masked forms in maize crops in Belgium. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maize ear rot caused by several Fusarium species is an important fungal disease. Apart from yield losses, ear rot fungi can produce mycotoxins and masked forms in infected grains. Masked mycotoxins have received increased attention in view of their bioavailability and potential toxicity in animals and humans, but their presence and relevance in the field still remain undisclosed. To get a better insight, the present study assessed the presence of various Fusarium parent and masked mycotoxins, i.e. deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone-14-glucoside, zearalenone-14-sulfate, α-zearalenol-14-glucoside, β-zearalenol-14-glucoside, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, in various commercial maize varieties grown under natural infection conditions in Flanders, Belgium. The results showed that the maize varieties were co-contaminated with both parent and masked mycotoxins. Moreover, a positive correlation between these forms was established. A higher contamination with a particular mycotoxin appeared to be coupled with an elevated load of another (masked) mycotoxin. The results highlight the importance to screen for multiple mycotoxins, both parent and masked, to guarantee food and feed safety. Furthermore, analysis was carried out to elucidate the distribution of the various mycotoxins in the field. The maize variety did not significantly influence mycotoxin accumulation, except for deoxynivalenol. Subdivisions in the field with higher mycotoxin levels for deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, zearalenone and its derivatives, and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxin were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. Landschoot
- Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Audenaert
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Maene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Eeckhout
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Haesaert
- Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mycotoxin glucosylation in commercial wheat varieties: Impact on resistance to Fusarium graminearum under laboratory and field conditions. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Kos J, Mastilović J, Hajnal EJ, Šarić B. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in maize harvested in Serbia during 2009–2012. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Alexa E, Dehelean CA, Poiana MA, Radulov I, Cimpean AM, Bordean DM, Tulcan C, Pop G. The occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat from western Romania and histopathological impact as effect of feed intake. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:99. [PMID: 23759114 PMCID: PMC3699366 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study has been to evaluate the extent of mycotoxins contamination and their co-occurrence in wheat grain intended for animal feed. A total of 52 wheat samples were collected from the harvest of two consecutive years (2010, 2011) from two counties (Timis and Arad) located in Western Romania and the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and fumonisins (FUMO) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to evaluate the toxicological impact of mycotoxins, naturally contaminated wheat samples were administered in rats feed for one month. Results The mycotoxin with the highest incidence in wheat samples was DON due to agro-climatic conditions typical for the west part of Romania. DON was found in 73.08% of samples harvested in 2010 and the highest level of contamination was 3390 ppb. The incidence of DON in sample from 2011 was lower than those of 2010, with a frequency of occurrence of 19.23%. The occurrence of ZON was in the range 69.23–76.92%, with an average value of 187.74 ppb. The OTA content in wheat was below the maximum tolerable limit established by EU Commission regulation for feed legislation (250 ppb). For FUMO the lowest percentage of positive samples was registered (15.38% in wheat sample harvested in 2010 and 11.54% positive samples in 2011). With respect to the co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins, the results proved that ZON was found as a co-contaminant together with DON, especially when climatic conditions for development of fungus are favorable (high air humidity). The differences recorded between investigated localities and their classifications according to the mycotoxin kind and year of harvest were carried out by principal components analysis (PCA). The histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation performed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining technique as well as by assessing the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) revealed significant modification of kidney, liver and spleen cells in the case of DON and FUMO. In terms of toxicity induced by OTA and ZON it was highlighted mixed normal and necrotic areas in liver, while histological assessment revealed normal VEGF expression in kidneys. Conclusions Although none of the analyzed samples exceeding the stipulated maximum limits for cereals used as feed, a high incidence of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species have been recorded (DON and ZON) in wheat samples harvested in Western Romania. Also, histopathological evaluation revealed significant tissue lesions in liver and kidney of rats after one month of feeding with natural contaminated wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Alexa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Calea Aradului no, 119, Timisoara 300645, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Škrbić B, Koprivica S, Godula M. Validation of a method for determination of mycotoxins subjected to the EU regulations in spices: The UHPLC–HESI–MS/MS analysis of the crude extracts. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Dall'Asta C, Dall'Erta A, Mantovani P, Massi A, Galaverna G. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat samples (n=150; 25 lines × 2 reps × 3 environments) collected in 2010 from 3 areas located in north-central Italy was evaluated. In addition, the co-occurrence of other trichothecenes was considered. An optimised extraction method based on the use of salts followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used for the quantification of the mycotoxins. All samples were found positive for deoxynivalenol at concentrations ranging between 47 and 3,715 μg/kg. A ubiquitous occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was found; 85% of the analysed samples contained this masked mycotoxin at concentrations varying between 46 and 842 μg/kg. In addition to glycosylated deoxynivalenol, acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol (3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) were also found in most of the durum wheat samples. The deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol ratio, reaching up to 30% in many samples, was similar to that already found in other cereals such as soft wheat and barley. These data open the way for further investigations on the role of glycosylating activity as a possible Fusarium head blight-resistance mechanism in durum wheat, as already proved in the case of soft wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A. Dall'Erta
- Department of Food Science, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P. Mantovani
- Società Produttori Sementi Spa, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato, Italy
| | - A. Massi
- Società Produttori Sementi Spa, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato, Italy
| | - G. Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Berrada H, Font G, Mañes J. Multi-mycotoxin analysis in wheat semolina using an acetonitrile-based extraction procedure and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [PMID: 23182289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of ten mycotoxins including patulin, zearalenone and eight trichothecenes (nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) in wheat semolina has been developed and optimized. Sample extraction and purification were performed with a modified QuEChERS-based (acronym of Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedure and determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to triple quadrupole instrument (QqQ). This is the first paper on the application of GC-QqQ-MS/MS to analysis of mycotoxins. Careful optimization of the gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry parameters was achieved in order to attain a fast separation with the best sensitivity allowing a total run time of 16 min. The validation was performed by analyzing recovery samples at three different spiked concentrations, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg(-1), with four replicates (n=4) at each concentration. Recoveries ranged from 74% to 124% and the intra-day precision and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were lower than 13% and 17%, respectively for all studied compounds, except for zearalenone. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were lower than 10 μg kg(-1) for all studied mycotoxins. Eight concentration levels were used for constructing the calibration curves which showed good linearity between LOQ and 100 times LOQ concentration levels (linear range). Matrix-matched calibration for applying the method in routine analysis is recommended for reliable quantitative results. The method validated was successfully applied to fifteen wheat semolina samples detecting occurrence of mycotoxins at concentrations below the maximum permissible level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- University of Valencia, Department of Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cirlini M, Dall’Asta C, Galaverna G. Hyphenated chromatographic techniques for structural characterization and determination of masked mycotoxins. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
De Nijs M, Van den Top H, Portier L, Oegema G, Kramer E, Van Egmond H, Hoogenboom L. Digestibility and absorption of deoxynivalenol-3-ß-glucoside in in vitro models. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Certain mycotoxins may be present in plant materials as their glucosides. The question is whether these glucosides may be hydrolysed into their parent compounds in the gastro-intestinal tract (GI-tract), thus increasing the exposure. Therefore, the potential hydrolysis of deoxynivalenol-3-ß-glucoside (DON-3G) to deoxynivalenol (DON) was assessed in two in vitro models representing the human upper GI-tract (mouth, stomach and small intestine). In a fed digestion model, there was no evidence of release of DON from DON-3G, spiked at a level of 2,778 μg DON- 3G/kg food. This shows that the conditions in the GI-tract do not result in hydrolysis of this glucoside into the original mycotoxin. The absorption and transformation of DON-3G in the small intestine was assessed in an in vitro model with human Caco-2 cells in a Transwell system. No evidence was found for the transformation of DON-3G to DON by the Caco-2 cells in both the apical or basolateral side in 24 hours (cells were exposed to 2.4 nmol DON- 3G/ml medium). However, when DON itself was added to the apical side an amount of 23% of the spiked DON was detected in the basolateral side after 24 hours (cells were exposed to 2.3 nmol/ml medium). In conclusion, no evidence was found in the in vitro experiments for significant elevated exposure of humans to DON, since DON- 3G was not hydrolysed to DON in the digestion model representing the upper part of the GI-tract and DON-3G was not hydrolysed to DON by the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. It was shown that bioavailability of DON-3G in humans may be low as compared to DON since Caco-2 cells did not absorb DON-3G, in contrast to DON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Nijs
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.J. Van den Top
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L. Portier
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Oegema
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E. Kramer
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.P. Van Egmond
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L.A.P. Hoogenboom
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Boevre M, Di Mavungu JD, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, Eeckhout M, Maene P, Haesaert G, De Saeger S. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in food and feed products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 174 cereal-based food products, 67 compound feeds and 19 feed raw materials were analysed for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and their respective masked forms, including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, zearalenone-4-glucoside, α-zearalenol-4-glucoside, β-zearalenol-4-glucoside and zearalenone-4-sulfate. Fibre-enriched bread, bran-enriched bread, cornflakes, popcorn and oatmeal were collected in Belgian supermarkets from April 2010 to October 2011. All food samples analysed were contaminated with an average of 2 to 6 mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms. Feed raw materials that were used in the analysed compound feeds were collected by the manufacturer. Feed raw materials included were beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean, soy peel, oats, barley, maize germs, maize gluten feed, maize, wheat gluten feed, wheat bran pellets, wheat bran and wheat. Beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean and soy peel were hardly contaminated. The feed raw materials that were mostly infected with deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and derivatives were maize and its by-products. Also, the glucosylated and sulfated forms occurred in substantial amounts. As well, wheat and its by-products were contaminated with α-zearalenol (wheat gluten feed and wheat bran) and zearalenone (wheat). The contamination pattern and level of feed raw materials were reflected in the corresponding compound feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Boevre
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. Landschoot
- Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Audenaert
- Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Eeckhout
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Maene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Haesaert
- Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent, Building C, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Principal mycotoxins in wheat flour from the Serbian market: Levels and assessment of the exposure by wheat-based products. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|