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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Aloui A, Salah-Abbès JB, Zinedine A, Meile JC, Riba A, Durand N, Montet D, Abbès S, Brabet C. Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:274-287. [PMID: 37387604 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2219996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty two mycotoxins in 136 durum wheat collected from Tunisia in 2020 and 2021 were investigated. Mycotoxins were analyzed by UHPLCMS/MS. In 2020, 60.9% of the samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or enniatin. Whereas, in 2021, 34.4% were contaminated by enniatins. AFB1 was detected only in 2020, in the continental region (6/46) and all samples exceeded limits. AFB1 was detected in stored wheat (24-37.8 µg/kg) but also in pre-stored wheat (17-28.4 µg/kg) and in one sample collected in the field (21 µg/kg). Enniatin A1, enniatin B and enniatin B1 were detected in wheat collected in the field (30-7684 µg/kg), pre-storage (42-1266 µg/kg) and storage (65.8-498.2 µg/kg) from the continental region also, in sample collected in pre-storage (31.3-1410 µg/kg) and at harvest (48- 1060 µg/kg). Samples had a water activity less than 0.7 and moisture content ranged between 09-14%. AFB1 level represent a health risk to the Tunisian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aloui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Faculty of Sciences, BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Jean Christophe Meile
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Brabet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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3
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Ben Hassouna K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Chaieb K, Abbès S. Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:619-635. [PMID: 36723615 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e. wheat, barley, maize and cereal-based products). Aflatoxins (AFs), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin are the most detected due to climatic change in the region. In this review, we will present the kind of foods and feeds cereals and milk based products contaminated and the level of their contaminated mycotoxin. On the other hand, researchers try to find biologic methods to remove/mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed using bio-products. But the research works concerning legislations and mycotoxin risk assessment still rare. Therefore, it appears necessary to make review on the current status of mycotoxins in North African countries in order to explore data related to contamination of basic food in this region and to highlight the problem to the policy-makers to establish a serious legislation on this matter. On the other hand, to give more information to the worldwide readers about the impact of climate change on the food and feed pollution on mycotoxins in the Mediterranean Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandhi S, Sharma N, Sharma B, Mishra S, Arora S, Selvakumar R, Saurabh V, Dhakane-Lad J, Kumar M, Barua S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Kumar P. Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020085. [PMID: 35202113 PMCID: PMC8874403 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Jyoti Dhakane-Lad
- Technology Transfer Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Correspondence:
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Hu X, Liu Y, Xia Y, Zhao F, Zeng B. A novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of citrinin based on molecularly imprinted poly(thionine) on ionic liquid decorated boron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous carbon. Food Chem 2021; 363:130385. [PMID: 34153678 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin can cause serious human diseases, thus its detection in foods is necessary. Herein, a molecularly imprinted polymer-based ratiometric electrochemical sensor (MIP-RECS) was presented for citrinin detection. The sensor was fabricated by electropolymerization, using thionine as monomer and citrinin as template. The ionic liquid decorated boron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous carbon (BN-HPC) as supporter, provided large surface for anchoring thionine and citrinin. Poly(thionine) not only acted as MIP, but also acted as reference probe. When [Fe(CN)6] 3-/4- was adopted as indicating probe, the resulting sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range (i.e. 1 × 10-3-10 ng mL-1) and a low detection limit (i.e. 1 × 10-4 ng mL-1).The sensor was applied to the detection of spiked citrinin in real samples, and satisfactory recovery (i.e. 97% - 110%) was obtained. Hence, it was promising for citrinin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yide Xia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Faqiong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Baizhao Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, PR China.
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6
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Pena A, Lino CM. Citrinin in Foods and Supplements: A Review of Occurrence and Analytical Methodologies. Foods 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 33374559 PMCID: PMC7822436 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risk related to food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin contamination levels in food and on food consumption. Commercial supplements, commonly designated as red rice, usually used in daily diets in Asiatic countries due to their medicinal properties, may pose a health problem as a result of high CIT levels. In addition to the worldwide occurrence of CIT in foods and supplements, a wide range of several analytical and detection techniques with high sensitivity, used for evaluation of CIT, are reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. This review addresses the scientific literature regarding the presence of CIT in foods of either vegetable or animal origin, as well as in supplements. On what concerns analytical methodologies, sample extraction methods, such as shaking extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), clean-up methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuECHERS), and detection and quantification methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors, and ELISA, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J. G. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.P.T.P.); (A.P.); (C.M.L.)
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7
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Li Z, Mao Y, Teng J, Xia N, Huang L, Wei B, Chen Q. Evaluation of Mycoflora and Citrinin Occurrence in Chinese Liupao Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12116-12123. [PMID: 33108873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT), a known nephrotoxic mycotoxin, is mainly produced by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus species. It is a natural contaminant in cereal grains, foods, and feedstuff. Liupao tea (or Liubao tea) is a typical Chinese dark tea obtained via indigenous tea fermentation facilitated by microorganisms. Certain fungi present in Liupao tea that may produce CIT are a potential threat to consumer health. In the present study, various potential toxigenic mycoflora and the natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea were surveyed via the culture-dependent method, high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Total mold counts ranged from 3.5 × 102 CFU/g to 2.1 × 106 CFU/g tea in 28 tea samples. A total of 218 fungal isolates belonging to five genera and 23 species were identified. Some of these strains, such as Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium chrysogenum, may potentially be a CIT-producing species. In addition, 32.7% of 113 Liupao tea samples were contaminated with CIT at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 206.1 μg/kg. These CIT concentrations in Liupao tea are chiefly attributed to climatic conditions and water activity during storage that favor fungal proliferation and mycotoxin production. However, CIT could not be detected in Liupao tea stored for over 10 years. These results provide the first information about the potential toxigenic mycoflora and natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea. Therefore, storage conditions and fungal community must be monitored to ensure the quality of Liupao tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yan Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530299, China
| | - Jianwen Teng
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ning Xia
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Baoyao Wei
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Qingjin Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise College, Baise 533000, China
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Li Y, Wang N, Jiao X, Tu Z, He Q, Fu J. The ctnF gene is involved in citrinin and pigment synthesis in Monascus aurantiacus. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:873-881. [PMID: 32812258 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of Monascus is restricted by citrinin. So, it is important to explore the synthetic pathway of citrinin to completely inhibit the production of citrinin. In our previous study, we found that the protein encoded by the ctnF gene has a significant similarity to fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (F26BPase). It is generally known that the bifunctional enzyme F26BPase regulates the glycolytic flux. So, we speculated that the CtnF protein strengthens carbon flux towards acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA which are precursor compounds in citrinin and pigment synthesis. In this study, the ctnF gene-targeting vector pctnF-HPH was constructed and transformed into Monascus aurantiacus. A ctnF-deficient strain was selected by four sets of primers and polymerase chain reaction amplification. Compared with the wild-type strain, citrinin content in the deficient strain was reduced by 34%, and the pigment production was decreased by 72%. These results indicate that the ctnF gene is involved in the common synthesis of citrinin and pigment, which is consistent with previous speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuexue Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhui Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Salah A, Bouaziz C, Amara I, Abid-Essefi S, Bacha H. Eugenol protects against citrinin-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damages in cultured human colorectal HCT116 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31374-31383. [PMID: 31473926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Eugenol (EUG), an effective antioxidant phenolic compound with a radical scavenging activity against citrinin (CTN)-induced toxicity in vitro using HCT116 cells. CTN is a well-known mycotoxin found in different constituents of the food chain. This environmental contaminant produces free radicals which interacts with cellular macromolecules and produces oxidation of protein, lipid, and DNA. The cytotoxic effects were monitored by measuring cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, protein oxidation, and DNA fragmentation. Our results have shown that the pretreatment of HCT116 cells with EUG, 2 h prior to citrinin (CTN) exposure, significantly decreased CTN-induced cell death, inhibited ROS generation, modulated activities of both catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced MDA production. Level of protein-bound sulfhydryls and DNA fragmentation were also declined as compared with CTN-treated cells. These findings suggest that EUG would be an effective protective agent against CTN-induced oxidative stress, and thereby, it may complement and add to the functions of antioxidant vitamins and enzymes as a protection against the cytotoxicity of this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Salah
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chayma Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Amara
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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10
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Coton M, Auffret A, Poirier E, Debaets S, Coton E, Dantigny P. Production and migration of ochratoxin A and citrinin in Comté cheese by an isolate of Penicillium verrucosum selected among Penicillium spp. mycotoxin producers in YES medium. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:551-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Riba A, Oueslati S, Zinedine A. Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin occurrence and prevention in food and feed in northern Africa – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
North African countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) are surrounded by water bodies, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Their climate is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity in some areas, which are environmental conditions favourable to fast fungal growth and toxinogenesis. This paper reports information on the presence of toxigenic fungi, mycotoxins (especially aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) in some Northern African commodities that are largely consumed and were investigated thoroughly, especially raw cereals, bread, couscous, pasta, milk, spices, wine, beer, fruit juices, olives and olive oil, dried fruits and nuts, poultry feeds, etc. in the three North African countries. High contamination levels have been reported for some food samples from the three countries. Steps towards better prevention of mycotoxin production in feeds and decrease of intestinal absorption, by means of plant essential oils associated with clay, have been undertaken. Morocco presumably is the country where mycotoxin regulation is the most detailed in comparison with Algeria and Tunisia. Finally, the conclusion section offers some prospects and recommendations for actions by authorities and scientists during the monitoring of mycotoxins in the foods and feeds produced and/or commercialised in the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tantaoui-Elaraki
- FENEX Office, Résidence Al-Khadra, No. 11, Guich Oudayas, 10100 Témara, Morocco
| | - A. Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger & Département de Biologie, Université M’hamed Bougara, Avenue de l’indépendance, 35000 Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - S. Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et Applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51, La Marsa 2070, Tunisia
| | - A. Zinedine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
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12
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Liu Y, Wang H, Yao S, Zhu P. Detection of trace amounts of citrinin in dried orange peel by using an optimized extraction method coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Su Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Peijie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
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13
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The Preparation and Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody against Citrinin and the Development of Detection via Indirect Competitive ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030110. [PMID: 28304351 PMCID: PMC5371865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a hepato-nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by fungi genera of Aspergillus, Monauscus, and Penicillium. CTN contaminates grains, fruits, juices and vegetables, and causes various toxic effects to humans and animals. It has small molecular weight, which is non-immunogenic to animals. Thus, CTN was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA), respectively, by amide bonds using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Mice were immunized with CTN-BSA conjugates, and spleen cells of the immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 myeloma cells to obtain 21H27 hybriodoma cell. Ascitic fluid of hybridoma cell was produced in mice abdomen, and purified using caprylic/ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The 21H27 anti-CTN mcAb was the IgG2a antibody subclass, and cross-reactivity results indicated that anti-CTN mcAb is specific to CTN with high affinity (2.0 × 108 L/mol). Indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) results showed that the linear range of detection was 0.01–5.96 ng/mL and the IC50 was 0.28 ng/mL with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.01 ng/mL. The average recovery was 93.8% ± 1.6% with a coefficient variation of 1.0%–4.3%. Hence, anti-CTN mcAb secreted by 21H27 hybridoma cell was successfully produced and can be used to detect CTN contaminated feed and foodstuffs.
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López Sáncheza P, de Nijsa M, Spanjerb M, Pietric A, Bertuzzic T, Starski A, Postupolski J, Castellari M, Hortós M. Generation of occurrence data on citrinin in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martien Spanjerb
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrzej Starski
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH‐NIH) Poland
| | - Jacek Postupolski
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH‐NIH) Poland
| | | | - Maria Hortós
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) Spain
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15
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Salah A, Bouaziz C, Prola A, Pires Da Silva J, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S, Lemaire C. Citrinin induces apoptosis in human HCT116 colon cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1230-1241. [PMID: 29165056 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1359127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN) is a natural contaminant of various human foods that may produce serious adverse health problems. Several studies demonstrated that citrinin exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in both in vivo and in vitro systems. However, the precise mechanisms of action (MOA), particularly in intestinal cells remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the precise MOA of citrinin in vitro. Data demonstrated that CTN significantly decreased the number of viable human intestinal HCT116 cells and induced apoptotic events including (1) decrease in ΔѰm indicative of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, (2) activation of caspase 3, (3) elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (4) relative persistence of plasma membrane integrity. Further, the genetic deficiency of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax protected cells against CTN-induced apoptosis, indicating that Bax is required for CTN-mediated toxicity. It was also found that CTN triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated different arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as demonstrated by increase in expression of GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein-78), GRP94 (glucose-regulated protein-94), GADD34 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein-34), the protein disulfide isomerase associated 6 (PDIA6), CHOP (C/EBP-homologous protein) and the splicing of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1). Pretreatment of cells with the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), known to alleviate ER stress, prevented significantly the apoptotic process triggered by CTN. Taken together, these results suggest that CTN exerts its cytotoxic effects in HCT116 cells by inducing apoptosis, at least in part, through induction of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Salah
- a Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir , Tunisia
- b Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Bizerte , Tunisia
| | - Chayma Bouaziz
- a Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Prola
- c INSERM UMR-S 1180, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , Chatenay-Malabry , France
| | - Julie Pires Da Silva
- c INSERM UMR-S 1180, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , Chatenay-Malabry , France
| | - Hassen Bacha
- a Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- a Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- d Université Versailles St-Quentin, Inserm UMR-S 1180, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , Chatenay-Malabry , France
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16
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Kanpiengjai A, Mahawan R, Lumyong S, Khanongnuch C. A soil bacterium Rhizobium borbori and its potential for citrinin-degrading application. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Tančinová D, Felšöciová S, Rybárik Ľ, Mašková Z, Císarová M. Colonization of grapes berries and cider by potential producers of patulin. POTRAVINARSTVO 2015. [DOI: 10.5219/460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect potential producers of mycotoxin patulin from grapes (berries, surface sterilized berries - endogenous mycobiota and grape juice) of Slovak origin. We analyzed 47 samples of grapes, harvested in 2011, 2012 and 2013 from various wine-growing regions. For the isolation of species we used the method of direct plating berries and surface-sterilized berries (using 1% freshly pre-pared chlorine) berries on DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar). For the determination of fungal contamination of grape juice we used plate-dilution method and DRBC and DG18 (Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar) as media. The cultivation in all modes of inoculation was carried at 25 ±1 °C, for 5 to 7 days. After incubation Aspergillus and Pencillium isolates were inoculated on the identification media. The potential producers of patulin were isolated from 23 samples berries, 19 samples of surface-sterilized berries and 6 samples of grape juice. Overall, the representatives of producers of patulin were detected in 32 (68.1%) samples (75 isolates). In this work we focused on the detection of potential producers of patulin, Penicillium expansum (the most important producer of patulin in fruits), Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus clavatus were isolated. Chosen isolates of potential patulin producers were tested for the ability to produce relevant mycotoxins in in vitro conditions using thin layer chromatography method. The ability to produce patulin in in vitro condition was detected in 82% of isolates of Penicillium expansum, 65% of Penicillium griseofuvum and 100% of Aspergillus clavatus. Some isolates of Penicillium expansum were able to produce citrinin and roquefortine C, Penicillium griseofulvum cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin C, also.
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18
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Zouaoui N, Sbaii N, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. Occurrence of patulin in various fruit juice marketed in Tunisia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Liu H, Kong W, Liu C, Liu Q, Hu Y, Yang M. Rapid analysis and identification of multi-class mycotoxins in Morinda officinalis by UFLC-ESI-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification and identification of multi-class mycotoxins in Morinda officinalis by DAS-UFLC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Congmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Qiutao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
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20
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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21
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Mohanto NC, Rahman M, Alim A, Hossain K, Degen GH. First results on citrinin biomarkers in urines from rural and urban cohorts in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:9-16. [PMID: 25488509 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin contaminant in food commodities and can co-occur with ochratoxin A (OTA), another nephrotoxic contaminant in food and feed. Presence of OTA in maize from Bangladesh has been reported, but no data exist on CIT occurrence in food or feed in Bangladesh. Since biomonitoring provides the best approach to assess human exposure to contaminants from various sources and by all routes, a validated method for biomarker analysis has been used to investigate the presence of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (HO-CIT) in urines from two Bangladeshi cohorts: Both analytes were determined in urine samples collected from inhabitants of a rural (n=32) and an urban (n=37) area in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. After cleanup by immunoaffinity columns, extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS; the limits of detection for CIT and HO-CIT in urine were 0.02 and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. CIT and HO-CIT were detectable in 94 and 71% of all urine samples. Urinary biomarker levels did not show significant correlations with age, gender, and body mass index of the donors. However, excretion of CIT together with its metabolite HO-CIT was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the rural cohort (mean 1.1±1.9 ng/mL) than in the urban cohort (mean 0.14±0.14 ng/mL). This clearly indicates differences in mycotoxin exposure. As food habits differ between rural and urban people and also their main areas of occupation, further research is needed with regard to the major contributors of CIT exposure in the two cohorts. In conclusion, this first biomarker analysis indicates widespread and variable exposure to CIT in Bangladeshi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139, Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Schmidt-Heydt M, Stoll D, Schütz P, Geisen R. Oxidative stress induces the biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium verrucosum at the expense of ochratoxin. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 192:1-6. [PMID: 25279858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium verrucosum is a fungus that can produce ochratoxin A and citrinin, two structurally related nephrotoxic mycotoxins. P. verrucosum usually occurs on wheat but can occasionally also be found in NaCl rich habitats such as salted cheeses or olives, indicating that this fungus can adapt to different environments. The ratio of ochratoxin A to citrinin produced by P. verrucosum is shifted to one of either mycotoxin at the expense of the other dependent on the environmental conditions. High NaCl concentrations shift secondary metabolite biosynthesis towards ochratoxin A production. P. verrucosum copes with NaCl stress by increased ochratoxin A biosynthesis, ensuring chloride homeostasis. Ochratoxin A carries chlorine in its molecule and can excrete chlorine from the cell. It was further shown that the regulation of ochratoxin A by high NaCl conditions is mediated by the HOG MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Here it is shown that high oxidative stress conditions, evoked for example by increasing concentrations of Cu(2+) cations in the growth medium, shift secondary metabolite biosynthesis of P. verrucosum from ochratoxin A to citrinin. The production of citrinin normalizes the oxidative status of the fungal cell under oxidative stress conditions leading to an adaptation to these environmental conditions and protects against increased oxidative stress caused by increased Cu(2+) concentrations. Moreover citrinin also protects against light of short wavelength, which may also increase the oxidative status of the environment. The biosynthesis of citrinin is apparently regulated by a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, because increasing amounts of external cAMP reduce citrinin biosynthesis in a concentration dependent manner. These conditions lead to the cross-regulation of the ochratoxin A/citrinin secondary metabolite pair and support the adaptation of P. verrucosum to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominic Stoll
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Schütz
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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23
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Savi GD, Piacentini KC, Scussel VM. Ozone Treatment Efficiency in Aspergillus
and Penicillium
Growth Inhibition and Mycotoxin Degradation of Stored Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum
L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geovana D. Savi
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Karim C. Piacentini
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Vildes M. Scussel
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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24
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Pereira V, Fernandes J, Cunha S. Mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs: A review on occurrence and recent methods of analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Incidence of citrinin in red yeast rice and various commercial Monascus products in Taiwan from 2009 to 2012. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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High performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in fruit juices marketed in Malaysia. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Wang W, Chen Q, Zhang X, Zhang H, Huang Q, Li D, Yao J. Comparison of extraction methods for analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice. Food Chem 2014; 157:408-12. [PMID: 24679798 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is no standard method for the extraction and analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice (RFR). In the study, five extraction methods were compared for their efficiency to analyse citrinin in RFR by HPLC-FLD (reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection), including, (1) ultrasonic extraction with EW solution (ethanol:water, 7:3, v/v); (2) ultrasonic extraction with TEF solvent mixtures (toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid, 7:3:1, v/v); (3) shaking extraction with EW; (4) shaking extraction with EF solvent mixtures (ethyl acetate:formic acid, 1:1, v/v); (5) shaking combined with ultrasonic extraction in EW. Comparison of chromatograms of citrinin by HPLC-FLD with different extraction methods revealed that EW was the best extraction solvent. It was also found that shaking combined with ultrasonic extraction in EW was the most efficient extraction method to extract citrinin from RFR for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Huashan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Jicheng Yao
- Wuhan Jiacheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
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28
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Aiko V, Mehta A. Inhibitory Effect of Clove (S
yzygium aromaticum
) on the Growth of P
enicillium citrinum
and Citrinin Production. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Visenuo Aiko
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 India
| | - Alka Mehta
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 India
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29
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Antioxidant Activity and Contents of Total Phenolic, Monacolin K, GABA and Citrinin of Monascus-Fermented Soy Sauce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, antioxidant activity, contents of total phenolic, monacolin K, GABA, and citrinin as well as sensory evaluation of Monascus-fermented soy sauces were investigated. The soy sauces included tradtional soy sauce (S1), soy sauce fermented with commercial red mold (S2) and soy sauce fermented with lab-cultivated red mold (S3). The final DPPH free radical scavenging activity of soy sauces S1, S2 and S3 were 92.2%, 94.8% and 95.0%, respectively. The total phenolic content in soy sauces S1, S2 and S3 were 724.6, 800.2, and 885.7 μg gallic acid/mL, respectively. Total phenol contents soy sauce increased as fermentation time increased. Contents of monacolin K in S1, S2 and S3 were 0.00, 97.0 and 57.62 μg/mL. The content of GABA in S1, S2 and S3 were 14.46, 35.47 and 36.37μg/mL. The citrinin was not detected in all soy sauce samples.
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30
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Zaied C, Abid S, Hlel W, Bacha H. Occurrence of patulin in apple-based-foods largely consumed in Tunisia. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pimentel M, Araújo A, Figueiredo Z, Silva R, Cavalcanti M, Moreira K, Filho J, Porto A. Aqueous two-phase system for citrinin extraction from fermentation broth. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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