1
|
Tessaro APG, de Araujo LG, Silva TT, Coelho E, Corrêa B, Rolindo NC, Vicente R. Prospects for fungal bioremediation of unburied waste packages from the Goiânia radiological accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:41045-41059. [PMID: 36627427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Goiânia, the Goiás State capital, starred in 1987, where one of the largest radiological accidents in the world happened. A teletherapy machine was subtracted from a derelict radiotherapy clinic and disassembled by scavengers who distributed fragments of the 50 TBq 137CsCl source among relatives and acquaintances, enchanted by the blue shine of the substance. During the 15 days before the accident was acknowledged, contaminated recycling materials were delivered to recycling factories in four cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the form of recycling paper bales. The contaminated bales were spotted, collected, and stored in fifty 1.6 m3 steel boxes at the interim storage facility of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN). In 2017, a check of the content was performed in a few boxes and the presence of high moisture content was observed even though the bales were dry when conditioned and the packages were kept sealed since then. The main objective of this work was to report the fungi found in the radioactive waste after they evolved for 30 years in isolation inside the waste boxes and their role in the decay of the waste. Examination of the microbiome showed the presence of nematodes and fungal communities. The fungi species isolated were Aspergillus quadricinctus, Fusarium oxysporum, Lecanicillium coprophilumi, Scedosporium boydii, Scytalidium lignicola, Xenoacremonium recifei, and Pleurostoma richardsiae. These microorganisms showed a significant capacity to digest cellulose in our trials, which could be one of the ways they survive in such a harsh environment, reducing the volume of radioactive paper waste. These metabolic abilities give us a future perspective of using these fungi in biotechnology to remediate radioactively contaminated materials, particularly cellulose-based waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Gimenes Tessaro
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Goulart de Araujo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- Current Affiliation, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 88000, Epinal, IJL, France.
| | - Thalita Tieko Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ednei Coelho
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, 1374, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, 1374, Brazil
| | - Natalie Costa Rolindo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Roberto Vicente
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yi Y, Fan K, Wang J, Fu Q, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Primary research on sampling scheme for analyzing mycotoxin distribution in wheat and rice fields. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4980-4986. [PMID: 33543474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins are among the most severe food contaminants. Deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin contamination are predominant in wheat and rice, respectively. Nowadays, there are no standardized and approved grain-sampling schemes worldwide. This study aimed to develop a scientific grain-sampling scheme to investigate the regularity of mycotoxin distributed in wheat and rice fields. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and cluster analysis to select a better sampling scheme. RESULTS Considering the influences of the weather before harvest (temperature, humidity, wind direction, and other conditions), we sampled grains from different places in different farmlands and detected the mycotoxin content of the sampled grains. The mycotoxin content had extremely significant differences in the area of rice fields (P<0.01) and significant differences in the area of wheat fields (P<0.05). The filtering effect existed peripheral the field areas, especially peripheral the humid areas, where the fungi were filtered and the toxin were easily produced. Furthermore, the upwind direction peripheral the field areas cause more filterature effect than other wind direction. Although 97% of mycotoxins in wheat can be removed through the shelling process, the toxin content were not obviously affected by rice lodging in the field. According to the cluster analysis, the peripheral and middle areas were divided into the same group with higher mycotoxin content. CONCLUSION This paper developed a sampling scheme to detect the mycotoxin content of wheat and rice in the field, considering the temperature and humidity of the weather, locations, and other grain contamination conditions before harvest. Meanwhile, the sampling rule of lodging and wind direction in the field was also assayed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yi
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianzhen Fu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gasperini AM, Garcia-Cela E, Sulyok M, Medina A, Magan N. Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:39-48. [PMID: 33047278 PMCID: PMC7819916 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is little knowledge of the microbial diversity, mycotoxins and associated secondary metabolites in GM maize and isogenic non-GM cultivars (cvs). This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g-1 maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and occasionally Cladosporium and Alternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different metabolites were detected. These were dominated by fumonisins and minor Penicillium spp. metabolites (questiomycin A and rugulovasine A). Interestingly, the range and number of mycotoxins present in the GM cvs were significantly lower than in the non-GM maize samples. This suggests that while the fungal diversity of the two types of maize appeared to be very similar, the major contaminant mycotoxins and range of toxic secondary metabolites were much lower in the GM cvs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Gasperini
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E Garcia-Cela
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - M Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - N Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ribeiro M, Freitas-Silva O, Castro I, Teixeira A, Marques-da-Silva S, Sales-Moraes A, Abreu L, Sousa C. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid against Aspergillus nomius in Brazil nuts. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Lima DR, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Thue PS, Lima EC, de Albuquerque YR, dos Reis GS, Umpierres CS, Dias SL, Tran HN. Efficient acetaminophen removal from water and hospital effluents treatment by activated carbons derived from Brazil nutshells. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Copetti MV, Teixeira AA, Iamanaka BT. Understanding Mycotoxin Contamination Across the Food Chain in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E411. [PMID: 31311158 PMCID: PMC6669623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the largest food producers and exporters in the world. In the late 20th century, the European Union program for the harmonization of regulations for contaminants in food, including mycotoxins, led to the examination of mycotoxin contamination in foods at a global level. The problem of the rejection of food by the European Union and other countries became a Brazilian national priority because of economic and food safety aspects. Ochratoxin A in coffee and cocoa and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts are examples of the impact of technical trade barriers on Brazilian foods. To overcome these threats, several strategies were undertaken by Brazilian and international organizations. In this context, the Codex Commission on Food Contaminants (CCCF) has emerged as a forum to discuss with more transparency issues related to mycotoxins, focusing on establishing maximum levels and codes of practices for some commodities and mycotoxins to ensure fair trade and food safety. Our experience in investigating and understanding mycotoxin contamination across the food chains in Brazil has contributed nationally and internationally to providing some answers to these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta H Taniwaki
- Food Technology Institute, ITAL, C.P. 139, Campinas - SP, CEP 13078-170, Brazil.
| | - John I Pitt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Marina V Copetti
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CEP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Aldir A Teixeira
- Experimental Agrícola do Brasil Ltda, São Paulo - SP, CEP 04105-001, Brazil
| | - Beatriz T Iamanaka
- Food Technology Institute, ITAL, C.P. 139, Campinas - SP, CEP 13078-170, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abbasi F, Samaei MR. The effect of temperature on airborne filamentous fungi in the indoor and outdoor space of a hospital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16868-16876. [PMID: 29299864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the bioaerosols in indoor air of hospitals. They have adverse effects on staff and patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three incubation temperature on the density and composition of airborne fungi in an indoor and outdoor space of hospital. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used for culture the fungi. For improvement of aseptic properties, chloramphenicol was added to this medium. The density of airborne fungi was less than 282 CFU/m3. The highest density was detected in emergency room and the lowest of them was in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and operation room (OR). Results showed that fungi levels at 25 °C were higher than 37 and 15 °C (p = 0.006). In addition, ten different genera of fungi were identified in all departments. The predominant fungi were Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Paecilomyces spp., and Aspergillus niger. Moreover, the density and trend of distribution of Fusaruim spp. in the indoor space was directivity to outdoor space by ventilation system. The present study has provided that incubation temperature had effect on airborne fungi remarkably. We are suggested that more studies would be conducted on incubation temperature and other ambient factors on airborne fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Abbasi
- Department of environmental health engineering, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kujbida P, Maia PP, Araújo AND, Mendes LD, Oliveira MLD, Silva-Rocha WP, Brito GQD, Chaves GM, Martins I. Risk assessment of the occurrence of aflatoxin and fungi in peanuts and cashew nuts. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000118135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kujbida
- Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simultaneous Analysis of 20 Mycotoxins in Grapes and Wines from Hexi Corridor Region (China): Based on a QuEChERS⁻UHPLC⁻MS/MS Method. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081926. [PMID: 30072592 PMCID: PMC6222325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop and validate an improved analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of 20 types of mycotoxins in grapes and wines. In this research, the optimization of tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) parameter, ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) separation, and QuEChERS procedure, which includes wine/water ratio, the amount and type of salt, clean-up sorbent, were performed, and the whole separation of mycotoxins was accomplished within 7 min analyzing time. Under optimum conditions, recoveries ranged from 85.6% to 117.8%, while relative standard deviation (RSD) remained between 6.0% and 17.5%. The limit of detection (LOD, 0.06–10 μg/L) and the limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.18–30 μg/L) were lower than those permitted by legislation in food matrices, which demonstrated the high sensitivity and applicability of this efficient method. Finally, 36 grapes and 42 wine samples from the Hexi Corridor region were analyzed. Penicillic acid (PCA), mycophenolic acid (MPA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) were detected in a small number of grape samples with lower concentrations between 0.10 μg/L and 81.26 μg/L. Meanwhile, ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), MPA, CPA, and ZEN were detected in some wine counterparts with concentrations ranged from 0.10 μg/L to 4.62 μg/L. However, the concentrations of the detected mycotoxins were much lower than the maximum legal limits set of other products.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ait Mimoune N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Bouti K, Sabaou N, Riba A. Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in dried figs and nuts in Algeria. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:119-125. [PMID: 29502487 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1438524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin (AF) contamination was investigated in 112 samples of peanuts, almonds and dried figs collected in Algeria. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) in different commodities has been determined with a sensitive method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection with post-column photochemical derivatisation. Analytical results indicated that 28 samples of peanuts, 16 samples of almonds and 26 samples of dried figs contained detectable levels of AFs. A total of 69 samples (61.6%) were contaminated with AFB1 ranging from the limit of quantification to 174 µg kg-1. AFB2 was found in 12 samples (10.7%) and varied from 0.18 to 193 µg kg-1. Seven samples revealed AF concentrations lower than the limit of quantification. Eleven peanut and fourteen dried fig samples exceeded the European maximum limits for AFB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Ait Mimoune
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Karima Bouti
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Amar Riba
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Costa DAD, Álvares VDS, Kusdra JF, Nogueira RM, Maciel VT, Miqueloni DP. Quality of in-shell Brazil nuts after drying using a pilot natural convection oven in the state of Acre, Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.10415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The natural drying of in-shell Brazil nuts carried out by the extractivists is not effective in reducing contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi. Thus the use of an artificial heater could prove to be a favourable method to bring about a rapid reduction in the moisture content of the nuts and thereby prevent fungal growth. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a natural convection-type drier with respect to the physical, physicochemical and microbiological quality of nuts after drying for 6 hours at 45 °C. A random block experimental design with two treatments (nuts before and after drying) was used, using 10 replications of 3 kg. The nuts were analysed for their moisture, ash, protein, dietary fibre, total carbohydrates and lipid contents, water activity, total count of filamentous, potentially aflatoxin-producing fungi, and also the quantification of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and the total aflatoxins. There was no effect of drying on the Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus counts or on the physicochemical composition of the nuts, except for the ash content. However the moisture content of the nuts was reduced by 39.7% and there was a decrease in the contamination by pre-existing total filamentous fungi. The dryer was effective in reducing the average time taken for drying as compared to the traditional method used by extractivists.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferranti LS, Correa B, Fungaro MHP, Iamanaka BT, Massi FP, Phippen CBW, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH. Occurrence and fumonisin B2 producing potential of Aspergillus section Nigri in Brazil nuts. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:49-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Taniwaki MH, Frisvad JC, Ferranti LS, de Souza Lopes A, Larsen TO, Fungaro MHP, Iamanaka BT. Biodiversity of mycobiota throughout the Brazil nut supply chain: From rainforest to consumer. Food Microbiol 2016; 61:14-22. [PMID: 27697164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 172 Brazil nut samples (114 in shell and 58 shelled) from the Amazon rainforest region and São Paulo state, Brazil was collected at different stages of the Brazil nut production chain: rainforest, street markets, processing plants and supermarkets. The mycobiota of the Brazil nut samples were evaluated and also compared in relation to water activity. A huge diversity of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were found, besides Eurotium spp., Zygomycetes and dematiaceous fungi. A polyphasic approach using morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as molecular and extrolite profiles, were studied to distinguish species among the more important toxigenic ones in Aspergillus section Flavi and A. section Nigri. Several metabolites and toxins were found in these two sections. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in 3% of A. niger and 100% of A. carbonarius. Production of aflatoxins B and G were found in all isolates of A. arachidicola, A. bombycis, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus and A. pseudonomius, while aflatoxin B was found in 38% of A. flavus and all isolates of A. pseudotamarii. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was found in A. bertholletius (94%), A. tamarii (100%), A. caelatus (54%) and A. flavus (41%). Tenuazonic acid, a toxin commonly found in Alternaria species was produced by A. bertholletius (47%), A. caelatus (77%), A. nomius (55%), A. pseudonomius (75%), A. arachidicola (50%) and A. bombycis (100%). This work shows the changes of Brazil nut mycobiota and the potential of mycotoxin production from rainforest to consumer, considering the different environments which exist until the nuts are consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta H Taniwaki
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Larissa S Ferranti
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline de Souza Lopes
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Beatriz T Iamanaka
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baquião AC, Lopes EL, Corrêa B. Molecular and mycotoxigenic biodiversity of Aspergillus flavus isolated from Brazil nuts. Food Res Int 2016; 89:266-271. [PMID: 28460913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to carry out a transcription analysis of eight genes belonging to the aflatoxin (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthesis pathway, and to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and CPA production in Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from Brazil nuts. Additionally, these genes were correlated with the different mycotoxigenic profiles of the same strains. Four previously identified A. flavus strains (ICB-01, ICB-151, ICB-161, and ICB-165) were grown on Brazil nut agar at 25°C for 10days. Mycotoxins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time RT-PCR using specific primers designed based on the conserved regions of two regulatory genes (aflR and aflS), three structural genes of the AFB1 biosynthesis pathway (aflH, aflJ and aflP), and three structural genes of the CPA biosynthesis pathway (maoA, dmaT and pks-nrps). The expression of most genes in the A. flavus isolates varied according to the mycotoxin profile of each strain. The most expressed genes in the aflatoxigenic strain ICB-151 were aflJ (77.11%) and aflH (32.75%), while the CPA-producing strain ICB-161 mainly expressed dmaT (100%), maoA (63.72%), aflS (43.52%), and aflR (42.63%). The ICB-01 isolate was a producer of AFB1 and CPA and the most expressed genes were aflS (47.79%), dmaT (42.77%), aflP (39.5%), and aflR (38.02%). ICB-198 did not produce any mycotoxin and exhibited lower expression of almost all genes analyzed. Furthermore, the ratio of aflS/aflR expression was correlated with the biosynthesis of AF and CPA in A. flavus strains producing exclusively AF or CPA or producing both AF and CPA. The ratio of aflS/aflR expression therefore seems to be related to the production of mycotoxins in Brazil nuts. Our results provide important data for the development of innovative and more cost-effective strategies to reduce and prevent AFB and CPA contamination in Brazil nuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Luiz Lopes
- Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhat R, Reddy KRN. Challenges and issues concerning mycotoxins contamination in oil seeds and their edible oils: Updates from last decade. Food Chem 2016; 215:425-37. [PMID: 27542495 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Safety concerns pertaining towards fungal occurrence and mycotoxins contamination in agri-food commodities has been an issue of high apprehension. With the increase in evidence based research knowledge on health effects posed by ingestion of mycotoxins-contaminated food and feed by humans and livestock, concerns have been raised towards providing more insights on screening of agri-food commodities to benefit consumers. Available reports indicate majority of edible oil-yielding seeds to be contaminated by various fungi, capable of producing mycotoxins. These mycotoxins can enter human food chain via use of edible oils or via animals fed with contaminated oil cake residues. In this review, we have decisively evaluated available data (from the past decade) pertaining towards fungal occurrence and level of mycotoxins in various oil seeds and their edible oils. This review can be of practical use to justify the prevailing gaps, especially relevant to the research on presence of mycotoxins in edible plant based oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Bhat
- Food Science Department, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), School of Sciences, Nabua Campus, Fiji National University, Fiji Islands.
| | - Kasa Ravindra Nadha Reddy
- Research and Development Center, Sri. Biotech Laboratories, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baquião AC, Rodriges AG, Lopes EL, Tralamazza SM, Zorzete P, Correa B. Expression of Genes by Aflatoxigenic and Nonaflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Brazil Nuts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:434-40. [PMID: 27224419 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to monitor the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and mycelial growth, and to evaluate the expression of genes directly and indirectly involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus isolated from Brazil nuts. Six previously identified A. flavus strains were grown on coconut agar at 25°C for up to 10 days. Mycotoxins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and fungal growth was measured daily using the diametric mycelial growth rate. Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after 2 and 7 d of incubation using specific primers (aflR, aflD, aflP, lipase, metalloprotease, and LaeA). Three (50%) of the six A. flavus isolates produced AFB1 (ICB-1, ICB-12, and ICB-54) and three (50%) were not aflatoxigenic (ICB-141, ICB-161, and ICB-198). Aflatoxin production was observed from d 2 of incubation (1.5 ng/g for ICB-54) and increased gradually with time of incubation until d 10 (15,803.6 ng/g for ICB-54). Almost all A. flavus isolates exhibited a similar gene expression pattern after 2 d of incubation (p > 0.10). After 7 d of incubation, the LaeA (p < 0.05) and metalloprotease (p < 0.05) genes were the most expressed by nonaflatoxigenic strains, whereas aflatoxigenic isolates exhibited higher expression of the aflR (p < 0.05) and aflD genes (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the expression of aflR and aflD is correlated with aflatoxin production in A. flavus and that overexpression of aflR could affect the transcriptional and aflatoxigenic pattern (ICB-54). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi may permit the rational silencing of the genes involved and consequently the programmed inhibition of aflatoxin production. Knowledge of the conditions, under which aflatoxin genes are expressed, should contribute to the development of innovative and more cost-effective strategies to reduce and prevent aflatoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Guedes Rodriges
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro Luiz Lopes
- 2 Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabina Moser Tralamazza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zorzete
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Correa
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
García-Cela ME, Marín S, Reyes M, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ. Conidia survival of Aspergillus section Nigri, Flavi and Circumdati under UV-A and UV-B radiation with cycling temperature/light regime. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2249-2256. [PMID: 26178018 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bio-geographical differences in fungal infection distribution have been observed around the world, confirming that climatic conditions are decisive in colonization. This research is focused on the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on Aspergillus species, based on the consideration that an increase in UV-B radiation may have large ecological effects. RESULTS Conidia of six mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species isolated from vineyards located in the northeast and south of Spain were incubated for 15 days under light/dark cycles and temperatures between 20 and 30 °C per day. Additionally, 6 h of exposure to UV-A or UV-B radiation per day were included in the light exposure. UV irradiance used were 1.7 ± 0.2 mW cm(-2) of UV-A (peak 365 nm) and 0.10 ± 0.2 mW cm(-2) of UV-B (peak 312 nm). The intrinsic decrease in viability of conidia over time was accentuated when they were UV irradiated. UV-B radiation was more harmful. CONCLUSION Conidial sensitivity to UV light was marked in Aspergillus section Circumdati. Conidia pigmentation could be related to UV sensitivity. Different resistance was observed within species belonging to sections Flavi and Nigri. An increase in UV radiation could lead to a reduction in the Aspergillus spp. inoculum present in the field (vineyards, nuts, cereal crops). In addition, it could unbalance the spore species present in the field, leading to a higher predominance of dark-pigmented conidia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esther García-Cela
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Centre, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Centre, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Monica Reyes
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Centre, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicent Sanchis
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Centre, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Centre, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Assunção E, Reis TA, Baquião AC, Corrêa B. Effects of Gamma and Electron Beam Radiation on Brazil Nuts Artificially Inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1397-401. [PMID: 26197295 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma radiation (GR) and electron beam (EB) on Brazil nut samples contaminated with Aspergillus flavus. Fifty samples were spread with an A. flavus suspension and incubated at 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%. After 15 days of incubation, mycobiota and aflatoxin analysis were performed. The samples were divided into three groups (control, group 1, and group 2) that received radiation doses of 0 kGy (control) and 5 and 10 kGy each of GR and EB (groups 1 and 2). Noninoculated samples were irradiated with the same doses for sensory evaluation. The results showed that after 15 days of incubation, the average water activity of the samples was 0.80. The irradiation with GR and EB at doses of 5 and 10 kGy was able to eliminate A. flavus in Brazil nut samples. Aflatoxin analysis showed that EB doses of 5 and 10 kGy reduced aflatoxin B1 levels by 53.32 and 65.66%, respectively, whereas the same doses of GR reduced the levels of this toxin by 70.61 and 84.15% compared with the level in the control groups. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that the texture and odor of irradiated Brazil nut samples were acceptable. The taste evaluation indicated that 5 kGy of GR was judged acceptable. The results highlight that both irradiation processes (5- and 10-kGy doses) showed efficiency in A. flavus and aflatoxin elimination. GR and EB treatments resulted in some alterations in the sensory attributes of samples with the doses used in this study; however, Brazil nut samples irradiated with 5-kGy GR doses were considered acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ednei Assunção
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Alves Reis
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arianne Costa Baquião
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Massi FP, Penha RES, Cavalcante MC, Viaro HP, da Silva JJ, de Souza Ferranti L, Fungaro MHP. Identification of Aspergillus nomius in Bees Visiting Brazil Nut Flowers. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:273-5. [PMID: 26063353 PMCID: PMC4567567 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a primer pair (BtubNomF/BtubNomR) specifically for amplifying Aspergillus nomius DNA. In vitro assays confirmed BtubNomF/BtubNomR specificity, corroborating its usefulness in detecting and identifying A. nomius. We then investigated the occurrence of A. nomius in floral visitors of Bertholletia excelsa trees by means of PCR, and A. nomius was detected in the following bees: Xylocopa frontalis, Bombus transversalis, Centris denudans, C. ferruginea, and Epicharis flava. The presence of A. nomius in bees visiting Brazil nuts opens up new avenues for obtaining novel insights into the process whereby Brazil nuts are contaminated by aflatoxin-producing fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pelisson Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Impact of postharvest processing on the fungal population contaminating African walnut shells (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) at different maturity stages and potential mycotoxigenic implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 194:15-20. [PMID: 25461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) is commonly processed by boiling or toasting and consumed as a snack or used as a thickener in many West African soup preparations. The nuts are usually exposed to both high temperatures and high relative humidity in open markets which predisposes them to fungal growth. Hence, the dangers of spore inhalation and resultant mycosis cannot be over-emphasized as retailers and consumers are always in direct contact with these nuts during harvest, processing and consumption. So far, there is no reported research on potential mycotoxin contamination of African walnut and whether this risk might be accentuated by processing. African walnut, at early and late maturity stages, were processed by toasting, boiling or left unprocessed before being stored at 25°C and 37°C, respectively under controlled relative humidity for 7days. Nuts were cracked and shell pieces cultured in malt extract agar (MEA) and Dichloran Glycerol 18 (DG18) media and incubated at 25°C for 7days. Results revealed that potential mycotoxigenic species - Aspergillus section Nigri, Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. - were frequently isolated. When compared with unprocessed nuts, toasting completely prevented fungal contamination in shell pieces from nuts in the non-stored (NSN) group at the early maturity stage, while boiling significantly reduced the level of contamination to about 58% (p<0.05). In general, simulating open market conditions caused 100% fungal contamination in all boiled samples and toasted samples at early maturity. However, contamination in toasted samples at late maturity was increased to 90 and 70% at 25°C in DG18 and MEA, respectively, while at 37°C contamination was 40 and 60% in DG18 and MEA, respectively. Mycotoxin analysis using Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) agar and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Fluorescence detection (FLD) showed that Aflatoxins - G1 (AFG1), B1 (AFB1), G2 (AFG2), and B2 (AFB2) were produced by 20 isolates with both AFG1 and AFB1 being predominant at concentration ranges 4.33-32,200 and 4.20-22,700ng/g plug weight, respectively. No ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected out of 23 isolates analysed. From these findings, it is suggested that toasting of nuts, preferably at early maturity is a safer processing option than boiling in terms of prevention of possible fungal growth on nut shells and risk of mycotoxin contamination.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, with different chemical structures. Mycotoxins contaminate food, feed, or raw materials used in their production and cause diseases and disorders in humans and livestock. Because of their great variety of toxic effects and their extreme heat resistance, the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is considered a high risk to human and animal health. In order to ensure food quality and health consumers, European legislation has set maximum contents of some mycotoxins in different matrices. However, there are still some food commodities susceptible to fungal contamination, which were not contemplated in this legislation. In this context, we have developed new analytical techniques for the multiclass determination of mycotoxins in a great variety of food commodities (some of them scarcely studied), such as cereals, pseudocereals, cereal syrups, nuts, edible seeds, and botanicals. Considering the latest technical developments, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been chosen as an efficient, fast, and selective powerful analytical technique. In addition, alternative sample treatments based on emerging methodologies, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, have been developed, which allow an increased efficiency and sample throughput, as well as reducing contaminant waste.
Collapse
|
23
|
Reis T, Baquião A, Atayde D, Grabarz F, Corrêa B. Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from organic Brazil nuts using a polyphasic approach. Food Microbiol 2014; 42:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Massi FP, Vieira MLC, Sartori D, Penha RES, de Freitas Munhoz C, Ferreira JM, Iamanaka BT, Taniwaki MH, Frisvad JC, Fungaro MHP. Brazil nuts are subject to infection with B and G aflatoxin-producing fungus, Aspergillus pseudonomius. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 186:14-21. [PMID: 24974275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of the Brazil nut is one of the most important activities of the extractive communities of the Amazon rainforest. However, its commercialization can be affected by the presence of aflatoxins produced by fungi, namely Aspergillus section Flavi. In the present study, we investigated a collection of Aspergillus nomius strains isolated from Brazil nuts using different approaches, including morphological characters, RAPD and AFLP profiles, partial β-tubulin and calmodulin nucleotide sequences, aflatoxin patterns, as well as tolerance to low water activity in cultured media. Results showed that most of the isolates do belong to A. nomius species, but a few were re-identified as Aspergillus pseudonomius, a very recently described species. The results of the analyses of molecular variance, as well as the high pairwise FST values between A. nomius and A. pseudonomius suggested the isolation between these two species and the inexistence of gene flow. Fixed interspecific nucleotide polymorphisms at β-tubulin and calmodulin loci are presented. All A. pseudonomius strains analyzed produced aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. This study contains the first-ever report on the occurrence in Brazil nuts of A. pseudonomius. The G-type aflatoxins and the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid are reported here for the first time in A. pseudonomius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pelisson Massi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina 86051-990, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Carneiro Vieira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" USP, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Sartori
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina 86051-990, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Elias Silva Penha
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina 86051-990, Brazil.
| | - Carla de Freitas Munhoz
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" USP, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Josué Maldonado Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina 86051-990, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Škrbić B, Živančev J, Godula M. Multimycotoxin analysis of crude extracts of nuts with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
26
|
Midorikawa GEO, de Sousa MDLM, Freitas Silva O, Dias JDSA, Kanzaki LIB, Hanada RE, Mesquita RMLC, Gonçalves RC, Alvares VS, Bittencourt DMC, Miller RNG. Characterization of Aspergillus species on Brazil nut from the Brazilian Amazonian region and development of a PCR assay for identification at the genus level. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:138. [PMID: 24885088 PMCID: PMC4051963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil nut is a protein-rich extractivist tree crop in the Amazon region. Fungal contamination of shells and kernel material frequently includes the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species from the section Flavi. Aflatoxins are polyketide secondary metabolites, which are hepatotoxic carcinogens in mammals. The objectives of this study were to identify Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nut grown in different states in the Brazilian Amazon region and develop a specific PCR method for collective identification of member species of the genus Aspergillus. Results Polyphasic identification of 137 Aspergillus strains isolated from Brazil nut shell material from cooperatives across the Brazilian Amazon states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas revealed five species, with Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus the most abundant. PCR primers ASP_GEN_MTSSU_F1 and ASP_GEN_MTSSU_R1 were designed for the genus Aspergillus, targeting a portion of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Primer specificity was validated through both electronic PCR against target gene sequences at Genbank and in PCR reactions against DNA from Aspergillus species and other fungal genera common on Brazil nut. Collective differentiation of the observed section Flavi species A. flavus, A. nomius and A. tamarii from other Aspergillus species was possible on the basis of RFLP polymorphism. Conclusions Given the abundance of Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus observed on Brazil nut, and associated risk of mycotoxin accumulation, simple identification methods for such mycotoxigenic species are of importance for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system implementation. The assay for the genus Aspergillus represents progress towards specific PCR identification and detection of mycotoxigenic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert N G Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70,910-900 Brasília D,F,, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Iamanaka BT, Nakano F, Lemes DP, Ferranti LS, Taniwaki MH. Aflatoxin evaluation in ready-to-eat brazil nuts using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and post-column derivatisation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:917-23. [PMID: 24552594 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.895857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (HPLC-FD) method for aflatoxin quantification in brazil nuts was developed. Samples of brazil nuts collected in Brazilian markets were extracted with methanol:water and cleaned using an immunoaffinity column. Aflatoxins were eluted with methanol and a post-column derivatisation was performed with bromine, using a Kobra Cell system. The optimised method for total aflatoxins was sensitive, with detection and quantification limits of 0.05 and 0.25 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. The method was accurate, with recovery values of 87.6%; 85.3% and 85.0% for 0.5, 5.0 and 14.6 µg kg⁻¹ spiked levels, respectively. It was shown that the method was applicable to brazil nuts. From a total of 95 brazil nut samples analysed from 21 São Paulo supermarket samples and 51 Manaus and 23 Belém street markets samples, 37.9% showed detectable levels of aflatoxins and three exceeded the recommended Codex Alimentarius limit of 10 µg kg⁻¹ for ready-to-eat brazil nuts.
Collapse
|
28
|
Leite F, de Souza L, de Souza J, da C. Cartaxo C, de S. Álvares V, da Cunha C. Incidence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts in the Amazon forest environment. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate, in the Amazon Forest environment, the effect of time on contamination of Brazil nuts with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins after falling of the pods. Samples were collected at three different times and analysed for water activity, potentially aflatoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus, other fungi and aflatoxins. The mean values for the parameters tested were: water activity 0.98; A. flavus and A. parasiticus 1.3×101 colony forming units (cfu)/g; other fungi 3.2×103 cfu/g; aflatoxin B1 0.073 μg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.009 μg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.034 μg/kg and aflatoxin G2 0.007 μg/kg. The incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was not significantly affected by the time, during which the pods were on the forest soil. Moreover, aflatoxins levels were low during the whole study period, suggesting that adverse forest conditions were not the main factor that stimulate the production of aflatoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F.M.N. Leite
- State Secretariat for Agronomic and Forestry Extension and Small Scale Production, Rua Izaura Parente, Rio Branco, AC, 69912-000, Brazil
| | - Leite de Souza
- Federal University of Acre, Center for Biological and Nature Sciences, BR 364 km 4, Rio Branco, AC, 69915-900, Brazil
| | - J.M.L. de Souza
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - C.B. da C. Cartaxo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - V. de S. Álvares
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - C.R. da Cunha
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Andrade Júnior MC, Andrade JS. Amazonian Fruits: An Overview of Nutrients, Calories and Use in Metabolic Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.517182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Arroyo-Manzanares N, Huertas-Pérez JF, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM. A new approach in sample treatment combined with UHPLC-MS/MS for the determination of multiclass mycotoxins in edible nuts and seeds. Talanta 2013; 115:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
31
|
Baquião AC, de Oliveira MMM, Reis TA, Zorzete P, Diniz Atayde D, Correa B. Polyphasic approach to the identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts. Food Chem 2013; 139:1127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Baquião AC, De Oliveira MMM, Reis TA, Zorzete P, Atayde DD, Corrêa B. Monitoring and determination of fungi and mycotoxins in stored Brazil nuts. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1414-20. [PMID: 23905798 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is an important commodity from the Brazilian Amazon, and approximately 37,000 tons (3.36 × 10⁷ kg) of Brazil nuts are harvested each year. However, substantial nut contamination by Aspergillus section Flavi occurs, with subsequent production of mycotoxins. In this context, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the presence of fungi and mycotoxins (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) in 110 stored samples of cultivated Brazil nut (55 samples of nuts and 55 samples of shells) collected monthly for 11 months in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. The samples were inoculated in duplicate onto Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar and potato dextrose agar for the detection of fungi, and the presence of mycotoxins was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The most prevalent fungi in nuts and shells were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. A polyphasic approach was used for identification of Aspergillus species. Aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The low water activity of the substrate was a determinant factor for the presence of fungi and the absence of aflatoxin in Brazil nut samples. The high frequency of isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains, mainly A. flavus, and their persistence during storage increase the chances of aflatoxin production on these substrates and indicates the need for good management practices to prevent mycotoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Reis T, Oliveira T, Baquião A, Gonçalves S, Zorzete P, Corrêa B. Mycobiota and mycotoxins in Brazil nut samples from different states of the Brazilian Amazon region. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|