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Bhooma V, Vassou SL, Kaliappan I, Parani M. Identification of adulteration in the market samples of saffron using morphology, HPLC, HPTLC, and DNA barcoding methods. Genome 2024; 67:43-52. [PMID: 37922517 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2022-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the stigma of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice used for culinary, medicinal, dye, and cosmetics purposes. It is highly adulterated because of its limited production and high commercial value. In this study, 104 saffron market samples collected from 16 countries were tested using morphology, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding. Overall, 45 samples (43%) were adulterated. DNA barcoding identified the highest number of adulterated saffron (44 samples), followed by HPTLC (39 samples), HPLC (38 samples), and morphology (32 samples). Only DNA barcoding identified the adulterated samples containing saffron and other plants' parts as bulking agents. In addition, DNA barcoding identified 20 adulterant plant species, which will help develop quality control methods and market surveillance. Some of the adulterant plants are unsafe for human consumption. The HPLC method helped identify the saffron samples adulterated with synthetic safranal. HPLC and HPTLC methods will help identify the samples adulterated with other parts of the saffron plant (auto-adulteration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Bhooma
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Sophie Lorraine Vassou
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ilango Kaliappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
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Long W, Deng G, Zhu Y, Han Q, Chen H, She Y, Fu H. A novel 3D-fluorescence sensing strategy based on HN-chitosan polymer probe for rapid identification and quantification of potential adulteration in saffron. Food Chem 2023; 429:136902. [PMID: 37517222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Saffron is a candidate for various kinds of fraud to make huge profits. The present study proposed an efficient three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence sensing strategy based on hydrophilic hydrazine-naphthalimide functionalized chitosan (HN-chitosan) polymer probe for rapid identification and quantification of potential adulteration in saffron. The amino functional group in the HN-chitosan probe reacted specifically with the Oxygen-containing group of active ingredients in saffron, amplifying the signal difference between saffron and the adulterants, which was comprehensively characterized by 3D fluorescence. Four advanced chemometrics methods were applied for the classification of saffron and adulterated saffron, and good performance were obtained in both training and prediction sets. Furthermore, the PLS regression model was applied to the prediction of adulteration level in saffron and showed satisfactory accuracy. This strategy provides a new solution for rapid identification and quantification of potential adulteration in saffron, which contributes to the healthy development of its industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Long
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Gaoqiong Deng
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qingyang Han
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Velázquez R, Rodríguez A, Hernández A, Casquete R, Benito MJ, Martín A. Spice and Herb Frauds: Types, Incidence, and Detection: The State of the Art. Foods 2023; 12:3373. [PMID: 37761082 PMCID: PMC10528162 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a necessity to protect the quality and authenticity of herbs and spices because of the increase in the fraud and adulteration incidence during the last 30 years. There are several aspects that make herbs and spices quite vulnerable to fraud and adulteration, including their positive and desirable sensorial and health-related properties, the form in which they are sold, which is mostly powdered, and their economic relevance around the world, even in developing countries. For these reasons, sensitive, rapid, and reliable techniques are needed to verify the authenticity of these agri-food products and implement effective adulteration prevention measures. This review highlights why spices and herbs are highly valued ingredients, their economic importance, and the official quality schemes to protect their quality and authenticity. In addition to this, the type of frauds that can take place with spices and herbs have been disclosed, and the fraud incidence and an overview of scientific articles related to fraud and adulteration based on the Rapid Alert System Feed and Food (RASFF) and the Web of Science databases, respectively, during the last 30 years, is carried out here. Next, the methods used to detect adulterants in spices and herbs are reviewed, with DNA-based techniques and mainly spectroscopy and image analysis methods being the most recommended. Finally, the available adulteration prevention measurements for spices and herbs are presented, and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Velázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Medio Agronómico y Forestal, Investigación Aplicada en Hortofruticultura y Jardinería, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rocío Casquete
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María J. Benito
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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High interspecific competitiveness of the invasive plant Xanthium italicum Moretti severely reduces the yield and quality of Carthamus tinctorius L. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4300. [PMID: 36922573 PMCID: PMC10017696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Safflower is an annual herb of Compositae, which has great economic value. To explore the impact of invasive weed Xanthium italicum Moretti on the economic crop safflower, field experiments were conducted, the growth-related characters and the relative intensity of competition between the two species was explored. The results showed that under monoculture conditions, the stem height, crown width, stem diameter and the biomass of X. italicum root, stem and leaves were 1.14, 1.96, 1.82, 4.42, 4.21 and 3.99 times as high as those of safflower, respectively. When the two species coexisted, the growth related characters of X. italicum were further significantly improved, while the growth related characters of safflower were significantly decreased. When coexisted with X. italicum, the corolla biomass, hydroxysafflor yellow A content of corolla, seed yields, 100-seed weight, and seed oil content of safflower in the interplanted treatment 90.04%, 33.11%, 63.89%, 40.58%, and 25.61% lower than those in the monocultured treatment, respectively. Relative yield (RY) and Competitive balance index (CB) of X. italicum and safflower showed that the interspecific competitiveness of X. italicum was significantly higher than that of safflower. Under the competitive inhibition of X. italicum, not only the vegetative growth, but also the reproductive growth, yield, and quality of the economic organs of safflower were significantly negatively impacted. Together, our findings provide important scientific basis for evaluating the invasion risks and consequences of safflower's cropland ecosystem by X. italicum.
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Development of a novel SRAP-SCAR marker for rapid identification of lager and ale types in brewer's yeast. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1943-1948. [PMID: 36380024 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beer is a globally consumed and universally popular beverage. According to the fermentation conditions of brewer's yeast, ale yeast and lager yeast are the two major varieties. Normal phenotypic and genotypic approaches are insufficient and time-consuming for identifying these two forms of yeast. Therefore, a method for the rapid and cost-effective identification of lager and ale-type brewer's yeasts is necessary. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of 23 industrial brewer's yeasts from around the world using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers and produced stable sequence characteristic amplification region (SCAR) markers. The specific DNA fragments identified by the SRAP marker were sequenced and primers were constructed; the resultant SCAR marker (757 bp) was then confirmed against the indicated brewer's yeast type. CONCLUSION The development of SRAP-SCAR marker is more economical, simple, and fast compared to morphological markers.
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Point-of-care suitable identification of the adulterants Carthamus tinctorius and Curcuma longa in Crocus sativus based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral-flow-assay (LFA). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Foschi M, Tozzi L, Di Donato F, Biancolillo A, D’Archivio AA. A Novel FTIR-Based Chemometric Solution for the Assessment of Saffron Adulteration with Non-Fresh Stigmas. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010033. [PMID: 36615229 PMCID: PMC9821794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of fast, non-destructive, and green methods with adequate sensitivity for saffron authentication has important implications in the quality control of the entire production chain of this precious spice. In this context, the highly suitable sensitivity of a spectroscopic method coupled with chemometrics was verified. A total number of 334 samples were analyzed using attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy; the collected spectra were processed by partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the feasibility of this study for the discrimination between compliant saffron (fresh samples produced in 2020) and saffron samples adulterated with non-fresh stigmas produced in 2018 and 2016. PLS-DA was able to classify the saffron samples in accordance with the aging time and to discriminate fresh samples from the samples adulterated with non-fresh (legally expired) stigmas, achieving 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in external prediction. Moreover, PLS regression was able to predict the adulteration level with sufficient accuracy (the root-mean-square error of prediction was approximately 3-5%). In summary, ATR-FTIR and chemometrics can be employed to highlight the illegal blending of fresh saffron with unsold stocks of expired saffron, which may be a common fraudulent practice not yet considered in the scientific literature.
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8
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Avila-Sosa R, Nevárez-Moorillón GV, Ochoa-Velasco CE, Navarro-Cruz AR, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS. Detection of Saffron’s Main Bioactive Compounds and Their Relationship with Commercial Quality. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601577 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the state of saffron’s main bioactive compounds and their relationship with its commercial quality. Saffron is the commercial name for the dried red stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. flower. It owes its sensory and functional properties mainly to the presence of its carotenoid derivatives, synthesized throughout flowering and also during the whole production process. These compounds include crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are bioactive metabolites. Saffron’s commercial value is determined according to the ISO/TS3632 standard that determines their main apocatotenoids. Other techniques such as chromatography (gas and liquid) are used to detect the apocarotenoids. This, together with the determination of spectral fingerprinting or chemo typing are essential for saffron identification. The determination of the specific chemical markers coupled with chemometric methods favors the discrimination of adulterated samples, possible plants, or adulterating compounds and even the concentrations at which these are obtained. Chemical characterization and concentration of various compounds could be affected by saffron’s geographical origin and harvest/postharvest characteristics. The large number of chemical compounds found in the by-products (flower parts) of saffron (catechin, quercetin, delphinidin, etc.) make it an interesting aromatic spice as a colorant, antioxidant, and source of phytochemicals, which can also bring additional economic value to the most expensive aromatic species in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Avila-Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Paola Hernández-Carranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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An overview on different detection methods of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulterants. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Husaini AM, Haq SAU, Shabir A, Wani AB, Dedmari MA. The menace of saffron adulteration: Low-cost rapid identification of fake look-alike saffron using Foldscope and machine learning technology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945291. [PMID: 36035668 PMCID: PMC9417335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saffron authenticity is important for the saffron industry, consumers, food industry, and regulatory agencies. Herein we describe a combo of two novel methods to distinguish genuine saffron from fake in a user-friendly manner and without sophisticated instruments. A smartphone coupled with Foldscope was used to visualize characteristic features and distinguish "genuine" saffron from "fake." Furthermore, destaining and staining agents were used to study the staining patterns. Toluidine blue staining pattern was distinct and easier to use as it stained the papillae and the margins deep purple, while its stain is lighter yellowish green toward the central axis. Further to automate the process, we tested and compared different machine learning-based classification approaches for performing the automated saffron classification into genuine or fake. We demonstrated that the deep learning-based models are efficient in learning the morphological features and classifying samples as either fake or genuine, making it much easier for end-users. This approach performed much better than conventional machine learning approaches (random forest and SVM), and the model achieved an accuracy of 99.5% and a precision of 99.3% on the test dataset. The process has increased the robustness and reliability of authenticating saffron samples. This is the first study that describes a customer-centric frugal science-based approach to creating an automated app to detect adulteration. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to assess saffron adulteration and quality. It revealed that only 40% of samples belonged to ISO Category I, while the average adulteration percentage in the remaining samples was 36.25%. After discarding the adulterants from crude samples, their quality parameters improved significantly, elevating these from ISO category III to Category II. Conversely, it also means that Categories II and III saffron are more prone to and favored for adulteration by fraudsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M. Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Asma Shabir
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amir B. Wani
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Faith Ndlovu P, Samukelo Magwaza L, Zeray Tesfay S, Ramaesele Mphahlele R. Destructive and rapid non-invasive methods used to detect adulteration of dried powdered horticultural products: A review. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Sen M. Food Chemistry: Role of Additives, Preservatives, and Adulteration. Food Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119792130.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Negi A, Lakshmi P, Praba K, Meenatchi R, Pare A. Detection of Food Adulterants in Different Foodstuff. Food Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119792130.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Kumari L, Jaiswal P, Tripathy SS. Various techniques useful for determination of adulterants in valuable saffron: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Lin L, Xu M, Ma L, Zeng J, Zhang F, Qiao Y, Wu Z. A rapid analysis method of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using combination of computer vision and near-infrared. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118360. [PMID: 32330825 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the market is uneven due to the problems of dyeing and adulteration of safflower, and there is no perfect standard for the classification of quality grade of safflower at present. In this study, computer vision (CV) and near-infrared (NIR) were combined to realize the rapid and nondestructive analysis of safflower. First, the partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model was used to qualitatively identify the dyed safflower from 150 samples. Then the partial least squares (PLS) model was used for quantitative analysis of the hydroxy safflower yellow pigment A (HSYA) and water extract of undyed safflower. Herein, the discrimination rate of PLS-DA model reached 100%, and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) values of the PLS models for HSYA and water extract were 2.5046 and 5.6195, respectively. It indicated that the rapid analysis method combining CV and NIR was reliable, and its results can provide important reference for the formulation of safflower quality classification standards in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Manfei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China.
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Kim WJ, Yang S, Choi G, Park I, Noh P, Lee AY, Kim HS, Moon BC. Establishment of conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays for accurate, rapid and quantitative authentication of four mistletoe species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112400. [PMID: 32408189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adulterants in processed food and herbal medicines reduce their safety, quality control, or pharmacological efficacy. Four mistletoe species, including Viscum coloratum, inhabit Korea. Leaves and branches of V. coloratum, defined as edible or medicinal mistletoe species in Korean, are used to prepare Korean herbal medicines as well as leached tea. However, other mistletoe species including Taxillus sutchuenensis var. duclouxii, Korthalsella japonica, and Loranthus tanakae are frequently distributed as authentic V. coloratum in Korean markets because of similarities in the branches morphology and Korean names of these species with V. coloratum. Although herbal medicines and food products prepared from the other mistletoe species are inauthentic, they are sold at high prices because of the rarity of these species. Thus, it is important to distinguish between authentic and inauthentic adulterant mistletoe species. In this study, we developed species-specific primer, based on matK sequences, suitable for both conventional PCR and real time PCR (qPCR) assay. These assays allowed rapid discrimination among all four mistletoe species. Moreover, qPCR assay enabled the detection of trace amounts of adulterant mistletoe species in V. coloratum samples. Furthermore, we used these assays to monitor commercial mistletoe products distributed in Korean markets. Our data suggest that these methods would serve as a reliable genetic tool to prevent adulteration and standardize the quality of commercial V. coloratum products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Sungyu Yang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Goya Choi
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Pureum Noh
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - A Yeong Lee
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Moon
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, South Korea.
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18
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Bhooma V, Nagasathiya K, Vairamani M, Parani M. Identification of synthetic dyes magenta III (new fuchsin) and rhodamine B as common adulterants in commercial saffron. Food Chem 2020; 309:125793. [PMID: 31699557 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is a highly adulterated spice due to its limited production and high costs. Non-saffron plant material is coloured with synthetic dyes to produce counterfeit saffron. Continuous monitoring of the synthetic dyes used in counterfeit saffron is essential because some dyes are not safe for human consumption. In the present study, 104 commercial saffron samples from 16 countries were screened, and 20 samples were found to contain dyes. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis showed adulteration with magenta- and pink- coloured dyes (18 and 2 samples, respectively), which did not correspond to any of the dyes reported earlier. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the magenta-coloured dye as magenta III or new fuchsin and the pink-coloured dye as rhodamine B. Magenta III is regarded as possibly carcinogenic, and rhodamine B was reported to cause local sarcomas. Both of these synthetic dyes are reported as adulterants in saffron for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Bhooma
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Krishnan Nagasathiya
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Mariappanadar Vairamani
- School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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19
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Shawky E, Abu El-Khair RM, Selim DA. NIR spectroscopy-multivariate analysis for rapid authentication, detection and quantification of common plant adulterants in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmas. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Barani A, Tajik H. Simultaneous determination of saffron and synthetic dyes in ready-to-cook Iranian barbecued chicken by HPLC. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1666870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Barani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Tajik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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21
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Das AK, Nerkar S, Gawande N, Thakre N, Kumar A. SCAR marker for Phytophthora nicotianae and a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of P. nicotianae and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in citrus. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1172-1183. [PMID: 31329353 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to develop a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-based sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for species-specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae, a global plant pathogen. Another objective was to develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of P. nicotianae and huanglongbing-causing bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in citrus roots using the developed SCAR marker and a previously published 16SrDNA-based CaLas-specific primer set. METHODS AND RESULTS The RAPD primer, OPA4, amplified a specific fragment of c. 400 bp only in P. nicotianae isolates. The fragment was eluted, purified, cloned and sequenced. One set of SCAR primers (SCAR4F/SCAR4R1), developed from the sequence information of the fragment, was found specific to P. nicotianae and produced an amplicon of 330 bp size, and was found non-specific to the five Phytophthora species (P. citrophthora, P. palmivora, P. lacustris, P. boehmeriae and P. insolita) and five other pathogens (Mycosphaerella citri, Alternaria alternata, Septobasidium pseudopedicillatum, Phytopythium vexans and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) isolated from the citrus agroecosystem. The sensitivity of the primer pair was 5 pg µl-1 of mycelial DNA. Furthermore, the specific SCAR primers coupled with a previously reported CaLas-specific primer set were used effectively in developing a multiplex PCR assay to detect P. nicotianae and CaLas simultaneously in root tissues of citrus plants. CONCLUSIONS A rapid method using a RAPD-based SCAR marker for the detection of P. nicotianae was developed. Furthermore, a multiplex PCR assay was established for simultaneous detection of P. nicotianae and CaLas in citrus roots. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A RAPD-SCAR marker-based detection system and the one-step multiplex PCR method developed in this study can be applied to index citrus trees infected (individually or conjointly) with P. nicotianae and CaLas. The present technique developed would also be useful in monitoring disease epidemiology and phytosanitary surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Das
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Nerkar
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - N Gawande
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - N Thakre
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Kumar
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Identification of Suitable Locus for Specific Detection of Biological Adulterants of Saffron. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Morozzi P, Zappi A, Gottardi F, Locatelli M, Melucci D. A Quick and Efficient Non-Targeted Screening Test for Saffron Authentication: Application of Chemometrics to Gas-Chromatographic Data. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142602. [PMID: 31319572 PMCID: PMC6680955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffron is one of the most adulterated food products all over the world because of its high market prize. Therefore, a non-targeted approach based on the combination of headspace flash gas-chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) and chemometrics was tested and evaluated to check adulteration of this spice with two of the principal plant-derived adulterants: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Chemometric models were carried out through both linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) from the gas-chromatographic data. These models were also validated by cross validation (CV) and external validation, which were performed by testing both models on pure spices and artificial mixtures capable of simulating adulterations of saffron with the two adulterants examined. These models gave back satisfactory results. Indeed, both models showed functional internal and external prediction ability. The achieved results point out that the method based on a combination of chemometrics with gas-chromatography may provide a rapid and low-cost screening method for the authentication of saffron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Morozzi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zappi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fernando Gottardi
- COOP ITALIA Soc. Cooperativa, Casalecchio di Reno, 40033 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Dora Melucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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24
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Zhao M, Wang B, Xiang L, Xiong C, Shi Y, Wu L, Meng X, Dong G, Xie Y, Sun W. A novel onsite and visual molecular technique to authenticate saffron (Crocus sativus) and its adulterants based on recombinase polymerase amplification. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Noh P, Kim WJ, Yang S, Park I, Moon BC. Authentication of the Herbal Medicine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix Using an ITS Sequence-Based Multiplex SCAR Assay. Molecules 2018; 23:E2134. [PMID: 30149558 PMCID: PMC6225120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate identification of plant species is of great concern for the quality control of herbal medicines. The Korean Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China define Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baek-Ji in Korean and Bai-zhi in Chinese) as the dried roots of Angelica dahurica or A. dahurica var. formosana belonging to the family Apiaceae. Discrimination among Angelica species on the basis of morphological characteristics is difficult due to their extremely polymorphic traits and controversial taxonomic history. Furthermore, dried roots processed for medicinal applications are indistinguishable using conventional methods. DNA barcoding is a useful and reliable method for the identification of species. In this study, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in A. dahurica, A. dahurica var. formosana, and the related species A. anomala and A. japonica. Using these sequences, we designed species-specific primers, and developed and optimized a multiplex sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) assay that can simply and rapidly identify respective species, and verify the contamination of adulterant depending on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification without sequencing analysis in a single PCR reaction. This assay successfully identified commercial samples of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix collected from Korean and Chinese herbal markets, and distinguished them from adulterants. This multiplex SCAR assay shows a great potential in reducing the time and cost involved in the identification of genuine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and adulterant contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Noh
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Wook Jin Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Sungyu Yang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Byeong Cheol Moon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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26
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Moon BC, Kim WJ, Park I, Sung GH, Noh P. Establishment of a PCR Assay for the Detection and Discrimination of Authentic Cordyceps and Adulterant Species in Food and Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2018; 23:E1932. [PMID: 30072640 PMCID: PMC6222412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and differentiation of adulterants in food ingredients and herbal medicines are crucial for the safety and basic quality control of these products. Ophiocordyceps sinensis is described as the only fungal source for the authentic medicinal ingredient used in the herbal medicine "Cordyceps", and two other fungal species, Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes, are the authentic fungal sources for food ingredients in Korea. However, substitution of these three species, and adulteration of herbal material and dietary supplements originating from Cordyceps pruinosa or Isaria cicadae, seriously affects the safety and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of these products. Distinguishing between these species based on their morphological features is very difficult, especially in commercially processed products. In this study, we employed DNA barcode-based species-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to discriminate authentic herbal Cordyceps medicines and Cordyceps-derived dietary supplements from related but inauthentic species. The reliable authentication tool exploited the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrDNA). We used comparative nrDNA-ITS sequence analysis of the five fungal species to design two sets of SCAR markers. Furthermore, we used a set of species-specific SCAR markers to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of species, contamination, and degree of adulteration. We confirmed the discriminability and reproducibility of the SCAR marker analysis and the real-time PCR assay using commercially processed food ingredients and herbal medicines. The developed SCAR markers may be used to efficiently differentiate authentic material from their related adulterants on a species level. The ITS-based SCAR markers and the real-time PCR assay constitute a useful genetic tool for preventing the adulteration of Cordyceps and Cordyceps-related dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Cheol Moon
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Wook Jin Kim
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea.
| | - Pureum Noh
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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27
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Galvin-King P, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. Herb and spice fraud; the drivers, challenges and detection. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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29
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Bosmali I, Ordoudi S, Tsimidou M, Madesis P. Greek PDO saffron authentication studies using species specific molecular markers. Food Res Int 2017; 100:899-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Zhang L, Zhu H, Ke J, Qin R. Selection of a Taxon-Specific Reference Gene for Qualitative and Quantitative PCR Detection of Carthamus tinctorius. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Villa C, Costa J, Oliveira MBP, Mafra I. Novel quantitative real-time PCR approach to determine safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) adulteration in saffron (Crocus sativus). Food Chem 2017; 229:680-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Bansal S, Singh A, Mangal M, Mangal AK, Kumar S. Food adulteration: Sources, health risks, and detection methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1174-1189. [PMID: 26054861 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.967834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration in food has been a concern since the beginning of civilization, as it not only decreases the quality of food products but also results in a number of ill effects on health. Authentic testing of food and adulterant detection of various food products is required for value assessment and to assure consumer protection against fraudulent activities. Through this review we intend to compile different types of adulterations made in different food items, the health risks imposed by these adulterants and detection methods available for them. Concerns about food safety and regulation have ensured the development of various techniques like physical, biochemical/immunological and molecular techniques, for adulterant detection in food. Molecular methods are more preferable when it comes to detection of biological adulterants in food, although physical and biochemical techniques are preferable for detection of other adulterants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Bansal
- a Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology , Ludhiana , Punjab , India
| | - Apoorva Singh
- a Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology , Ludhiana , Punjab , India
| | - Manisha Mangal
- b Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Anupam K Mangal
- c Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- d National Medicinal Plant Board , New Delhi , India
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33
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Guijarro-Díez M, Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Novel Spectroscopic Method for Determination and Quantification of Saffron Adulteration. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Adulteration screening of botanical materials by a sensitive and model-free approach using infrared spectroscopic imaging and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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37
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Villa C, Costa J, Meira L, Oliveira MBP, Mafra I. Exploiting DNA mini-barcodes as molecular markers to authenticate saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Rapid authentication of the precious herb saffron by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25370. [PMID: 27146605 PMCID: PMC4857077 DOI: 10.1038/srep25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is one of the most expensive species of Chinese herbs and has been subjected to various types of adulteration because of its high price and limited production. The present study introduces a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the differentiation of saffron from its adulterants. This novel technique is sensitive, efficient and simple. Six specific LAMP primers were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA of Crocus sativus. All LAMP amplifications were performed successfully, and visual detection occurred within 60 min at isothermal conditions of 65 °C. The results indicated that the LAMP primers are accurate and highly specific for the discrimination of saffron from its adulterants. In particular, 10 fg of genomic DNA was determined to be the limit for template accuracy of LAMP in saffron. Thus, the proposed novel, simple, and sensitive LAMP assay is well suited for immediate on-site discrimination of herbal materials. Based on the study, a practical standard operating procedure (SOP) for utilizing the LAMP protocol for herbal authentication is provided.
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39
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Soffritti G, Busconi M, Sánchez RA, Thiercelin JM, Polissiou M, Roldán M, Fernández JA. Genetic and Epigenetic Approaches for the Possible Detection of Adulteration and Auto-Adulteration in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Spice. Molecules 2016; 21:343. [PMID: 26978342 PMCID: PMC6273936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is very expensive and, because of this, often subject to adulteration. Modern genetic fingerprinting techniques are an alternative low cost technology to the existing chemical techniques, which are used to control the purity of food products. Buddleja officinalis Maxim, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Curcuma longa L., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Calendula officinalis L. are among the most frequently-used adulterants in saffron spice. Three commercial kits were compared concerning the ability to recover PCR-grade DNA from saffron, truly adulterated samples and possible adulterants, with a clear difference among them, mainly with the processed samples. Only one of the three kits was able to obtain amplifiable DNA from almost all of the samples, with the exception of extracts. On the recovered DNA, new markers were developed based on the sequence of the plastid genes matK and rbcL. These primers, mainly those developed on matK, were able to recognize saffron and the adulterant species and also in mixtures with very low percentages of adulterant. Finally, considering that the addition of different parts of saffron flowers is one of the most widespread adulterations, by analyzing the DNA of the different parts of the flower (styles, stamens and tepals) at the genetic and epigenetic level, we succeeded in finding differences between the three tissues that can be further evaluated for a possible detection of the kind of fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Soffritti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Matteo Busconi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
- BioDNA, Centro di Ricerca sulla biodiversità e sul DNA antico, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Rosa Ana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - Jean-Marie Thiercelin
- Tradimpex Jm Thiercelin sas, Parc de l'Ecopôle 3 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Combs La Ville 77380, France.
| | - Moschos Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - Marta Roldán
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
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40
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Guijarro-Díez M, Nozal L, Marina ML, Crego AL. Metabolomic fingerprinting of saffron by LC/MS: novel authenticity markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Huang WJ, Li FF, Liu YJ, Long CL. Identification of Crocus sativus and its Adulterants from Chinese Markets by using DNA Barcoding Technique. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:36-42. [PMID: 28959279 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a common but very expensive herbal medicine. As an important traditional medicine, it has an outstanding effect in treating irregular and painful menstruation. Recently, the over-demand tendency of saffron results in an unusual phenomenon in the medicinal markets. Adulterants and saffron-like substitutes are intentionally mixed into medicinal markets and pharmacies or online stores, affecting drug safety and food quality. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to identify saffron from its adulterants via DNA barcoding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples (13 saffron + 4 others containing Carthamus tinctorius or Chrysanthemum x morifolium) obtained from 12 different provinces of China. Through DNA barcoding, samples were compared using three candidate markers, trnH-psbA, rbcL-a and ITS2. RESULTS trnH-psbA and rbcL-a were capable of distinguishing different accessions. ITS2 could identify samples even at intra-specific level. According to these three barcodes, four samples were identified saffron-like substitutes. CONCLUSIONS The adulterant rate in Chinese markets reaches as high as 33.33% that may cause health risks and further may reduce saffron efficacy once is being used as herbal remedy. In order to make a distinction between C. sativus with other genera as adulterants, DNA barcoding is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Juan Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Long
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China.,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
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Barcoding melting curve analysis for rapid, sensitive, and discriminating authentication of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from its adulterants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:809037. [PMID: 25548775 PMCID: PMC4274822 DOI: 10.1155/2014/809037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most important and expensive medicinal spice products in the world. Because of its high market value and premium price, saffron is often adulterated through the incorporation of other materials, such as Carthamus tinctorius L. and Calendula officinalis L. flowers, Hemerocallis L. petals, Daucus carota L. fleshy root, Curcuma longa L. rhizomes, Zea may L., and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. stigmas. To develop a straightforward, nonsequencing method for rapid, sensitive, and discriminating detection of these adulterants in traded saffron, we report here the application of a barcoding melting curve analysis method (Bar-MCA) that uses the universal chloroplast plant DNA barcoding region trnH-psbA to identify adulterants. When amplified at DNA concentrations and annealing temperatures optimized for the curve analysis, peaks were formed at specific locations for saffron (81.92°C) and the adulterants: D. carota (81.60°C), C. tinctorius (80.10°C), C. officinalis (79.92°C), Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel. (79.62°C), N. nucifera (80.58°C), Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (84.78°C), and Z. mays (84.33°C). The constructed melting curves for saffron and its adulterants have significantly different peak locations or shapes. In conclusion, Bar-MCA could be a faster and more cost-effective method to authenticate saffron and detect its adulterants.
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Petrakis EA, Cagliani LR, Polissiou MG, Consonni R. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant adulterants by (1)H NMR metabolite fingerprinting. Food Chem 2014; 173:890-6. [PMID: 25466103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a preliminary study for the detection of adulterated saffron and the identification of the adulterant used by means of (1)H NMR and chemometrics is reported. Authentic Greek saffron and four typical plant-derived materials utilised as bulking agents in saffron, i.e., Crocus sativus stamens, safflower, turmeric, and gardenia were investigated. A two-step approach, relied on the application of both OPLS-DA and O2PLS-DA models to the (1)H NMR data, was adopted to perform authentication and prediction of authentic and adulterated saffron. Taking into account the deficiency of established methodologies to detect saffron adulteration with plant adulterants, the method developed resulted reliable in assessing the type of adulteration and could be viable for dealing with extensive saffron frauds at a minimum level of 20% (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Laura R Cagliani
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moschos G Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, NMR Laboratory, National Council of Research, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Heidarbeigi K, Mohtasebi SS, Foroughirad A, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M, Rafiee S, Rezaei K. Detection of Adulteration in Saffron Samples Using Electronic Nose. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2014.915850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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