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Pîndaru AM, Măruțescu L, Popa M, Chifiriuc MC. A Label-Free Optical Flow Cytometry Based-Method for Rapid Assay of Disinfectants' Bactericidal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7158. [PMID: 39000264 PMCID: PMC11241575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Selecting the appropriate disinfectant to control and prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is a challenging task for environmental health experts due to the large number of available disinfectant products. This study aimed to develop a label-free flow cytometry (FCM) method for the rapid evaluation of bactericidal activity and to compare its efficacy with that of standard qualitative/quantitative suspension tests. The bactericidal efficiency of eight commercial disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was evaluated against four strains recommended by EN 13727 (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus hirae) and four multidrug-resistant pathogens. The proposed FCM protocol measures changes in scattered light and counts following disinfectant exposure, neutralization, and culture steps. Unlike other available FCM-based methods, this approach does not rely on autofluorescence measurements, impedance cytometry, or fluorescent dyes. The FCM scattered light signals revealed both decreased count rates and morphological changes after treatment with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and higher concentrations for all tested bacteria. The results from the FCM measurements showed excellent correlation with those from standard assays, providing a rapid tool for monitoring the susceptibility profile of clinical, multidrug-resistant pathogens to chemical disinfectants, which could support infection prevention and control procedures for healthcare environments. This label-free FCM protocol offers a novel and rapid tool for environmental health experts, aiding in the optimization of disinfectant selection for the prevention and control of HAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Maria Pîndaru
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.P.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Luminița Măruțescu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.P.); (M.C.C.)
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marcela Popa
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.P.); (M.C.C.)
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
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Huang Q, Butaye P, Ng PH, Zhang J, Cai W, St-Hilaire S. Impact of low-dose ozone nanobubble treatments on antimicrobial resistance genes in pond water. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393266. [PMID: 38812692 PMCID: PMC11136503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat as the silent pandemic. Because of the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture systems, fish farms may be potential reservoirs for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Treatments with disinfectants have been promoted to reduce the use of antibiotics; however, the effect of these types of treatments on AMR or ARGs is not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low dose ozone treatments (0.15 mg/L) on ARG dynamics in pond water using metagenomic shotgun sequencing analysis. The results suggested that ozone disinfection can increase the relative abundance of acquired ARGs and intrinsic efflux mediated ARGs found in the resistance nodulation cell division (RND) family. Notably, a co-occurrence of efflux and non-efflux ARGs within the same bacterial genera was also observed, with most of these genera dominating the bacterial population following ozone treatments. These findings suggest that ozone treatments may selectively favor the survival of bacterial genera harboring efflux ARGs, which may also have non-efflux ARGs. This study underscores the importance of considering the potential impacts of disinfection practices on AMR gene dissemination particularly in aquaculture settings where disinfectants are frequently used at low levels. Future endeavors should prioritize the evaluation of these strategies, as they may be associated with an increased risk of AMR in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pok Him Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Obe T, Kiess AS, Nannapaneni R. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Salmonella: Contributions to Survival and Persistence in Processing Environments. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38396546 PMCID: PMC10886206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a top bacterial pathogen implicated in several food-borne outbreaks, despite the use of antimicrobials and sanitizers during production and processing. While these chemicals have been effective, Salmonella has shown the ability to survive and persist in poultry processing environments. This can be credited to its microbial ability to adapt and develop/acquire tolerance and/or resistance to different antimicrobial agents including oxidizers, acids (organic and inorganic), phenols, and surfactants. Moreover, there are several factors in processing environments that can limit the efficacy of these antimicrobials, thus allowing survival and persistence. This mini-review examines the antimicrobial activity of common disinfectants/sanitizers used in poultry processing environments and the ability of Salmonella to respond with innate or acquired tolerance and survive exposure to persists in such environments. Instead of relying on a single antimicrobial agent, the right combination of different disinfectants needs to be developed to target multiple pathways within Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA;
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4
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Maillard JY, Pascoe M. Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:4-17. [PMID: 37648789 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biocides are used for the prevention and control of infection in health care, targeted home hygiene or controlling microbial contamination for various industrial processes including but not limited to food, water and petroleum. However, their use has substantially increased since the implementation of programmes to control outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides difficile and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Biocides interact with multiple targets on the bacterial cells. The number of targets affected and the severity of damage will result in an irreversible bactericidal effect or a reversible bacteriostatic one. Most biocides primarily target the cytoplasmic membrane and enzymes, although the specific bactericidal mechanisms vary among different biocide chemistries. Inappropriate usage or low concentrations of a biocide may act as a stressor while not killing bacterial pathogens, potentially leading to antimicrobial resistance. Biocides can also promote the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes. In this Review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of biocides, the bacterial resistance mechanisms encompassing both intrinsic and acquired resistance and the influence of bacterial biofilms on resistance. We also consider the impact of bacteria that survive biocide exposure in environmental and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
| | - Michael Pascoe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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Wu-Chen RA, Feng J, Elhadidy M, Nambiar RB, Liao X, Yue M, Ding T. Long-term exposure to food-grade disinfectants causes cross-resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains with different antibiograms and sequence types. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:145. [PMID: 38093321 PMCID: PMC10717106 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfectants are important in the food industry to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Excessive use of disinfectants may increase the probability of bacteria experiencing long-term exposure and consequently resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. This study aims to investigate the cross-resistance of multidrug-resistant, drug-resistant, and drug-susceptible isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) with different sequence types (STs) to a group of antibiotics after exposure to different food-grade disinfectants. METHODS A panel of 27 S. Typhimurium strains with different antibiograms and STs were exposed to increasing concentrations of five food-grade disinfectants, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and ethanol. Recovered evolved strains were analyzed using genomic tools and phenotypic tests. Genetic mutations were screened using breseq pipeline and changes in resistance to antibiotics and to the same disinfectant were determined. The relative fitness of evolved strains was also determined. RESULTS Following exposure to disinfectants, 22 out of 135 evolved strains increased their resistance to antibiotics from a group of 14 clinically important antibiotics. The results also showed that 9 out of 135 evolved strains had decreased resistance to some antibiotics. Genetic mutations were found in evolved strains. A total of 77.78% of ST34, 58.33% of ST19, and 66.67% of the other STs strains exhibited changes in antibiotic resistance. BAC was the disinfectant that induced the highest number of strains to cross-resistance to antibiotics. Besides, H2O2 induced the highest number of strains with decreased resistance to antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a basis for understanding the effect of disinfectants on the antibiotic resistance of S. Typhimurium. This work highlights the link between long-term exposure to disinfectants and the evolution of resistance to antibiotics and provides evidence to promote the regulated use of disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Wu-Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reshma B Nambiar
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China.
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Esteves A, Carballo J, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Nisin and Lactic Acid on the Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Listeria monocytogenes Naturally Present in Poultry. Foods 2023; 12:3273. [PMID: 37685205 PMCID: PMC10486771 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of treating minced chicken meat with sodium nitrite (SN, 100 ppm), nisin (Ni, 10 ppm) and lactic acid (LA, 3000 ppm) on the levels of some microbial groups indicating hygiene quality were investigated. Specifically, aerobic plate counts and culture-based counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms and enterobacteria were obtained. Additionally, the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and the resistance of 245 isolates from this bacterium to 15 antibiotics were documented. L. monocytogenes was isolated using the ISO 11290-1:2017 method and confirmed with polymerase chain reaction using the lmo1030 gene. Antibiotic resistance was established using the disc diffusion technique (EUCAST and CLSI criteria). Twenty-four hours after treatment, the microbial load (log10 cfu/g) was reduced (p < 0.05) relative to controls in those samples treated with LA, with counts of 5.51 ± 1.05 (LA-treated samples) vs. 7.53 ± 1.02 (control) for APC, 5.59 ± 1.14 (LA) vs. 7.13 ± 1.07 (control) for psychrotrophic microorganisms and 2.33 ± 0.51 (LA) vs. 4.23 ± 0.88 (control) for enterobacteria. L. monocytogenes was detected in 70% (control samples), 60% (samples receiving SN), 65% (Ni) and 50% (LA) (p > 0.05) of samples. All strains showed resistance to multiple antimicrobials (between 3 and 12). In all, 225 isolates (91.8%) showed a multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, and one isolate (0.4%) showed an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype. The mean number of resistances per strain was lower (p < 0.01) in the control samples, at 5.77 ± 1.22, than in those receiving treatment, at 6.39 ± 1.51. It is suggested that the use of food additives might increase the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics in L. monocytogenes, although additional studies would be necessary to verify this finding by analyzing a higher number of samples and different foodstuffs and by increasing the number of antimicrobial compounds and concentrations to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Alexandra Esteves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Javier Carballo
- Area of Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Serrano-Galán V, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Estimation by flow cytometry of percentages of survival of Listeria monocytogenes cells treated with tetracycline, with or without prior exposure to several biocides. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104210. [PMID: 36906325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In certain circumstances, disinfectants are used at sublethal concentrations. The aim of this research work was to determine whether contact of Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994 with subinhibitory concentrations of three disinfectants widely used in food processing environments and in the health-care system, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and peracetic acid (PAA), can cause the adaptation of the strain to the biocides and increase its resistance to tetracycline (TE). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; ppm) were 2.0 (BZK), 3500.0 (SHY) and 1050.0 (PAA). On exposure to increasing subinhibitory concentrations of the biocides, the maximum concentrations (ppm) of the compounds that allowed the strain to grow were (ppm) 8.5 (BZK), 3935.5 (SHY) and 1125.0 (PAA). Both the control cells (non-exposed) and the cells that had been in contact with low doses of biocides were treated with different concentrations of TE (0 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm and 1250 ppm) for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the survival percentages determined using flow cytometry, following dying with SYTO 9 and propidium iodide. The cells previously exposed to PAA presented higher survival percentages (P < 0.05) than the rest of the cells for most of the concentrations of TE and treatment times trialled. These results are worrying because TE is sometimes used to treat listeriosis, highlighting the importance of avoiding the use of disinfectant at subinhibitory doses. Furthermore, the findings suggest that flow cytometry is a fast and simple technique to obtain quantitative data on bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Víctor Serrano-Galán
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Rosa Capita
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España.
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Verdial C, Serrano I, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveira M. Mechanisms of Antibiotic and Biocide Resistance That Contribute to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persistence in the Hospital Environment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041221. [PMID: 37189839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for multiple hospital- and community-acquired infections, both in human and veterinary medicine. P. aeruginosa persistence in clinical settings is worrisome and is a result of its remarkable flexibility and adaptability. This species exhibits several characteristics that allow it to thrive under different environmental conditions, including the ability to colonize inert materials such as medical equipment and hospital surfaces. P. aeruginosa presents several intrinsic mechanisms of defense that allow it to survive external aggressions, but it is also able to develop strategies and evolve into multiple phenotypes to persevere, which include antimicrobial-tolerant strains, persister cells, and biofilms. Currently, these emergent pathogenic strains are a worldwide problem and a major concern. Biocides are frequently used as a complementary/combination strategy to control the dissemination of P. aeruginosa-resistant strains; however, tolerance to commonly used biocides has also already been reported, representing an impediment to the effective elimination of this important pathogen from clinical settings. This review focuses on the characteristics of P. aeruginosa responsible for its persistence in hospital environments, including those associated with its antibiotic and biocide resistance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Verdial
- Gato Escondido-Veterinary Clinic, Av. Bombeiros Voluntários n°22B, 2950-209 Palmela, Portugal
| | - Isa Serrano
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Effect of low doses of biocides on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica to various antibiotics of clinical importance. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Hwang D, Oh TY, Baek SY, Kang MS, Hong SI, Kim HJ. Enterotoxin genes, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance of Bacillus cereus isolates from primary producing stages. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Singh S, Verma T, Nandi D, Umapathy S. Herbicides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid and Glyphosate Induce Distinct Biochemical Changes in E. coli during Phenotypic Antibiotic Resistance: A Raman Spectroscopic Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8140-8154. [PMID: 36205931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern. The increased use of herbicides may lead to multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Conventional techniques for diagnosing antibiotic resistance are laborious, time-intensive, expensive, and lack information about antibiotic susceptibility. On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, label-free, noninvasive alternative to traditional techniques to detect antibiotic resistance. In this study, two popular herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) were used to study their effects on the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The Escherichia coli wild-type (WT) MG1655 strain and two isogenic mutants, Δlon and ΔacrB, were used together with Raman spectroscopy. The WT E. coli is sensitive to antibiotics, but exposure to both herbicides induces antibiotic resistance. Using an excitation wavelength of 785 nm, the intensity ratios (e.g., I740/I785, I740/I1003, I1480/I1445, I2934/I2868, and I2934/I2845) were identified as biomarkers to study the induction of antibiotic resistance in bacteria but not NaCl-mediated stress. Using an excitation wavelength of 633 nm, the peak intensity at 740 cm-1 assigned to cytochrome bd decreases under antibiotic stress but increases upon exposure to both herbicides and antibiotics, indicating the development of resistance. Thus, this study can be applied to monitor antibiotic resistance using Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India.,Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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12
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Wasa A, Aitken J, Jun H, Bishop C, Krumdieck S, Godsoe W, Heinemann JA. Copper and nanostructured anatase rutile and carbon coatings induce adaptive antibiotic resistance. AMB Express 2022; 12:117. [PMID: 36070162 PMCID: PMC9452618 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated surfaces are vehicles for the spread of infectious disease-causing microorganisms. A strategy to prevent their spread is applying antimicrobial coatings to surfaces. Both nanostructured anatase rutile and carbon (NsARC), a TiO2 formulation, and copper are examples of antimicrobial agents that are used in making or coating door handles and similar surfaces, to reduce microbial loads. Antimicrobial surfaces have been extensively tested for antimicrobial activity but not sublethal effects, such as exposure-associated multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes usually caused by induction of efflux pump genes. The possibility of NsARC and copper inducing indicative efflux pump pathways was investigated by monitoring the expression of mScarlet fluorescent protein (FP) in two reporter strains of Escherichia coli. There was an increase in the expression of FP in the reporter strains exposed to NsARC and copper relative to the inert control composed of stainless steel. Furthermore we tested E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus following 8 h of exposure to NsARC for changes in resistance to selected antibiotics. E. coli that were exposed to NsARC became more susceptible to kanamycin but there was no significant change in susceptibility of S. aureus to any tested antibiotics. These findings suggests that even though NsARC and copper are antimicrobial, they also have some potential to cause unintended phenotypes. New antimicrobial material NsARC based on TiO2 compared to
copper. Both NsARC and copper induce efflux pump gene transcription. Species-specific changes in antibiotic resistance from exposure to
antimicrobial surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibe Wasa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jack Aitken
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Hyunwoo Jun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Susan Krumdieck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand.,School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jack A Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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Ripolles-Avila C, Guitan-Santamaria M, Pizarro-Giménez K, Mazaheri T, Rodríguez-Jerez J. Dual-species biofilms formation between dominant microbiota isolated from a meat processing industry with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica: Unraveling their ecological interactions. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Repeated sub-inhibitory doses of cassia essential oil do not increase the tolerance pattern in Listeria monocytogenes cells. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Bakht M, Alizadeh SA, Rahimi S, Kazemzadeh Anari R, Rostamani M, Javadi A, Peymani A, Marashi SMA, Nikkhahi F. Phenotype and genetic determination of resistance to common disinfectants among biofilm-producing and non-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from clinical specimens in Iran. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:124. [PMID: 35525944 PMCID: PMC9078005 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in Hospitalized patients, and its various resistance mechanisms contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. The main aims of the present study were to assess the susceptibility of biofilm-producing and non-producing P. aeruginosa isolates to the five commonly used Hospital disinfectants, to evaluate the synergistic effect of selected disinfectants and Ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and the effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite on antimicrobial susceptibility test. RESULTS The results showed that sodium hypochlorite 5% and Ethanol 70% were the most and least effective disinfectants against P. aeruginosa, respectively. The addition of EDTA significantly increased the effectiveness of the selected disinfectants. The changes in the antibiotic-resistance profiles after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants were observed for different classes of antibiotics (Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones). As well as near the all isolates harbored efflux pump genes and 117 (97.5%) of isolates produced biofilm. CONCLUSION In the current study, the mixture of disinfectant and EDTA were the most suitable selection to disinfect Hospital surfaces and instruments. Also, it was clear that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite results in resistance to some antibiotics in P. aeruginosa species. Strong and intermediate biofilm formers belonged to MDR/XDR strains. Future studies should include more complex microbial communities residing in the Hospitals, and more disinfectants use in Hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakht
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sara Rahimi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Raana Kazemzadeh Anari
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostamani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Rizvi SG, Ahammad SZ. COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance: A cross-study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150873. [PMID: 34634340 PMCID: PMC8500695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as a severe concern due to the escalating instances of resistant human pathogens encountered by health workers. Consequently, there is a shortage of antibiotics to treat Multidrug Resistance (MDR) and Extensively Drug Resistance (XDR) patients. The primary cause of AMR is the vast array of anthropogenic disturbances in natural microfauna brought about by the extensive use of antibiotics. Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has crashed antibiotic stewardship and single-handedly increased the global usage of antibiotics, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and biocide, causing a ripple effect in the existing global AMR problem. This surge in antibiotic usage has escalated the residual antibiotics reaching Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) from pharmaceutical companies, health care centers, and domestic settings. Ultimately the natural water bodies receiving their effluents will have higher concentrations of emerging contaminants as the WWTPs cannot remove the Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) completely. Furthermore, increased biocides usage will increase AMR by co-resistance, and increasing plastics will turn into microplastics and get converted to plastisphere, which will further enhance its propagation. Therefore, it is crucial to curb antibiotic usage, implement antibiotic stewardship dynamically; and, ameliorate the present condition of WWTPs to remove residual PPCPs efficiently. The need of the hour is to address the grave threat of AMR, which is loitering silently; if not the mankind will endure more affliction hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad
- Block I, Room # 135, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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17
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Alonso-Calleja C, García-Fernández C, Carballo J, Capita R. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for Twelve Antimicrobials (Biocides and Antibiotics) in Eight Strains of Listeria monocytogenes. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010046. [PMID: 35053044 PMCID: PMC8773323 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When selecting effective doses of antimicrobials, be they biocides or antibiotics, it is essential to know the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of these substances. The present research determined the MICs and MBCs for three biocides, sodium hypochlorite (SH), benzalkonium chloride (BC), and peracetic acid (PAA), and nine antibiotics in eight strains of Listeria monocytogenes of varying serotypes. Marked intra-species differences were observed in the resistance of L. monocytogenes to the biocides and antibiotics. The MICs (ppm) for the biocides ranged between 1750 and 4500 for SH, 0.25 and 20.00 for BC, and 1050 and 1700 for PAA. Their MBCs (ppm) ranged from 2250 to 4500 for SH, 0.50 to 20.00 for BC, and 1150 to 1800 for PAA. The MICs (ppm) for antibiotics lay between 1 and 15 for ampicillin, 8 and 150 for cephalothin, 20 and 170 for cefoxitin, 0.05 and 0.20 for erythromycin, 4 and 50 for chloramphenicol, 3 and 100 for gentamicin, 2 and 15 for tetracycline, 2 and 80 for vancomycin, and 160 and 430 for fosfomycin. The corresponding MBCs (ppm) were from 5 to 20 for ampicillin, 9 to 160 for cephalothin, 70 to 200 for cefoxitin, 4 to 5 for erythromycin, 9 to 70 for chloramphenicol, 5 to 100 for gentamicin, 3 to 30 for tetracycline, 3 to 90 for vancomycin, and 160 to 450 for fosfomycin. Notably, erythromycin showed considerable efficacy, demonstrated by the low values for both MIC and MBC. Based on EUCAST and the CLSI criteria, all strains were susceptible to erythromycin. All strains were resistant to cephalothin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. Further values for resistance were 87.50% for ampicillin and vancomycin, 75.00% for tetracycline, and 62.50% for chloramphenicol. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a matter for concern. A positive correlation was found between MIC and MBC values for most of the biocides and antibiotics. The higher the hydrophobicity of the cell surface, the higher the susceptibility to biocides, suggesting that surface characteristics of bacterial cells influence resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo
- Food Technology Area, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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18
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Obe T, Nannapaneni R, Schilling W, Zhang L, Kiess A. Antimicrobial tolerance, biofilm formation, and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates from poultry processing equipment. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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19
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Wales A, Taylor E, Davies R. Review of food grade disinfectants that are permitted for use in egg packing centres. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.1990741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Emma Taylor
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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20
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Akwuobu CA, Ngbede EO, Mamfe LM, Ezenduka EV, Chah KF. Veterinary clinic surfaces as reservoirs of multi-drug- and biocide-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000277. [PMID: 35018324 PMCID: PMC8742594 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the common Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) contaminating veterinary clinic environments, and to evaluate the susceptibility of the isolates to commonly used antibiotics and biocides. A total of 62 swab samples were collected from different frequently touched surfaces in the 4 veterinary clinics visited. The samples were processed for isolation and identification of GNB using standard microbiological procedures. The susceptibility of the isolates to disinfectants and antibiotics was determined using agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. A total of 114 GNB were isolated from the 4 clinics with isolation rates of 21.9, 22.8, 23.7 and 31.6% in clinics A, B, C and D, respectively. The surfaces of treatment tables were more contaminated (16.7 %) than receptionist/clinician desks (15.8%), weighing balances (10.5 %), door handles (7.9 %), drip stands (7.9 %), handwashing basins (7.0 %) and client chairs (7.0%). The surface-contaminating isolates were distributed into 20 genera, with members of
Enterobacteriaceae
predominating (n=97). Fifty-nine per cent of the isolates were resistant to the disinfectant Septol, while 5.3 and 0.9% were resistant to Purit and Dettol disinfectants, respectively. Multiple drug resistance was observed among 99% of the isolates with approximately 100% resistance to beta-lactams. Phenotypic expression of extended-spectrum (3.5 %) and AmpC beta-lactamase (38.6 %) production was detected. These findings highlight the role of clinic environments in serving as reservoirs for potential pathogens and sources for the spread of multi-drug resistant GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu A. Akwuobu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Chinedu A. Akwuobu,
| | - Emmanuel O. Ngbede
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Levi M. Mamfe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Ekene V. Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F. Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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21
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Hai D, Huang X. Protective effect of Lactobacillus reuteri Lb11 from chicken intestinal tract against Salmonella Enteritidis SE05 in vitro. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1745-1757. [PMID: 34529163 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in eggs with increasing morbidity and mortality exhibit worldwide prevalence. The present study intends to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri Lb11 (L. reuteri Lb11, isolated from chicken intestinal tract) in inhibiting the growth of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Enteritidis SE05 (obtained from egg content). The cell-free cell lysates (CFCL) of L. reuteri Lb11 obtained by the agar spot test performed well on inhibition of the MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) Salmonella Enteritidis SE05, The heat-inactivated (HI) fraction of L. reuteri Lb11 showed no inhibition activity. By co-culturing with L. reuteri Lb11 in vitro, the growth of S. Enteritidis SE05 decreased along with time, while, the pH value decreased significantly. Furthermore, In order to evaluate the mechanism of action of CFCL of L.reuteri Lb11, the genes related to the transcription level of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, outer membrane protein OMPs genes and drug resistance genes have been quantified by real-time PCR, when the S. Enteritidis was SE05 exposed to the CFCL of L. reuteri Lb11 (1 × 1012 CFU/mL). Almost all of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump genes, outer membrane protein genes and antibiotic resistance genes were down-regulated. Especially, the level of ramA, tetA and tetB genes were down-regulated -20.77, -15.85 and -12.42 folds, respectively. L. reuteri Lb11 can effectively prevent the formation of efflux pump to inhibit the production of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xianqing Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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22
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Rhouma M, Romero-Barrios P, Gaucher ML, Bhachoo S. Antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobial processing aids during poultry processing operations: cause for concern? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3279-3296. [PMID: 32744054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global issue and a threat to human and animal health. Contamination of poultry carcasses with meat-borne pathogens represents both an economic and a public health concern. The use of antimicrobial processing aids (APA) during poultry processing has contributed to an improvement in the microbiological quality of poultry carcasses. However, the extensive use of these decontaminants has raised concerns about their possible role in the co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This topic is presented in the current review to provide an update on the information related to bacterial adaptation to APA used in poultry processing establishments, and to discuss the relationship between APA bacterial adaptation and the acquisition of a new resistance phenotype to therapeutic antimicrobials by bacteria. Common mechanisms such as active efflux and changes in membrane fluidity are the most documented mechanisms responsible for bacterial cross-resistance to APA and antimicrobials. Although most studies reported a bacterial resistance to antibiotics not reaching a clinical level, the under-exposure of bacteria to APA remains a concern in the poultry industry. Further research is needed to determine if APA used during poultry processing and therapeutic antimicrobials share common sites of action in bacteria and encounter similar mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Speck S, Wenke C, Feßler AT, Kacza J, Geber F, Scholtzek AD, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Schwarz S, Rosolowski M, Truyen U. Borderline resistance to oxacillin in Staphylococcus aureus after treatment with sub-lethal sodium hypochlorite concentrations. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04070. [PMID: 32613099 PMCID: PMC7317233 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface disinfectants are regularly used in prophylactic and infection control measures. Concern has been raised whether residues of sub-inhibitory disinfectant concentrations may constitute a selective pressure and could contribute to the development of strains which are tolerant and/or resistant to biocides including antibiotics. The current study investigated whether Staphylococcus (S.) aureus ATCC® 29213™ and ATCC® 6538™ would change their growth characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles after prolonged treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). NaOCl is a fast-acting disinfectant with a broad-spectrum activity, inexpensive and widely used in healthcare and the food production industry. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for NaOCl was determined by broth macrodilution according to the guidelines for disinfectant efficacy testing provided by the German Veterinary Medical Society. Serial passages after 24 h and 72 h, respectively, in defined sub-inhibitory concentrations of NaOCl resulted in a number of phenotypic variants. Two of these variants, derived from S. aureus ATCC® 29213™, showed elevated MICs of oxacillin and were considered as in vitro-generated borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (BORSA). Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significantly thickened cell wall in these isolates, a phenomenon that has also been described for Listeria monocytogenes after low-level exposure to NaOCl. Whole genome sequencing revealed an early stop codon in the gene coding for the GdpP protein and thereby abolishing the function of this gene. GdpP represents a phosphodiesterase that regulates gene expression, and loss of function of the GdpP protein has been described in association with borderline oxacillin resistance. Our findings suggest that a mutation in the GdpP protein gene and morphological changes of the cell wall were induced by repeated exposure to sub-lethal NaOCl concentrations, and most likely accounted for a BORSA phenotype in two variants derived from S. aureus ATCC® 29213™.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cindy Wenke
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- BioImaging Core Facility, VMF/SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Geber
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anissa D. Scholtzek
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Ripolles-Avila C, García-Hernández N, Cervantes-Huamán BH, Mazaheri T, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ. Quantitative and Compositional Study of Monospecies Biofilms of Spoilage Microorganisms in the Meat Industry and Their Interaction in the Development of Multispecies Biofilms. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E655. [PMID: 31817368 PMCID: PMC6956169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is a serious problem in the food industry, since it leads to significant economic losses. One of its main causes is the cross-contamination of food products from industrial surfaces. Three spoilage bacterial species which are highly present in meat and the gastrointestinal tract of chickens were selected: Pseudomonas fragi, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, and Lactobacillus reuteri. The dual aim was to determine their ability to form monospecies biofilms and to examine how they interact when they coexist together. To do so, mature monospecies biofilms were produced statically for seven days at a temperature of 30 °C. L. gasicomitatum was also used to investigate the behavior of P. fragi and L. reuteri in the formation of multispecies biofilms. The structure and composition of the monospecies biofilms were evaluated by direct epifluorescence microscopy, and the multispecies biofilms were evaluated by plate counting. Both L. gasicomitatum and L. reuteri were able to form biofilms, with counts of approximately 7 Log CFU/cm2 and a defined structure. However, P. fragi obtained counts to the order of 4 Log CFU/cm2, which is significantly different from the previous species (P < 0.05), and it had no network of cell conglomerates. The content of the L. gasicomitatum and L. reuteri biofilm matrices were 70-80% protein, unlike P. fragi, which presented a higher polysaccharide content (P < 0.05). In the multispecies biofilms, the presence of P. fragi did not affect the growth of L. gasicomitatum, which remained at between 5.76 to 6.1 Log CFU/cm2. However, L. reuteri was able to displace L. gasicomitatum growth after 24 h of coexisting in a mixed biofilm, presenting differences in counts of approximately 2 Log CFU/cm2. The study of the biofilms constructed by food industry resident microbiota can help to understand the ecological relations that exist between species, characterize them, and propose strategies to eliminate them. The name of genes and species should be written in italic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José Juan Rodríguez-Jerez
- Area of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Food and Animal Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.-A.); (N.G.-H.); (B.H.C.-H.); (T.M.)
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25
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Capita R, Vicente-Velasco M, Rodríguez-Melcón C, García-Fernández C, Carballo J, Alonso-Calleja C. Effect of low doses of biocides on the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilms of Cronobacter sakazakii and Yersinia enterocolitica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15905. [PMID: 31685860 PMCID: PMC6828698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 (CS) and Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610 (YE) to sodium hypochlorite (10% of active chlorine; SHY), peracetic acid (39% solution of peracetic acid in acetic acid; PAA) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) was tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (planktonic cells; microdilution broth method) of 3,800 ppm (SHY), 1,200 ppm (PAA) and 15 ppm (BZK) for CS, and 2,500 ppm (SHY), 1,275 ppm (PAA) and 20 ppm (BZK) for YE, were found. In some instances, an increase in growth rate was observed in presence of sub-MICs (0.25MIC, 0.50MIC or 0.75MIC) of biocides relative to the samples without biocides. The cultures exhibited an acquired tolerance to biocides and an increase in antibiotic resistance after exposure to sub-MICs of such disinfectants. Strains were able to form strong biofilms on polystyrene after 48 hours (confocal laser scanning microscopy), with average biovolumes in the observation field (14,161 µm2) of 242,201.0 ± 86,570.9 µm3 (CS) and 190,184.5 ± 40,860.3 µm3 (YE). Treatment of biofilms for 10 minutes with disinfectants at 1MIC or 2MIC reduced the biovolume of live cells. PAA (YE) and BZK (CS and YE) at 1MIC did not alter the percentage of dead cells relative to non-exposed biofilms, and their effect of countering biofilm was due principally to the detachment of cells. These results suggest that doses of PAA and BZK close to MICs might lead to the dissemination of live bacteria from biofilms with consequent hazards for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - María Vicente-Velasco
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo
- Area of Food Technology, University of Vigo, E-32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain.
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Cadena M, Kelman T, Marco ML, Pitesky M. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing. Foods 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31336660 PMCID: PMC6678331 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Todd Kelman
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- UC Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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27
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Bote K, Pöppe J, Riede S, Breves G, Roesler U. Effect of a Glyphosate-Containing Herbicide on Escherichia coli and Salmonella Ser. Typhimurium in an In Vitro Rumen Simulation System. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:94-99. [PMID: 31662889 PMCID: PMC6798580 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most-used herbicide worldwide. Many studies in the past have shown that residues of the herbicide can be found in many cultivated plants, including those used as livestock feed. Sensitivity to glyphosate varies with bacteria, particularly those residing in the intestine, where microbiota is exposed to glyphosate residues. Therefore, less susceptible pathogenic isolates could have a distinct advantage compared to more sensitive commensal isolates, probably leading to dysbiosis. To determine whether the ruminal growth and survival of pathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella serovar Typhimurium are higher when glyphosate residues are present in the feed, an in vitro fermentation trial with a "Rumen Simulation System" (RUSITEC) and a glyphosate-containing commercial formulation was performed. Colony forming units of E. coli and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium decreased steadily in all fermenters, regardless of the herbicide application. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the studied Salmonella and E. coli strains did not change, and antibiotic susceptibility varied only slightly but independent of the glyphosate application. Overall, application of the glyphosate-containing formulation in a worst-case concentration of 10 mg/L neither increased the abundance for the tested E. coli and Salmonella strain in the in vitro fermentation system, nor promoted resistance to glyphosate or antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bote
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Pöppe
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Riede
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bote K, Pöppe J, Merle R, Makarova O, Roesler U. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Glyphosate and of a Glyphosate-Containing Herbicide Formulation for Escherichia coli Isolates - Differences Between Pathogenicand Non-pathogenic Isolates and Between Host Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:932. [PMID: 31130932 PMCID: PMC6509229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most extensively used herbicide in the world. However, concerns regarding its safety, side effects, and impact on other organisms have increased in recent years. This is the first study to analyze a large set of recent and historical Escherichia coli isolates varying in pathogenicity and beta-lactam resistance from different host species for their susceptibility to glyphosate isopropylamine salt (IPA), the active ingredient of the herbicide, and to a complete glyphosate-containing formulation (Roundup LB Plus). For this, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 238 E. coli isolates by broth microdilution in Mueller Hinton I media followed by the statistical analyses using Mann-Whitney-U test, multivariable analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multivariable proportional-odds ordinal regression model. While the overall MIC distribution was narrow and lacked a highly resistant sub-population for both substances, statistical analyses revealed small but significant associations between glyphosate resistance levels and different factors tested. Mean MIC values for the entire dataset showed a higher level of resistance to the complete glyphosate-containing formulation (40 mg/ml IPA) than to pure glyphosate (10 mg/ml IPA) in E. coli. Isolates that originated from poultry had significantly higher MIC values for both pure glyphosate and the complete formulation. Pathogenic and non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (non-ESBL) E. coli isolates each showed significantly higher MIC values compared to commensals and ESBL-producing E. coli in pure glyphosate, but not in the complete formulation. Recently sampled isolates showed statistically higher MICs than the isolates of the historic standard E. coli collection of reference in pure glyphosate, when tested by nonparametric Mann-Whitney-U test, but not in the multivariable model. Further investigations are necessary to confirm whether these associations have a casual relationship with the glyphosate use or are the consequence of co-selection due to the increased application rates of antibiotics, heavy metals or other biocides. A possible accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in livestock animals fed with glyphosate-containing feed should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bote
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Pöppe
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Makarova
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Jun H, Kurenbach B, Aitken J, Wasa A, Remus-Emsermann MN, Godsoe W, Heinemann JA. Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of copper ammonium acetate, pyrethrins and atrazine on the response of Escherichia coli to antibiotics. F1000Res 2019; 8:32. [PMID: 30828439 PMCID: PMC6381802 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17652.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens is mainly the outcome of human use of antibiotics. However, bacteria are also exposed to thousands of other antimicrobial agents. Increasingly those exposures are being investigated as co-selective agents behind the rapid rise and spread of resistance in bacterial pathogens of people and our domesticated animals. Methods: We measured the sub-lethal effects on antibiotic tolerance of the human pathogen/commensal Escherichia coli caused by exposure to three common biocide formulations based on either copper, pyrethrins, or atrazine as active ingredients. The influence of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC was investigated using deletion strains, and the persistence of observed effects was determined. Results: Some effects were seen for all biocides, but the largest effects were observed with copper in combination with the antibiotic tetracycline. The effect was caused by both the induction of the adaptive efflux system and by chelation of the antibiotic by copper. Finally, persistence of the adaptive response was measured and found to persist for about two generations. Conclusions: Through a combination of microbe-chemical and chemical-chemical interactions, humanity may be creating micro-environments in which resistance evolution is accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Jun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brigitta Kurenbach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and Centre for Integrative Ecology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jack Aitken
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alibe Wasa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mitja N.P. Remus-Emsermann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jack A. Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and Centre for Integrative Ecology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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30
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Zhou X, Zhang Z, Suo Y, Cui Y, Zhang F, Shi C, Shi X. Effect of sublethal concentrations of ceftriaxone on antibiotic susceptibility of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5281428. [PMID: 30629172 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether sublethal concentrations of ceftriaxone could alter antibiotic resistance patterns in Salmonella strains. Three multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolates and the control strain ATCC 13076 were subjected to induction experiments by stepwise increases in sublethal concentrations of ceftriaxone. Sublethal levels of ceftriaxone induced antibiotic resistance but not control Salmonella isolates to ceftriaxone and to other antibiotics. After 100 generations in 2 months when the antibiotic stress was removed, only one isolate (Salmonella Typhimurium 11202) maintained the induction changes in antibiotic resistance phenotype (tetracycline from resistance to sensitive and ampicillin from sensitive to resistance). Consistent with its stable phenotypic resistance changes, expression of the tetracycline and β-lactam resistance-related genes tetA and blaTEM were >10-fold down- and upregulated, respectively. Moreover, this strain had increased mRNA levels of efflux pump associated genes acrB and tolC and the SOS response regulator lexA and downregulation of the porin gene ompC. We found no overt changes in plasmid profiles before and after resistance induction. In all, sublethal concentrations of ceftriaxone induced alterations in Salmonella isolates to multiple antibiotics and some of them kept stable maintenance. The increased blaTEM expression may pose a potential danger for new generation β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yujuan Suo
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yan Cui
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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31
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Maciel MJ, Machado G, Avancini CAM. Investigation of resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry)to antibiotics and disinfectants. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-9940200162019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The genus Salmonella spp. Has worldwide geographical distribution, and represents a potential risk both to animal and human health. Inadequate use as well as continuous exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants might lead to the appearance of resistance of these microorganisms to antimicrobial compounds. The aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of resistance in Salmonella spp., isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry), to antibiotics and disinfectants, and check whether the phenomenon of simultaneous resistance to disinfectants occurs among the antibiotic-resistant isolates. The test of susceptibility to antimicrobials (TSA) applied in 134 isolates indicated that 51 (38%) were resistant to at least one of the eight antibiotics used, and 28 (55%) of resistant isolates were multi-resistant. Resistant isolates were submitted to the test of quantitative suspension against four concentrations of disinfectants in three contact times, and the result was compared with that of the reference strain (Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10.708). While the reference strain was sensitive considering the highest concentration (200 ppm) and the lowest contact time (5 min) as indicators, 12 (24%) isolates were resistant to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (ammonia quaternary); the reference strain was resistant to chlorhexidine, which also occurred with 22 (43%) of the isolates; similar to the reference strain, all isolates were sensitive/inactivated by sodium hypochlorite and iodophore. There were no significant relations of simultaneous resistance between the antibiotics and the disinfectants tested.
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32
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Cadena M, Froenicke L, Britton M, Settles ML, Durbin-Johnson B, Kumimoto E, Gallardo RA, Ferreiro A, Chylkova T, Zhou H, Pitesky M. Transcriptome Analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg after Exposure to Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Acidified Calcium Hypochlorite, and Peroxyacetic Acid. J Food Prot 2019; 82:109-119. [PMID: 30702951 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of RNA sequencing in commercial poultry could facilitate a novel approach toward food safety with respect to identifying conditions in food production that mitigate transcription of genes associated with virulence and survivability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of disinfectant exposure on the transcriptomes of two field isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) isolated from a commercial broiler processing plant in 1992 and 2014. The isolates were each exposed separately to the following disinfectants commonly used in poultry processing: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), acidified calcium hypochlorite (aCH), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Exposure times were 8 s with CPC to simulate a poultry processing dipping station or 90 min with aCH and PAA to simulate the chiller tank in a poultry processing plant at 4°C. Based on comparison with a publicly available annotated SH reference genome with 5,088 genes, 90 genes were identified as associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance (VPR). Of these 90 VPR genes, 9 (10.0%), 28 (31.1%), and 1 (1.1%) gene were upregulated in SH 2014 and 21 (23.3%), 26 (28.9%), and 2 (2.2%) genes were upregulated in SH 2014 challenged with CPC, aCH, and PAA, respectively. This information and previously reported MICs for the three disinfectants with both SH isolates allow researchers to make more accurate recommendations regarding control methods of SH and public health considerations related to SH in food production facilities where SH has been isolated. For example, the MICs revealed that aCH is ineffective for SH inhibition at regulatory levels allowed for poultry processing and that aCH was ineffective for inhibiting SH growth and caused an upregulation of VPR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lutz Froenicke
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew L Settles
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- 4 Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Emily Kumimoto
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tereza Chylkova
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- 5 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Humayoun SB, Hiott LM, Gupta SK, Barrett JB, Woodley TA, Johnston JJ, Jackson CR, Frye JG. An assay for determining the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to commercial and household biocides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209072. [PMID: 30571686 PMCID: PMC6301668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry and meat products contaminated with Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. The food industries use a wide variety of antimicrobial interventions to reduce bacterial contamination. However, little is known about Salmonella susceptibility to these compounds and some studies have shown a concerning link between biocide resistance and antibiotic resistance. To investigate this, a 96 well panel of 17 common household and commercially used biocides was designed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these compounds for Salmonella. The panel contained two-fold serial dilutions of chemicals including Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DC), Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HB), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HC), Acetic acid (AA), Lactic acid (LA), Citric acid (CA), Peroxyacetic acid (PXA), Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), Sodium hypochlorite (SHB), 1,3 dibromo, 5,5 dimethylhydantoin (DBH), Chlorhexidine (CHX), Sodium metasilicate (SM), Trisodium phosphate (TSP), Arsenite (ARI), and Arsenate (ARA). The assay was used to test the susceptibility of 88 multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates from animal sources. Bacteria are defined as multidrug resistant (MDR) if it exhibited non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. The concentration of biocide at which ≥50% of the isolates could not grow was designated as the minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC50 and was used as the breakpoint in this study. The MIC50 (μg ml-1) for the tested MDR Salmonella was 256 for DC, 40 for BKC, 80 for CPC. HB and HC, 1,640 for AA, 5664 for LA, 3,156 for CA, 880 for PXA, 320 for ASC, 3.0 for CHX, 1,248 for DBH, 3,152 (6%) for SHB, 60,320 for SM, 37,712 for TSP, 56 for ARI and 832 for ARA. A few isolates were not susceptible at the MIC50 breakpoint to some chemicals indicating possible resistance. Isolates with MICs of two 2-fold dilutions above the MIC50 were considered resistant. Biocides for which resistant isolates were detected included CPC (n = 1 isolate), HB (1), CA (18), ASC (7), CHX (22), ARA (16), and ARI (4). There was no correlation detected between the biocide susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and antibiotic resistance. This assay can determine the MICs of bacteria to 17 biocides in a single test and will be useful in evaluating the efficacy of biocides and to detect the development of resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen B. Humayoun
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Sushim K. Gupta
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John B. Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffanie A. Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John J. Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Kampf G. Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection Can Enhance Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E110. [PMID: 30558235 PMCID: PMC6316403 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocidal agents used for disinfection are usually not suspected to enhance cross-resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review was therefore to evaluate the effect of 13 biocidal agents at sublethal concentrations on antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative species. A medline search was performed for each biocidal agent on antibiotic tolerance, antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer, and efflux pump. In cells adapted to benzalkonium chloride a new resistance was most frequently found to ampicillin (eight species), cefotaxime (six species), and sulfamethoxazole (three species), some of them with relevance for healthcare-associated infections such as Enterobacter cloacae or Escherichia coli. With chlorhexidine a new resistance was often found to ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem (eight species each) as well as cefotaxime and tetracycline (seven species each). Cross-resistance to antibiotics was also found with triclosan, octenidine, sodium hypochlorite, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride. No cross-resistance to antibiotics has been described after low level exposure to ethanol, propanol, peracetic acid, polyhexanide, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. Taking into account that some biocidal agents used in disinfectants have no health benefit (e.g., in alcohol-based hand rubs) but may cause antibiotic resistance it is obvious to prefer products without them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
Biocides and formulated biocides are used worldwide for an increasing number of applications despite tightening regulations in Europe and in the United States. One concern is that such intense usage of biocides could lead to increased bacterial resistance to a product and cross-resistance to unrelated antimicrobials including chemotherapeutic antibiotics. Evidence to justify such a concern comes mostly from the use of health care-relevant bacterial isolates, although the number of studies of the resistance characteristics of veterinary isolates to biocides have increased the past few years. One problem remains the definition of "resistance" and how to measure resistance to a biocide. This has yet to be addressed globally, although the measurement of resistance is becoming more pressing, with regulators both in Europe and in the United States demanding that manufacturers provide evidence that their biocidal products will not impact on bacterial resistance. Alongside in vitro evidence of potential antimicrobial cross-resistance following biocide exposure, our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and, more recently, our understanding of the effect of biocides to induce a mechanism(s) of resistance in bacteria has improved. This article aims to provide an understanding of the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria following a biocide exposure. The sections provide evidence of the occurrence of bacterial resistance and its mechanisms of action and debate how to measure bacterial resistance to biocides. Examples pertinent to the veterinary field are used where appropriate.
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36
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Obe T, Nannapaneni R, Sharma CS, Kiess A. Homologous stress adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg ATCC8326 on different food-contact surfaces following exposure to sublethal chlorine concentrations. Poult Sci 2018; 97:951-961. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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37
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Buzón-Durán L, Alonso-Calleja C, Riesco-Peláez F, Capita R. Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides on the architecture and viability of MRSA biofilms. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:294-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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38
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Co-Selection of Resistance to Antibiotics, Biocides and Heavy Metals, and Its Relevance to Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:567-604. [PMID: 27025641 PMCID: PMC4790313 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised in recent years regarding co-selection for antibiotic resistance among bacteria exposed to biocides used as disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives, and to heavy metals (particularly copper and zinc) used as growth promoters and therapeutic agents for some livestock species. There is indeed experimental and observational evidence that exposure to these non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents can induce or select for bacterial adaptations that result in decreased susceptibility to one or more antibiotics. This may occur via cellular mechanisms that are protective across multiple classes of antimicrobial agents or by selection of genetic determinants for resistance to non-antibiotic agents that are linked to genes for antibiotic resistance. There may also be relevant effects of these antimicrobial agents on bacterial community structure and via non-specific mechanisms such as mobilization of genetic elements or mutagenesis. Notably, some co-selective adaptations have adverse effects on fitness in the absence of a continued selective pressure. The present review examines the evidence for the significance of these phenomena, particularly in respect of bacterial zoonotic agents that commonly occur in livestock and that may be transmitted, directly or via the food chain, to human populations.
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Kurenbach B, Marjoshi D, Amábile-Cuevas CF, Ferguson GC, Godsoe W, Gibson P, Heinemann JA. Sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. mBio 2015; 6:e00009-15. [PMID: 25805724 PMCID: PMC4453521 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00009-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biocides, such as herbicides, are routinely tested for toxicity but not for sublethal effects on microbes. Many biocides are known to induce an adaptive multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype. This can be due to either an increase in the expression of efflux pumps, a reduced synthesis of outer membrane porins, or both. Exposures of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to commercial formulations of three herbicides-dicamba (Kamba), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and glyphosate (Roundup)-were found to induce a changed response to antibiotics. Killing curves in the presence and absence of sublethal herbicide concentrations showed that the directions and the magnitudes of responses varied by herbicide, antibiotic, and species. When induced, MICs of antibiotics of five different classes changed up to 6-fold. In some cases the MIC increased, and in others it decreased. Herbicide concentrations needed to invoke the maximal response were above current food maximum residue levels but within application levels for all herbicides. Compounds that could cause induction had additive effects in combination. The role of soxS, an inducer of the AcrAB efflux pump, was tested in β-galactosidase assays with soxS-lacZ fusion strains of E. coli. Dicamba was a moderate inducer of the sox regulon. Growth assays with Phe-Arg β-naphtylamide (PAβN), an efflux pump inhibitor, confirmed a significant role of efflux in the increased tolerance of E. coli to chloramphenicol in the presence of dicamba and to kanamycin in the presence of glyphosate. Pathways of exposure with relevance to the health of humans, domestic animals, and critical insects are discussed. IMPORTANCE Increasingly common chemicals used in agriculture, domestic gardens, and public places can induce a multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype in potential pathogens. The effect occurs upon simultaneous exposure to antibiotics and is faster than the lethal effect of antibiotics. The magnitude of the induced response may undermine antibiotic therapy and substantially increase the probability of spontaneous mutation to higher levels of resistance. The combination of high use of both herbicides and antibiotics in proximity to farm animals and important insects, such as honeybees, might also compromise their therapeutic effects and drive greater use of antibiotics. To address the crisis of antibiotic resistance requires broadening our view of environmental contributors to the evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kurenbach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Delphine Marjoshi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Gayle C Ferguson
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Paddy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jack A Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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