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Zhu Z, Guo W, Cheng H, Zhao H, Wang J, Abdallah MF, Zhou X, Lei H, Tu W, Wang H, Yang J. Co-contamination and interactions of multiple mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134695. [PMID: 38815395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and heavy metals extensively contaminate grains and grain products, posing severe health risks. This work implements validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods to quantify the concentration of 12 mycotoxins and five heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour samples marketed in Shanghai. The mixed contamination characteristics were analyzed using correlation cluster analysis and co-contamination index, and the probabilities of all cross combinations of contaminations were analyzed using a self-designed JAVA language program. The results showed that grains and grain products were frequently contaminated with both mycotoxins and heavy metals, mostly with deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). All the samples (100 %) were contaminated with two or more contaminants, and 77.3 % of the samples were co-contaminated with more than four contaminants. In cereals and cereal products, the following combinations were closely associated: (FB3 +3-ADON), (FB1 +As), (FB1 +FB2), (DON+FB1), (DON+Cd), (As+Cd), (DON+Cd+As), (FB1 +FB2 +As), and (DON+3-ADON+15-ADON). The results indicated that mycotoxins and heavy metals frequently co-occurred in Shanghai grains and grain products, and they provided primary data for safety assessments, early warnings, and regulatory measures on these contaminants to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyin Zhu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Haisheng Cheng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hanke Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Laboratory of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Xinli Zhou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hulong Lei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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Wu T, Kang K, Xia Y, Deng H, Han B, Han X, Xie Y, Li C, Zhan J, Huang W, You Y. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 10 mycotoxins in beer of the Chinese market and exposure estimate. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114256. [PMID: 38609234 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important risk factors in beer. In this study, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine 10 mycotoxins in beer within 6 min. The method is fast, efficient, and has a simple and quick sample preparation. Validation was conducted based on the performance standards specified in Commission Decision 657/2002/EC, and the results demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), repeatability (RSD < 5 %), quantification limits (0.005-20.246 µg/L), and recovery rates (77 %-118 %). The prevalence of the 10 mycotoxins in 96 beers purchased from the Chinese market was analyzed, and the exposure of the Chinese population to mycotoxins through beer consumption was assessed. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected in 93.75 % of the beers, and the incidence of fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) exceeded 50 %. Beer intake contributed significantly to the exposure of aflatoxins (AFs) and DON, especially in males. Correlation analysis between mycotoxin content in beer, raw materials, and the brewing process revealed that the brewing process significantly affected the content of DON (P < 0.001), while auxiliary materials also had a significant impact on the content of FBs and DON (P < 0.001). This study holds great significance in producing higher quality and safer beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kun Kang
- Anheuser-Busch Inbeve (Foshan) Brewery Co., Ltd., No.1 Baiwei Avenue, Sanshui District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528100, China.
| | - Ying Xia
- Anheuser-Busch Inbev (Wuhan) Beer Co., Ltd Craft Brewery, Qingduankou, Hanyang District, Wuhan City 430050, China.
| | - Huan Deng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bing Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yiding Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chenyu Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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Mannani N, El Boujamaai M, Sifou A, Bennani M, El Adlouni C, Abdennebi EH, Zinedine A. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in dried fruits from Morocco: Monitoring, regulatory aspects, and exposure assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105503. [PMID: 37778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the presence of Aflatoxins (AF) in 180 samples dried fruits and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 samples dried fruits and grape juices collected in Morocco. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup. Contamination levels were compared with the maximum regulatory limits (MRL) recently adopted in the country, and mycotoxin exposure of adult consumers was assessed. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated with AF, with incidences of 23.3, 23.3, 20, 13.8, and 3.3%, in raisins, figs, nuts, peanuts and pistachio, respectively. There were 12 samples (6.6%) that exceeded the MRL of 2-12 ng/g set for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). While OTA was detected in 17.1% of samples, with incidences of 3.3, 3.3, 30, 30, and 53.3% in walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, raisins and figs, respectively, and a maximum value of 99.1 in dried raisins, that exceeded the MRL (10 ng/g) set for OTA. The co-occurrence of OTA and AF was observed in 4.7% of total samples. Dietary intake showed that the OTA exposure level was lower than safety guidelines set by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at 100 ng/kg b.w./week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nysrine Mannani
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Boujamaai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry and Toxicology, Institut Pasteur (IPM), 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Chakib El Adlouni
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary (IAV Hassan II), Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6202, Rabat-Institutes, 10101, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
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Więckowska M, Szelenberger R, Niemcewicz M, Harmata P, Poplawski T, Bijak M. Ochratoxin A-The Current Knowledge Concerning Hepatotoxicity, Mode of Action and Possible Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:6617. [PMID: 37764392 PMCID: PMC10534339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered as the most toxic of the other ochratoxins synthesized by various fungal species belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. OTA commonly contaminates food and beverages, resulting in animal and human health issues. The toxicity of OTA is known to cause liver damage and is still being researched. However, current findings do not provide clear insights into the toxin mechanism of action. The current studies focusing on the use of potentially protective compounds against the effects of the toxin are insufficient as they are mainly conducted on animals. Further research is required to fill the existing gaps in both fields (namely the exact OTA molecular mechanism and the prevention of its toxicity in the human liver). This review article is a summary of the so far obtained results of studies focusing on the OTA hepatotoxicity, its mode of action, and the known approaches of liver cells protection, which may be the base for expanding other research in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Więckowska
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Rafał Szelenberger
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Piotr Harmata
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Duarte S, Pedro I, Perdigão C, Silva A, Lino CM, Almeida A, Pena A. Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040291. [PMID: 37104229 PMCID: PMC10140980 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is the second most important cereal crop and is vital for the diet of billions of people. However, its consumption can increase human exposure to chemical contaminants, namely mycotoxins and metalloids. Our goal was to evaluate the occurrence and human exposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and inorganic arsenic (InAs) in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal and evaluate their correlation. The analysis of mycotoxins involved ELISA, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.8, 1 and 1.75 μg kg-1 for OTA, AFB1, and ZEN, respectively. InAs analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; LOD = 3.3 μg kg-1). No sample showed contamination by OTA. AFB1 was present in 2 (4.8%) samples (1.96 and 2.20 μg kg-1), doubling the European maximum permitted level (MPL). Concerning ZEN, 88.89% of the rice samples presented levels above the LOD up to 14.25 µg kg-1 (average of 2.75 µg kg-1). Regarding InAs, every sample presented concentration values above the LOD up to 100.0 µg kg-1 (average of 35.3 µg kg-1), although none surpassed the MPL (200 µg kg-1). No correlation was observed between mycotoxins and InAs contamination. As for human exposure, only AFB1 surpassed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Children were recognized as the most susceptible group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J G Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André M P T Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pedro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste M Lino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelina Pena
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhang J, Tang X, Cai Y, Zhou WW. Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040551. [PMID: 37110209 PMCID: PMC10143121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Rapid and stable detection of three main mycotoxins in rice using SERS optimized AgNPs@K30 coupled multivariate calibration. Food Chem 2023; 398:133883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mateo EM, Tarazona A, Jiménez M, Mateo F. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Agents for Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic and Ochratoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:807. [PMID: 36422981 PMCID: PMC9699002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites that have carcinogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects in humans and animals. The increased consumption of plant-based foods and environmental conditions associated with climate change have intensified the risk of mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the abilities of eleven selected LAB strains to reduce/inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus steynii, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Penicillium verrucosum and AF and OTA production under different temperature regiments. Data were treated by ANOVA, and machine learning (ML) models able to predict the growth inhibition percentage were built, and their performance was compared. All factors LAB strain, fungal species, and temperature significantly affected fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The fungal growth inhibition range was 0-100%. Overall, the most sensitive fungi to LAB treatments were P. verrucosum and A. steynii, while the least sensitive were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. The LAB strains with the highest antifungal activity were Pediococcus pentosaceus (strains S11sMM and M9MM5b). The reduction range for AF was 19.0% (aflatoxin B1)-60.8% (aflatoxin B2) and for OTA, 7.3-100%, depending on the bacterial and fungal strains and temperatures. The LAB strains with the highest anti-AF activity were the three strains of P. pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3), and those with the highest anti-OTA activity were Leuconostoc paracasei ssp. paracasei (3T3R1) and L. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3). The best ML methods in predicting fungal growth inhibition were multilayer perceptron neural networks, followed by random forest. Due to anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxin capacity, the LABs strains used in this study could be good candidates as biocontrol agents against aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungi and AFL and OTA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva María Mateo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Tarazona
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Mateo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, ETSE, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Alwan N, Bou Ghanem H, Dimassi H, Karam L, Hassan HF. Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 through Consumption of Rice in the United Arab Emirates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15000. [PMID: 36429720 PMCID: PMC9690502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most consumed staple foods worldwide and a major part of the diet for half of the global population. Being primarily cultivated in countries with warm and humid environments increases rice's susceptibility for mycotoxins contamination, especially the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Since no study was published before on the exposure to AFB1 from consuming rice in the UAE, our study aims to assess the levels of AFB1 in rice marketed in the country and determine the estimated daily exposure of the population for this carcinogenic metabolite and its associated liver cancer risk. All white, brown, and parboiled rice brands available in the retail markets in the UAE were procured twice. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, AFB1 was detected in 48 out of 128 rice samples (38%). The average contamination ± standard deviation of AFB1 among positive samples (above the detection limit) was found to be 1.66 ± 0.89 μg/kg, ranging from 1 μg/kg (detection limit) to 4.69 μg/kg. The contamination level in all the samples was below the limit set by the Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization (≤5 μg/kg), while 10 (20.8%) of the positive samples had a contamination level above the maximum limit set by the European Union (≥2 μg/kg). The moisture content in all the assessed samples was ≤14%. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in AFB1 between samples in both collections (p-value = 0.043). However, the rice type, grain size, packing country, packing season, country of origin, collection season, and packing to purchasing time had no significant effect on AFB1. The calculated mean daily exposure level of the Emirati population to AFB1 from consuming rice was 4.83 ng/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haneen Bou Ghanem
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
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11
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Wang L. Effect of environmental factors on the aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus during storage in upland rice seed using response surface methodology. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kumar P, Gupta A, Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Pandey AK, Kargwal R, Mishra S, Suhag R, Sharma N, Saurabh V, Paul V, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Enshasy HAE, Mokhtar JA, Harakeh S. Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100687. [PMID: 36287956 PMCID: PMC9609140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- MMICT&BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Raveena Kargwal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Molina-Pintor IB, Ruíz-Arias MA, Guerrero-Flores MC, Rojas-García AE, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Ortega-Cervantes L, Rodríguez-Cervantes CH, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marín S, González-Arias CA. Preliminary survey of the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and estimated exposure in a northwestern region of Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2271-2285. [PMID: 34348544 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1953447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have several toxicological implications. In the present study, we evaluate the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin (FB1) in paddy rice, polished rice, and maize from the fields and markets in Nayarit State (Mexico). The results indicated the presence of AFB1 in 21.21% of paddy rice samples and 11.11% of market maize samples. OTA was present in only 3.03% (one sample) of paddy rice samples. FB1 was detected in 87.50% and 88.88% of maize samples from field and market, respectively. The estimated human exposure was calculated for FB1 using the probable daily intake (PDI), which suggested that FB1 could contribute to the development of diseases through the consumption of contaminated maize. Positive samples indicated that some rice and maize samples were not suitable for human consumption. Further efforts are needed to continue monitoring mycotoxins and update national legislation on mycotoxins accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Molina-Pintor
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M A Ruíz-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M C Guerrero-Flores
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A E Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - B S Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - I M Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Y Y Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - L Ortega-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - C H Rodríguez-Cervantes
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmaceúticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - A J Ramos
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - V Sanchis
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - S Marín
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - C A González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
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14
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Green and sustainable technologies for the decontamination of fungi and mycotoxins in rice: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Mollay C, Kimanya M, Kassim N, Stoltzfus R. Main complementary food ingredients contributing to aflatoxin exposure to infants and young children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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ZHOU J, CHEN X, JIN M. [Adulteration identification of wheat flour in chestnut flour based on differences in mycotoxin contamination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2022; 40:303-312. [PMID: 35362678 PMCID: PMC9404217 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method based on dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was employed for the determination of 43 mycotoxins in chestnut flour and wheat flour. A total of 128 samples consisting of 48 chestnut samples and 80 wheat flour samples were collected randomly and subjected to analysis. Finally, five specific toxins were selected as markers to identify these two foodstuffs. Acetonitrile-water (84∶16, v/v) was used to extract mycotoxins from chestnut flour and wheat flour. After extraction, the supernatant was transferred to the d-SPE equipment, using which purification was performed with C18 and EMR-Lipid (lipid adsorbent). Chromatographic separation was carried out by gradient elution with eluent A (ESI+: 0.1% formic acid, ESI-: water) and eluent B (ESI+: methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1) containing 0.1% formic acid, ESI-: acetonitrile) on a BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Quantitative analysis was performed with the aid of matrix-matched curves. When establishing the method, the experimental matrix for optimization was designed by central-composite design based on the response surface methodology. Quadratic polynomial equations were deduced to describe the relationships between the responses and variables, and assess the interaction effects among the variables to acquire the true optimal conditions with less workload. Using the optimum experimental conditions, the accuracy of the proposed method was determined through three-level spiking tests, while the precision was evaluated in terms of the repeatability (six replications per level). Satisfactory precisions (RSDs≤7.5% in chestnut flour and RSDs≤9.3% in wheat flour) were achieved in all tested assays. The recoveries were also acceptable, and ranged from 72.4% to 109.4% for chestnut flour and from 70.7% to 112.9% for wheat flour. The matrix effects of mycotoxins were 48%-128% in wheat flour and 41%-112% in chestnut flour. The detectability of mycotoxins in the two matrices was assessed by spiking the blank extracts with various low concentrations, and determined as the lowest values that can produce chromatographic peaks at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3∶1. The obtained limits of quantification varied from 0.10 μg/kg to 20 μg/kg (bongkrekic acid) in both investigated matrices. Satisfactory linearities were obtained, with correlation coefficients>0.9991 for all the analytes. After validation, the contamination status of the multiple mycotoxins was evaluated for various concentration ranges. Based on the obtained data, both wheat flour and chestnut flour were severely contaminated, with 17 mycotoxins detected in them. Particularly, chaetoglobosin A, ochratoxin B, and penicillic acid were only detected in chestnut flour, while 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol were detected in wheat flour. Further, the positive rates and contamination concentrations of chaetoglobosin A, ochratoxin B, and penicillic acid were not significant; hence, they did not qualify as identification markers. On the other hand, the incidence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour almost reached 100%, which is very significant. Finally, deoxynivalenol and its four derivatives (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol) were treated as adulteration markers for the two foodstuffs. To improve the reliability of the conclusion, all samples were re-tested using the first method prescribed by the National Food Safety Standard, i. e., GB 5009.111-2016. Ten chestnut flour samples were also randomly selected to prepare moldy samples under suitable environmental conditions for the growth of Fusarium, to verify the production and release of deoxynivalenol and its derivative mycotoxins under the extreme conditions. The distribution data for these mycotoxins were consistent with those obtained by d-SPE, confirming that the adulteration criterion is trustworthy. The established method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate, and can effectively meet the requirements for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in chestnut flour and wheat flour. Moreover, the adulteration results, which were obtained for natural contaminants (deoxynivalenol and its four derivatives), are less affected by humans and hence, much more accurate and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian ZHOU
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Xiaohong CHEN
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Micong JIN
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
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17
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Mohammadi Shad Z, Venkitasamy C, Atungulu GG. Fungi and Mycotoxin in Rice: Concerns, Causes, and Prevention Strategies. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Gómez-Salazar JA, Ruiz-Hernández K, Martínez-Miranda MM, Castro-Ríos K. Postharvest strategies for decontamination of aflatoxins in cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hernández
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Grupo de Cromatografía Y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación En Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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19
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. The Occurrence and Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Plant and Animal-Derived Food Commodities. Molecules 2021; 26:6928. [PMID: 34834020 PMCID: PMC8623125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin and poses great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and widespread contamination, great efforts have been made to evaluate its human exposure. This review focuses on the OTA occurrence and contamination level in nine plant and animal derived food commodities: cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit, spice, meat, and milk. The occurrence and contamination level varied greatly in food commodities and were affected by many factors, including spices, geography, climate, and storage conditions. Therefore, risk monitoring must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal OTA intake and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
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20
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Yan H, Zhang L, Ye Z, Wu A, Yu D, Wu Y, Zhou Y. Determination and Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Ochratoxin A on Fermented Teas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12021-12029. [PMID: 34606275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A specialized method for ochratoxin A (OTA) determination on fermented teas was developed and validated using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methodology results showed that recovery, relative standard deviation, accuracy, and precision were qualified. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.32 and 0.96 μg/kg, respectively. Two of 158 collected samples were screened for OTA contamination. Comprehensive risk assessment based on OTA contaminations of this study and other peer-reviewed publications was performed. The highest hazard quotient (HQ) value (8.86 × 10-2) and the highest 1/MoE value (8.61 × 10-5) in probabilistic assessment were equally below the recommended non-neoplastic and neoplastic thresholds, indicating no health risks. However, the HQ and 1/MoE values of the 95th percentiles in 20-39 and ≥50 years of age were close to thresholds of 1.0 and 1.0 × 10-4, respectively. Under the extreme case, there were only a few scenarios (e.g., 40-49 years of age) of HQ values below the non-neoplastic threshold, but the 1/MoE value of each group exceeded the neoplastic threshold. This is the first extensive risk assessment on OTA from fermented teas worldwide, but the sample size is still limited, and a large number of samples is encouraged in a future study for a more accurate assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - You Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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21
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Mamo FT, Abate BA, Zheng Y, Nie C, He M, Liu Y. Distribution of Aspergillus Fungi and Recent Aflatoxin Reports, Health Risks, and Advances in Developments of Biological Mitigation Strategies in China. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 34678973 PMCID: PMC8541519 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites that represent serious threats to human and animal health. They are mainly produced by strains of the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus, which are abundantly distributed across agricultural commodities. AF contamination is receiving increasing attention by researchers, food producers, and policy makers in China, and several interesting review papers have been published, that mainly focused on occurrences of AFs in agricultural commodities in China. The goal of this review is to provide a wider scale and up-to-date overview of AF occurrences in different agricultural products and of the distribution of A. flavus across different food and feed categories and in Chinese traditional herbal medicines in China, for the period 2000-2020. We also highlight the health impacts of chronic dietary AF exposure, the recent advances in biological AF mitigation strategies in China, and recent Chinese AF standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firew Tafesse Mamo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia;
| | | | - Yougquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Chengrong Nie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Mingjun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
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22
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Zhang K. Comparison of Flow Injection-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS for the Determination of Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080547. [PMID: 34437418 PMCID: PMC8402343 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two methods for measuring ochratoxin A in corn, oat, and grape juice were developed and compared. Flow injection (FI) and on-line liquid chromatography (LC) performances were evaluated separately, with both methods using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) for quantitation. Samples were fortified with 13C uniformly labeled ochratoxin A as the internal standard (13C-IS) and prepared by dilution and filtration, followed by FI- and LC-MS/MS analysis. For the LC-MS/MS method, which had a 10 min run time/sample, recoveries of ochratoxin A fortified at 1, 5, 20, and 100 ppb in corn, oat, red grape juice, and white grape juice ranged from 100% to 117% with RSDs < 9%. The analysis time of the FI-MS/MS method was <60 s/sample, however, the method could not detect ochratoxin A at the lowest fortification concentration, 1 ppb, in all tested matrix sources. At 5, 20, and 100 ppb, recoveries by FI-MS/MS ranged from 79 to 117% with RSDs < 15%. The FI-MS/MS method also had ~5× higher solvent and matrix-dependent instrument detection limits (0.12–0.35 ppb) compared to the LC-MS/MS method (0.02–0.06 ppb). In the analysis of incurred corn and oat samples, both methods generated comparable results within ±20% of reference values, however, the FI-MS/MS method failed to determine ochratoxin A in two incurred wheat flour samples due to co-eluted interferences due to the lack of chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-717, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Biosensors for Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Determination in Feed Quality Control. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070499. [PMID: 34357971 PMCID: PMC8310349 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of cereals used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals; therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current trends in food/feed analysis are focusing on the application of biosensor technologies that offer fast and highly selective and sensitive detection with minimal sample treatment and reagents required. The article presents an overview of the recent progress of the development of biosensors for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone determination in cereals and feed. Novel biosensitive materials and highly sensitive detection methods applied for the sensors and the application of these sensors to food/feed products, the limit, and the time of detection are discussed.
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Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-021-00064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds. Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture, they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting. Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature. Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system. To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops, combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed. This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.
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Pereira RHA, Keijok WJ, Prado AR, de Oliveira JP, Guimarães MCC. Rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A using antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Toxicon 2021; 199:139-144. [PMID: 34153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tolerable levels of ochratoxin A in food for human and animal consumption has been defined in some countries. To meet these levels, simpler, more efficient, and faster analytical methods are being developed to facilitate the identification of this dangerous contaminant in food. Here, we combined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) IgG to detect elementary levels of OTA based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. AuNPs were prepared with trisodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of AuNPs to IgG anti-OTA was confirmed by bathochromic shift (UV-vis) and RAMAN spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the nanosensor was investigated by measuring LSPR band λmax shifts. Our results suggest this assay is highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of about 0.001 pg mL-1. The LSPR nanosensor reduced detection limits by roughly 10 times compared to other methods. We demonstrated that the approach investigated here is a rapid and sensitive method for OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
- Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av Marechal Campos1468, Vitoria, ES, 29.040-090, Brazil
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Malir F. A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:186. [PMID: 33802572 PMCID: PMC7998637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Sharma B, Borah R, Haque S, Mahmud MC, Shah AK, Rawal D, Bora H, Bui S. Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies. Toxicon 2020; 187:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mycotoxins Detection and Fungal Contamination in Black and Green Tea by HPLC-Based Method. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:2456210. [PMID: 32831831 PMCID: PMC7422483 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2456210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal contamination and total aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) of tea samples were examined. A total of 60 tea samples were extracted and treated with immunoaffinity columns. The amount of AF and OTA were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FD). Tea samples were cultured and the fungi were identified. The results showed that 24 (40%) samples were contaminated with AFs and none of the tea samples were above the acceptable limit of AFs (≥10 μg/kg). All of the samples were contaminated with OTA where only 3 black tea samples (6.6%) and 1 green tea sample (6.7%) were detected to have more than the standard limits of toxin (10 μg·kg−1). The mean concentration of OTA in the black tea was higher than green tea. Aspergillus niger was the predominant fungi isolated from black and green tea samples. Considering the high contamination of mycotoxins in tea samples, regular monitoring in the tea process for improving quality is recommended.
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Xiong K, Zhi HW, Liu JY, Wang XY, Zhao ZY, Pei PG, Deng L, Xiong SY. Detoxification of Ochratoxin A by a novel Aspergillus oryzae strain and optimization of its biodegradation. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:48-58. [PMID: 32693928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) causes serious health risks and is found in food products throughout the world. The most promising method to detoxify this compound is biodegradation. In this study, Aspergillus oryzae strain M30011 was isolated and characterized based on its considerable capacity to degrade OTA. The degradation product (compound I) of A. oryzae-treated OTA was isolated, and its toxicity response was also evaluated. Furthermore, the relationships between three key cultivation condition factors affecting the OTA degradation rate were examined using the response surface methodology (RSM). Compound I was identified as ochratoxin α (C11H9O5Cl), and the toxicity response experiments indicated that A. oryzae detoxified OTA to a great extent. A maximum degradation rate of 94% was observed after 72h. This study demonstrates the potential for using A. oryzae to detoxify OTA and suggests that it could be applied in the food industry to improve food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiong
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Hui-Wei Zhi
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia-Yun Liu
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Zhao
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Peng-Gang Pei
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Su-Yue Xiong
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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30
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Effects of oxidative modification by 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid on the structure and functional properties of rice protein. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Analysis and Detection of Major Mycotoxins in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E518. [PMID: 32326063 PMCID: PMC7230321 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. Chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors like fluorescence, diode array, UV, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have been powerful tools for analyzing and detecting major mycotoxins. Recent progress of the development of rapid immunoaffinity-based detection techniques such as immunoassays and biosensors, as well as emerging technologies like proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of mycotoxins in foods, have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
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32
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Tumukunde E, Ma G, Li D, Yuan J, Qin L, Wang S. Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tumukunde
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - G. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - J. Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - L. Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - S. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
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33
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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34
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Zhao G, Wang YF, Chen J, Yao Y. Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31979410 PMCID: PMC7076863 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%. Some novel detection technologies based on magnetic adsorption, aptamer probes, and molecular-based methods were applied to rapidly and accurately detect mycotoxins in fermented pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Junling Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China;
| | - Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
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35
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Ali N. Aflatoxins in rice: Worldwide occurrence and public health perspectives. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1188-1197. [PMID: 31768330 PMCID: PMC6872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate dietary staples worldwide, including maize, rice and groundnuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a public health concern due to their carcinogenic, acute and chronic effects. Rice is an important staple food consumed widely and consists of a major part of the diets for half of the world population. Human exposure to these mycotoxins is a serious problem especially in developing countries where hot and humid climates favor the fungal growth and where food storage conditions are poor and lack of regulatory limits enforcement. The recent developments of biomarkers have provided opportunities in assessing aflatoxins exposure and related health effects in the high-risk population groups. This review describes the worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins in rice during the period from 1990 to 2015 and biomarkers-based evidence for human exposure to aflatoxins and their adverse health effects. Aflatoxin is a potent hepatocarcinogen and humans may expose to it at any stage of life. Epidemiological studies reported an association between aflatoxin intake and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in some sub-Saharan and Asian countries. Even daily high intake of rice with a low level of contamination is of health concern. Thus, it is necessary to implement effective strategies to prevent contamination and fungal growth in rice. A good agricultural and manufacturing practice should be applied during handling, storage and distribution of rice to ensure that aflatoxins contamination level is lower in the final product. Moreover, a regular survey for aflatoxins occurrence in rice and biomarkers-based studies is recommended to prevent and reduce the adverse health effects in the world population.
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36
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Borba VSD, Paiva Rodrigues MH, Badiale-Furlong E. Impact of Biological Contamination of Rice on Food Safety. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1683745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Simões De Borba
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcy Heli Paiva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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37
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Mahato DK, Lee KE, Kamle M, Devi S, Dewangan KN, Kumar P, Kang SG. Aflatoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview on Prevalence, Detection and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2266. [PMID: 31636616 PMCID: PMC6787635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus species are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and cause severe contamination to food sources, leading to serious health consequences. Contaminations by aflatoxins have been reported in food and feed, such as groundnuts, millet, sesame seeds, maize, wheat, rice, fig, spices and cocoa due to fungal infection during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Besides these food products, commercial products like peanut butter, cooking oil and cosmetics have also been reported to be contaminated by aflatoxins. Even a low concentration of aflatoxins is hazardous for human and livestock. The identification and quantification of aflatoxins in food and feed is a major challenge to guarantee food safety. Therefore, developing feasible, sensitive and robust analytical methods is paramount for the identification and quantification of aflatoxins present in low concentrations in food and feed. There are various chromatographic and sensor-based methods used for the detection of aflatoxins. The current review provides insight into the sources of contamination, occurrence, detection techniques, and masked mycotoxin, in addition to management strategies of aflatoxins to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra K. Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | | | - Krishna N. Dewangan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Sang G. Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Zhao Y, Wang Q, Huang J, Chen Z, Liu S, Wang X, Wang F. Mycotoxin contamination and presence of mycobiota in rice sold for human consumption in China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Bertuzzi T, Romani M, Rastelli S, Giorni P. Mycotoxins and Related Fungi in Italian Paddy Rice During the Growing Season and Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E151. [PMID: 30845659 PMCID: PMC6468681 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi and relative mycotoxins contamination were monitored in Italian paddy rice samples both in field during the growing season and the first five months of storage. Three experimental fields, nine rice varieties and three sowing densities were considered; then, different lots of paddy rice were stored in warehouses at different temperature regimes. Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were found to be the fungi most likely to produce mycotoxins throughout the growing season. In particular, A. flavus and A. niger were found only rarely both in field and in post-harvest, while A. versicolor was always present although in low concentrations. Penicillium spp. strains were isolated sporadically and were found to be irrelevant in Italian rice fungal contamination. Sterigmatocystin (STC) was the main mycotoxin found in Italian rice, while aflatoxin (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were rarely detected. Contamination generally increased from post-flowering to ripening; considering rice varieties, significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were found in fungal contamination and STC production; no differences were observed between sowing densities. During storage, an increase in STC content was observed in higher temperature regimes, while all the other considered mycotoxins remained unchanged. These results indicated that contamination by STC, an emerging mycotoxin not legislatively regulated by the European Union, can be relevant in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Department of Animal, Food and Nutrition Science-DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Marco Romani
- Ente Nazionale Risi Rice Research Centre-Castello d'Agogna, 27030 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rastelli
- Department of Animal, Food and Nutrition Science-DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Paola Giorni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production-DIPROVES, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Mansouri‐Nasrabadi R, Milani JM, Nazari SSJ. Optimization of washing and cooking processes of rice for Ochratoxin A decrement by RSM. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2523-2529. [PMID: 30510753 PMCID: PMC6261198 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, effects of washing and cooking processes on the decrease in ochratoxin A (OTA) residue in rice were investigated. Rice samples were washed one, two, and three times in the washing stage. Results showed that the washing stage was effective on OTA residue as 42.68% of OTA was removed. In the cooking stage, the effects of boiling time, salt content, and water-to-rice ratio on OTA residue were studied employing response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that time and salt content, interaction between time and salt content, and interaction between salt content and water-to-rice ratio were effective on the amount of OTA residue. According to the results, the optimum levels for boiling time, salt content, and water-to-rice ratio were 9.6 min, 3.5% salt, and 4:1, respectively. At these conditions, 76% of the OTA in rice was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Mansouri‐Nasrabadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversitySariIran
| | - Jafar Mohammadzadeh Milani
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversitySariIran
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41
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Tang Z, Wang X, Lv J, Hu X, Liu X. One-step detection of ochratoxin A in cereal by dot immunoassay using a nanobody-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China: Occurrence, detection techniques, toxicological effects and advances in mitigation technologies. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Ismail A, Gonçalves BL, de Neeff DV, Ponzilacqua B, Coppa CFSC, Hintzsche H, Sajid M, Cruz AG, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. Aflatoxin in foodstuffs: Occurrence and recent advances in decontamination. Food Res Int 2018; 113:74-85. [PMID: 30195548 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by some Aspergillus species, whose occurrence have been reported predominantly in several types of foods of low moisture content, while aflatoxin biotransformation products have been reported mainly in milk and milk products. This review deals with the occurrence of aflatoxins in some of the major food products in the last 5 years including regulatory aspects, and recent advances in detoxification strategies for contaminated foods. Aflatoxin contamination in cereals including corn and peanut is still a public health problem for some populations, especially in African countries. Despite that most of physical and chemical methods for aflatoxin detoxification may affect the nutritional properties of food, or are not safe for human consumption, gamma-radiation and ozone applications have demonstrated great potential for detoxification of aflatoxins in some food matrices. Biological methods based on removal or degradation of aflatoxins by bacterial and yeast have good perspectives, although further studies are needed to clarify the detoxification mechanisms by microorganisms and determine practical aspects of the use of these methods in food products, especially their potential effects on sensory characteristics of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Bruna L Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Diane V de Neeff
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Ponzilacqua
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina F S C Coppa
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
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44
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Ali N. Co-occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2055-2059. [PMID: 28898415 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species and their co-occurrence in rice may cause health effects in humans. Rice is an important food crop worldwide and is a major staple food in Asia which may be invaded by CIT and OTA producing fungal spores in the field, during harvest and storage. Humans are exposed to these mycotoxins through ingestion of contaminated rice and other food commodities. Yet, data on the combined presence to these food contaminants are still insufficient to estimate human exposure in Asia. This review describes the prevalence of CIT and OTA in rice in Asia and its implications on human health, which may help in establishing and carrying out proper management strategies against mould development on rice. From the health point of view, combined exposition of CIT and OTA should be a public concern as both are nephrotoxic and long-term exposure can pose detrimental health effects. Thus, it is necessary for local farmers and food factories to implement strict measures and to improve methods for rice preservation during the distribution to consumers, particularly in the markets. Moreover, regular surveys for CIT and OTA occurrence in rice and human biomonitoring are recommended to reduce the health effects in Asian population. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Tarazona A, Gómez JV, Gavara R, Mateo-Castro R, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Jiménez M, Mateo EM. Risk management of ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in maize grains by bioactive EVOH films containing individual components of some essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 269:107-119. [PMID: 29421354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus steynii and Aspergillus tubingensis are possibly the main ochratoxin A (OTA) producing species in Aspergillus section Circumdati and section Nigri, respectively. OTA is a potent nephrotoxic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compound being cereals the first source of OTA in the diet. In this study bioactive ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) films containing cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), linalool (LIN), isoeugenol (IEG) or citral (CIT) which are major components of some plant essential oils (EOs) were produced and tested against A. steynii and A. tubingensis growth and OTA production in partly milled maize grains. Due to the favourable safety profile, these bioactive compounds are considered in the category "GRAS". The study was carried out under different water activity (0.96 and 0.99 aw), and temperature (24 and 32 °C) conditions. ANOVA showed that class of film, fungal species, aw and temperature and their interactions significantly affected growth rates (GR), ED50 and ED90 and the doses for total fungal growth inhibition and OTA production. The most effective EVOH films against both species were those containing CINHO. ED50, ED90 and doses for total growth and OTA inhibition were 165-405, 297-614, 333-666 μg of EVOH-CINHO/plate (25 g of maize grains), respectively, depending on environmental conditions. The least efficient were EVOH-LIN films. ED50, ED90 and doses for total growth and OTA inhibition were 2800->3330, >3330 and >3330 μg of EVOH-LIN/plate (25 g of maize grains), respectively. The effectiveness of the bioactive films increased with increasing doses. Overall, A. tubingensis was less sensitive to treatments than A. steynii. Depending on the species, aw and temperature affected GR and OTA production in a different way. In A. steynii cultures, optimal growth occurred at 0.96 aw and 32 °C while optimal OTA production happened at 0.99 aw and 32 °C. In A. tubingensis cultures optimal growth happened at 0.99 aw and 32 °C, although the best conditions for OTA production were 0.99 aw and 24 °C. Thus, these species can be very competitive in warm climates and storage conditions. The EVOH-CINHO films followed by EVOH-IEG and EVOH-CIT films, designed in this study and applied in vapour phase, can be potent antifungal agents against A. steynii and A. tubingensis and strong inhibitors of OTA biosynthesis in maize grains at very low doses. This is the first study on the impact that interacting environmental conditions and bioactive films containing individual components of EOs have on the growth of these ochratoxigenic fungi and on OTA production in maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tarazona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Packaging Lab, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, CSIC, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rufino Mateo-Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gimeno-Adelantado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva M Mateo
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Granados-Chinchilla F, Molina A, Chavarría G, Alfaro-Cascante M, Bogantes-Ledezma D, Murillo-Williams A. Aflatoxins occurrence through the food chain in Costa Rica: Applying the One Health approach to mycotoxin surveillance. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Castaño SM, Medina A, Magan N. Impact of storage environment on respiration, dry matter losses and fumonisin B1 contamination of stored paddy and brown rice. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different storage moisture conditions (0.90 and 0.95 water activity, aw) and temperatures (25, 30 °C) on (1) respiration rates (CO2; R), (2) dry matter loss (DML) of paddy and brown rice, (3) inoculation of both rice types with Fusarium verticillioides under these storage conditions on R, DML, and (4) effects on fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination of these rice types. There was an increase in temporal CO2 production with wetter and warmer conditions in naturally contaminated rice. Higher R and consequently, percentage (%) DML were generally observed for brown rice (up to 21%) while in paddy rice this was only up to 3.5% DML. The FB1 production in paddy rice was low and similar in all treatments regardless of aw × temperature conditions. In the dehusked brown rice there were higher levels of contamination with FB1, with a maximum at 0.95 aw and 25 °C. A significant correlation between %DMLs and FB1 contamination was obtained (R=0.7454, P<0.01). These results suggest that monitoring of CO2 may provide an early indication of fungal activity in moist rice and help in evaluating the relative risk of spoilage and potential for mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Martín Castaño
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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48
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Somsubsin S, Seebunrueng K, Boonchiangma S, Srijaranai S. A simple solvent based microextraction for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of aflatoxins in rice samples. Talanta 2017; 176:172-177. [PMID: 28917738 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a simple solvent based microextraction, namely vortex assisted low density solvent-microextraction (VALDS-ME), followed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) for the simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins (AFs) including AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in rice samples. In VALDS-ME, a mixture of low density solvents (1-octanol and toluene) was used as the extraction solvent. The extraction was rapidly achieved with the assistance of vortex agitation and phase separation was easily obtained after the addition of Na2SO4. The effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, high enrichment factors (42-132), low limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.0011-0.17μgkg-1 and good precisions (RSDs lower than 6.2%) were obtained. AFB1 and AFG1 were detected in berry rice sample at 0.26 and 2.1μgkg-1, respectively. The recoveries in AFs-spiked rice samples ranged from 70% to 104%. Moreover, the present method was comparable to the conventional immunoaffinity chromatography method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somying Somsubsin
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Seebunrueng
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Boonchiangma
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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49
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Kim S, Lee S, Nam TG, Seo D, Yoo M. Comparison of a Newly Developed Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins in Red Pepper Powder. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1347-1354. [PMID: 28708032 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to establish a method for determination of multiple mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in red pepper powder samples based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach for extraction and cleanup, with detection and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in both positive- and negative-ion modes. The developed LC-MS/MS analytical method was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to improve the reliability of our developed method. The linearity, precision, and accuracy were validated for the LC-MS/MS methods. The results obtained with the LC-MS/MS were linear, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of >0.998. The limits of detection and quantification for mycotoxins were 0.07 to 0.71 μg/kg and 0.20 to 1.81 μg/kg, respectively. Intra- and interday precision tests (expressed as the relative standard deviation) for each analyte were 1.58 to 5.97% and 0.97 to 9.01%, respectively. Average recoveries were 85.70 to 94.99%. The validation results for the ELISA were linear (R2 > 0.995), and recoveries were 77.13 to 93.93%. Both analytical methods were applied to determine the presence of mycotoxins in commercial red pepper powder samples from South Korea. Four of the total 56 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins, and 6 samples were contaminated with ochratoxin A; these results were consistent for the two methods (P > 0.05). Therefore, our developed LC-MS/MS with QuEChERS approach for determination of multiple mycotoxins may be useful for controlling the quality and safety of red pepper powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-4645 [S.K.])
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-4645 [S.K.])
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-4645 [S.K.])
| | - Dongwon Seo
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-4645 [S.K.])
| | - Miyoung Yoo
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-4645 [S.K.])
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50
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Škrbić BD, Ji Y, Živančev JR, Jovanović GG, Jie Z. Mycotoxins, trace elements, and phthalates in marketed rice of different origin and exposure assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:256-267. [PMID: 28618849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1342701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine levels of 11 mycotoxins, 10 trace elements, and 6 phthalates in rice samples from Serbian and Chinese market. Mycotoxins were not detected in any of the analysed rice samples. Results revealed similar median levels for following elements: Mn, 17.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1; Fe, 2.47 and 2.12 mg kg-1; Cu, 1.95 and 1.59 mg kg-1 in marketed samples from Serbia and China, respectively. Median concentration of Ni in Serbian marketed samples was 1.9 times higher than in Chinese ones. The median levels (µg kg-1) of phthalates ranged from 1.2 (benzylbutyl phthalate [BBP]) - 566 (di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate [DEHP]) and 1.7 (BBP) - 348 (DEHP) in Serbian and Chinese marketed samples, respectively. The results were used to assess daily exposure of Serbian and Chinese adult consumers. The calculated target hazard quotients indicated that the potential risk attributable to the analysed contaminants in rice samples should not be of concern neither for the Serbian nor the Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | - Yaqin Ji
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jelena R Živančev
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Zhao Jie
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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