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Revilla P, Alves ML, Andelković V, Balconi C, Dinis I, Mendes-Moreira P, Redaelli R, Ruiz de Galarreta JI, Vaz Patto MC, Žilić S, Malvar RA. Traditional Foods From Maize ( Zea mays L.) in Europe. Front Nutr 2022; 8:683399. [PMID: 35071287 PMCID: PMC8780548 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.683399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major crops of the world for feed, food, and industrial uses. It was originated in Central America and introduced into Europe and other continents after Columbus trips at the end of the 15th century. Due to the large adaptability of maize, farmers have originated a wide variability of genetic resources with wide diversity of adaptation, characteristics, and uses. Nowadays, in Europe, maize is mainly used for feed, but several food specialties were originated during these five centuries of maize history and became traditional food specialties. This review summarizes the state of the art of traditional foodstuffs made with maize in Southern, South-Western and South-Eastern Europe, from an historic evolution to the last research activities that focus on improving sustainability, quality and safety of food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Revilla
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mara Lisa Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Violeta Andelković
- Department of Genebank, Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carlotta Balconi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Isabel Dinis
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agrária, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Rita Redaelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Jose Ignacio Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Plant Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sladana Žilić
- Department Food Technology and Biochemistry, Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
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Roucou A, Bergez C, Méléard B, Orlando B. A Fumonisin Prevention Tool for Targeting and Ranking Agroclimatic Conditions Favoring Exposure in French Maize-Growing Areas. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:214. [PMID: 33809408 PMCID: PMC8001851 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of fumonisins (FUMO)-mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides-in maize for food and feed are subject to European Union regulations. Compliance with the regulations requires the targeting of, among others, the agroclimatic factors influencing fungal contamination and FUMO production. Arvalis-Institut du végétal has created a national, multiyear database for maize, based on field survey data collected since 2003. This database contains information about agricultural practices, climatic conditions and FUMO concentrations at harvest for 738 maize fields distributed throughout French maize-growing regions. A linear mixed model approach highlights the presence of borers and the use of a late variety, high temperatures in July and October, and a water deficit during the maize cycle as creating conditions favoring maize contamination with Fusarium verticillioides. It is thus possible to target a combination of risk factors, consisting of this climatic sequence associated with agricultural practices of interest. The effects of the various possible agroclimatic combinations can be compared, grouped and classified as promoting very low to high FUMO concentrations, possibly exceeding the regulatory threshold. These findings should facilitate the creation of a national, informative and easy-to-use prevention tool for producers and agricultural cooperatives to manage the sanitary quality of their harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Roucou
- Arvalis—Institut du Végétal, Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France; (C.B.); (B.M.); (B.O.)
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Hu WJ, Yan JX, You KH, Wei TL, Li YP, He QH. Streptococcal protein G based fluorescent universal probes and biosynthetic mimetics for Fumonisin B1 immunochromatographic assay. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Coloma Z, Oliveira M, Dilkin P, Mallmann A, Almeida C, Mallmann C. Mycotoxin occurrence in Peruvian purple maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in 82 samples of Peruvian purple maize was determined by LC-MS/MS methods. Samples were collected from local commercial establishments in Peru from December 2015 to March 2016, and from March 2017 to April 2017. Aflatoxins (AF) (64.6%) and fumonisins (FB) (63.4%) were the most common mycotoxins, with average values of 2.1 (1-17) and 2,586 (125-27,490) μg/kg, respectively. Zearalenone (ZEA) was identified in a single sample at 24.4 μg/kg. Co-occurrence of AF and FB was confirmed in 45.1% of the samples (n=37), which presented significant (P<0.05) Spearman correlation (ρ=0.59) between these mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of AF, FB and ZEA was found in one sample and ZEA was found in one sample. Ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetyldeoxinivalenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin were not detected. Water activity (Aw) of these samples exceeded 0.73; there was no correlation between Aw and the levels of mycotoxins. This is the first study to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in Peruvian purple maize, and it ascertained that this variety may pose a risk to public health. Therefore, there is a need to control this grain supply chain in order to determine the factors involved in the presence of these toxins, and to establish regulatory limits or guidelines for maximum tolerated levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.N. Coloma
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P. Dilkin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.O. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A.A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Czembor E, Waśkiewicz A, Piechota U, Puchta M, Czembor JH, Stȩpień Ł. Differences in Ear Rot Resistance and Fusarium verticillioides-Produced Fumonisin Contamination Between Polish Currently and Historically Used Maize Inbred Lines. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:449. [PMID: 30936854 PMCID: PMC6431649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poland is the fifth largest European country, in terms of maize production. Ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are significant diseases affecting yield and causing grain mycotoxin contamination. Inbred lines, which are commonly used in Polish breeding programs, belong, mostly, to two distinct genetic categories: flint and dent. However, historically used lines belonging to the heterotic Lancaster, IDT and SSS groups were also present in previous Polish breeding programs. In the current study, 98 inbred lines were evaluated across a 2-year-long experiment, after inoculation with F. verticillioides and under natural infection conditions. Lancaster, IDT, SSS and SSS/IDT groups were characterized as the most susceptible ones and flint as the more resistant. Based on the results obtained, the moderately resistant and most susceptible genotypes were defined to determine the content of fumonisins (FBs) in kernel and cob fractions using the HPLC method. Fumonisin's content was higher in the grain samples collected from inoculated plants than in cobs. The association of visible Fusarium symptoms with fumonisin concentration in grain samples was significant. Conversely, the cobs contained more FB1 under natural infection, which may be related to a pathogen's type of growth, infection time or presence of competitive species. Using ddRADseq genome sampling method it was possible to distinguish a basal relationship between moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Genetic distance between maize genotypes was high. Moderately resistant inbreed lines, which belong to IDT and IDT/SSS belong to one haplotype. Genotypes which belong to the flint, dent or Lancaster group, and were characterized as moderately resistant were classified separately as the same susceptible one. This research has demonstrated that currently grown Polish inbred lines, as well the ones used in the past are a valid source of resistance to Fusarium ear rot. A strong association was observed between visible Fusarium symptoms with fumonisin concentration in grain samples, suggesting that selection in maize for reduced visible molds should reduce the risk of mycotoxin contamination. NGS techniques provide new tools for overcoming the long selection process and increase the breeding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Czembor
- Department of Grasses, Legumes and Energy Plants, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - NRI, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | | | - Urszula Piechota
- National Centre for Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - NRI, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Marta Puchta
- National Centre for Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - NRI, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Jerzy H Czembor
- National Centre for Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - NRI, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stȩpień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Ponce-García N, Serna-Saldivar SO, Garcia-Lara S. Fumonisins and their analogues in contaminated corn and its processed foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2183-2203. [PMID: 30028638 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1502476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the food security problems faced worldwide is the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains and their foods. Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins which are prevalent in corn (Zea mays L.) and its based foods. Their intake and exposure have been epidemiologically and inconclusively associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans, and other harmful health effects in animals. The toxic effects of FBs can be acute or chronic and these metabolites bioaccumulate mainly in liver and kidney tissues. Among FBs, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most relevant moiety although the 'hidden' forms produced after food thermal processes are becoming relevant. Corn is the grain most susceptible to Fusarium and FBs contamination and the mould growth is affected both by abiotic and biotic factors during grain maturation and storage. Mould counts are mainly affected by the grain water activity, the environmental temperature during grain maturation and insect damage. The abiotic factors affected by climatic change patterns have increased their incidence in other regions of the world. Among FBs, the hidden forms are the most difficult to detect and quantify. Single or combined physical, chemical and biological methods are emerging to significantly reduce FBs in processed foods and therefore diminish their toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Ponce-García
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico.,b Faculty of Agricultural Sciences , Autonomous University of Mexico State, UAEM, Campus Universitario "El Cerrillo" , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Sergio O Serna-Saldivar
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Silverio Garcia-Lara
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
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Mycotoxins in organic and conventional cereals and cereal products grown and marketed in Croatia. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:219-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cappozzo J, Jackson L, Lee HJ, Zhou W, Al-Taher F, Zweigenbaum J, Ryu D. Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Infant Foods in the United States. J Food Prot 2017; 80:251-256. [PMID: 28218865 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a possible human carcinogen and occurs frequently in cereal grain, soy, and other agricultural commodities. Infants and young children may be more susceptible to contaminants than adults because of their lower body weight, higher metabolic rate, reduced ability to detoxify food toxicants, and more restricted diet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of OTA in infant formula and infant cereal products available in the U.S. market. In the present study, 98 powdered infant formula (milk- and soy-based) samples and 155 infant cereal (barley-, rice-, oat-, wheat-, and mixed grain-based) products were collected from different retail locations in the United States over a 2-year period. OTA levels were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Although OTA was not detected in any of the infant formula samples, 47 (30%) of 155 infant cereals were contaminated with OTA in the range of 0.6 to 22.1 ng/g. At present, there is no regulatory limit for OTA in the United States. However, all of the positive samples were above the maximum level set by the European Commission (0.5 ng/g) for OTA in baby foods. OTA was detected in all types of infant cereals, but the highest incidence and concentrations were found in oat-based infant cereals (59%), followed by mixed grain cereals (34%). Increased surveillance and monitoring of OTA levels in grains used in infant foods may be needed to reduce exposure of infants and young children to OTA from cereal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cappozzo
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Lauren Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2312
| | - Wei Zhou
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Fadwa Al-Taher
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Jerry Zweigenbaum
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, USA
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2312
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Brodal G, Hofgaard I, Eriksen G, Bernhoft A, Sundheim L. Mycotoxins in organically versus conventionally produced cereal grains and some other crops in temperate regions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents peer-reviewed studies comparing the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2+T-2 toxins, zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins in cereal grains, and patulin (PAT) in apple and apple-based products, produced in organically and conventionally grown crops in temperate regions. Some of the studies are based on data from controlled field trials, however, most are farm surveys and some are food basket surveys. Almost half of the studies focused on DON in cereals. The majority of these studies found no significant difference in DON content in grain from the two farming systems, but several studies showed lower DON content in organically than in conventionally produced cereals. A number of the investigations reported low DON levels in grain, far below the EU limits for food. Many authors suggested that weather conditions, years, locations, tillage practice and crop rotation are more important for the development of DON than the type of farming. Organically produced oats contained mainly lower levels of HT-2+T-2 toxins than conventionally produced oats. Most studies on ZEA reported no differences between farming systems, or lower concentrations in organically produced grain. For the other mycotoxins in cereals, mainly low levels and no differences between the two farming systems were reported. Some studies showed higher PAT contamination in organically than in conventionally produced apple and apple products. The difference may be due to more efficient disease control in conventional orchards. It cannot be concluded that any of the two farming systems increases the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Despite no use of fungicides, an organic system appears generally able to maintain mycotoxin contamination at low levels. More systematic comparisons from scientifically controlled field trials and surveys are needed to clarify if there are differences in the risk of mycotoxin contamination between organically and conventionally produced crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Brodal
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo 0403, Norway
| | - I.S. Hofgaard
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo 0106, Norway
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo 0403, Norway
| | - A. Bernhoft
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo 0106, Norway
| | - L. Sundheim
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo 0403, Norway
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Garcia JM, Teixeira P. Organic versus conventional food: A comparison regarding food safety. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1196490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Santiago R, Cao A, Butrón A. Genetic Factors Involved in Fumonisin Accumulation in Maize Kernels and Their Implications in Maize Agronomic Management and Breeding. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3267-96. [PMID: 26308050 PMCID: PMC4549750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of maize with fumonisins depends on the environmental conditions; the maize resistance to contamination and the interaction between both factors. Although the effect of environmental factors is a determinant for establishing the risk of kernel contamination in a region, there is sufficient genetic variability among maize to develop resistance to fumonisin contamination and to breed varieties with contamination at safe levels. In addition, ascertaining which environmental factors are the most important in a region will allow the implementation of risk monitoring programs and suitable cultural practices to reduce the impact of such environmental variables. The current paper reviews all works done to address the influence of environmental variables on fumonisin accumulation, the genetics of maize resistance to fumonisin accumulation, and the search for the biochemical and/or structural mechanisms of the maize plant that could be involved in resistance to fumonisin contamination. We also explore the outcomes of breeding programs and risk monitoring of undertaken projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Santiago
- Facultad de Biología, Dpt Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain.
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra 36143, Spain.
| | - Ana Cao
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Box 28, Pontevedra 36080, Spain.
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Box 28, Pontevedra 36080, Spain.
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