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Ji X, Xiao Y, Yang W, Wei W, Lyu W, Wang X, Yang H. Comprehensive identification and risk assessment of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in infant foods and related raw materials and risk management advice: A case study of an infant food company in China. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114304. [PMID: 38763623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated muti-mycotoxins in 199 samples including processed infant foods and raw materials collected randomly from an infant food company and assessed their role in dietary exposure in infants and young children via probabilistic risk assessment. Approximately 79.6 % (74/93) of the processed infant foods and 65.1 % (69/106) of the raw materials were contaminated by mycotoxins, with a mean occurrence level of 3.66-321.8 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were the more prevalent mycotoxins detected, based on their higher frequencies and levels across samples. Co-occurrence of more than two mycotoxins was detected in 61.3 % (57/93) of the processed infant foods and 53.8 % (57/106) of the raw materials. Wheat flour and derived products (e.g., infant noodles and infant biscuits) were contaminated with higher contamination levels and a greater variety of mycotoxins than other samples (e.g., infant cereal and rice grains). The estimated daily exposure to OTA, DON, ZEN, and TEN was lower than the corresponding reference health-based guidance values, indicating acceptable health risks. However, the estimated dietary exposure to alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) exceeded the corresponding thresholds of toxicological concern values, indicating potential dietary intake risks. Among the various samples, cereals and cereal-based infant foods emerged as the primary contributors to mycotoxin exposure. Further research is advised to address the uncertainties surrounding the toxicity associated with emerging Alternaria mycotoxins and to conduct cumulative risk assessments concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weikang Yang
- Yangzhou Fangguang Food Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225100, China
| | - Wang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Więckowska M, Szelenberger R, Niemcewicz M, Harmata P, Poplawski T, Bijak M. Ochratoxin A-The Current Knowledge Concerning Hepatotoxicity, Mode of Action and Possible Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:6617. [PMID: 37764392 PMCID: PMC10534339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered as the most toxic of the other ochratoxins synthesized by various fungal species belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. OTA commonly contaminates food and beverages, resulting in animal and human health issues. The toxicity of OTA is known to cause liver damage and is still being researched. However, current findings do not provide clear insights into the toxin mechanism of action. The current studies focusing on the use of potentially protective compounds against the effects of the toxin are insufficient as they are mainly conducted on animals. Further research is required to fill the existing gaps in both fields (namely the exact OTA molecular mechanism and the prevention of its toxicity in the human liver). This review article is a summary of the so far obtained results of studies focusing on the OTA hepatotoxicity, its mode of action, and the known approaches of liver cells protection, which may be the base for expanding other research in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Więckowska
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Rafał Szelenberger
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Piotr Harmata
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
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N'zi FAJA, Kouakou-Kouamé CA, N'guessan FK, Poss C, Teyssier C, Durand N, Montet D. Occurrence of mycotoxins and microbial communities in artisanal infant flours marketed in Côte d'Ivoire. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:128. [PMID: 36943491 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the microbial diversity and mycotoxin profile of artisanal infant flours commonly vended in public healthcare centres and retail markets in Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, maize, millet, sorghum, soya and multigrain (mix of different cereals) flour samples collected from different localities were first, analysed for nutritional composition, then for microbial communities using high-throughput sequencing and for mycotoxins through UHPLC-MS/MS method. Firmicutes was the most abundant bacterial phylum and the dominant genera were Weissella, Staphylococcus, Pediococcus. Potential pathogenic genera such as Bacillus, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter and Burkholderia were also found. The fungal community was composed of two dominant phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and 31 genera with > 0.1% relative abundance. In samples from public healthcare centres, Candida, Hyphopichia, Trichosporon, and Cyberlindnera were the most dominant genera according to the flour type while in samples from retail markets, they were Cyberlindnera, Clavispora, Nakaseomyces, Aureobasidium and Candida. Possible toxigenic genera Fusarium and Aspergillus were also detected. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Ochractoxin (OTA), Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) were the mycotoxins found in the analysed flours. AFB1 was detected in 100% of maize (range 1.2-120.5 µg/kg; mean: 44.2 µg/kg) and 50-83.3% of millet flours (range 0.2-31.5 µg/kg; mean: 31.5 µg/kg). Its level in all maize and rice flour samples exceeded EU standard (0.1 µg/kg). For OTA and fumonisins, millet and maize flours showed the highest levels of sample exceeding the EU standard. Thus, artisanal infant flours marketed in Côte d'Ivoire, mainly maize and rice flours, although containing potentially beneficial bacteria, represent potential health risks for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Anne-Julie A N'zi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Clémentine A Kouakou-Kouamé
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent K N'guessan
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments (UFR-STA), Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Charlie Poss
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Teyssier
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Hernández M, Juan-García A, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Juan C. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:535. [PMID: 34437408 PMCID: PMC8402439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, an analysis focusing on mycotoxin determination in infant breast milk and infant food has been summarised for the last fifteen years of research focused on the intended population group of 1-9 months. The objective was to know the level of exposure of the child population to an estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from the consumption of habitual foods. The EDI was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA to estimate risk. In breast milk, the high prevalence and levels were for samples from Africa (Egypt and Tanzania) with aflatoxin M1 (1.9 μg/L and 10%), and Asia (Iran) with ochratoxin-A (7.3 μg/L and 100%). In infant formulas, high incidences and values were for samples with aflatoxin M1 from Burkina Faso (167 samples, 84%, 87 μg/kg). In cereal products, the highest incidence was for DON from the United States (96 samples), and the highest value was an Italian sample (0.83 μg/kg of enniatin B). In fruit products, patulin was the most detected in Italian (78) and Spanish (24) samples. The highest risk was observed in breast milk during the first month of age, the highest EDI for aflatoxin M1 was reported for Egypt (344-595 ng/kg bw/day) and ochratoxin-A for Iran (97-167ng/kg bw/day), representing a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
| | | | | | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
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Adaku Chilaka C, Mally A. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33139646 PMCID: PMC7693847 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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Occurrence of major mycotoxins and their dietary exposure in North-Central Nigeria staples. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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Sengling Cebin Coppa CF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Alvito P, Assunção R, Martins C, Eş I, Gonçalves BL, Valganon de Neeff D, Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Khoshnamvand Z, Nazari F, Mehrasebi MR, Hosseini MJ. Occurrence and Safety Evaluation of Ochratoxin A in Cereal-based Baby Foods Collected from Iranian Retail Market. J Food Sci 2019; 84:695-700. [PMID: 30724339 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural commodities with ochratoxin A (OTA) is a worldwide concern in recent decades. Consumption of OTA-contaminated baby foods exerts health implications especially in children as the most vulnerable subpopulations. In the current study, for the first time in Iran, 64 baby foods (rice, wheat, and multigrain) samples from five different brands available in the Iranian market were analyzed to determine OTA level, using a HPLC with fluorescence detector. Overall, OTA was observed in 41% of analyzed samples with a mean and maximum level of 0.42 ± 0.27 and 1.1 μg/kg, respectively. OTA levels in five of 64 samples (7.8 %) were higher than the permissible limit recommended by European Commission (permissible limit: 0.5 μg/kg) and OTA levels in two of 64 samples (3.1%) were higher than the standard set by Iranian standard organization (1 μg/kg). The highest OTA contamination was observed in rice-based baby food cereals (1.1 μg/kg; 57% of the samples), followed by wheat-based (23%) and multigrain (20%) samples. OTA intake in infants (≥9 months old) was more than established provisional tolerable weekly intake by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (100 and 120 ng OTA per kg of body weight, respectively). OTA content in baby food and cereals, as well as other raw foodstuff should be investigated comprehensively to reduce the exposure rate of young children to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Khoshnamvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Dept. of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Nazari
- Food and Drug Administration-Iran Univ. of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mehrasebi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan Univ. of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Yacine Ware L, Durand N, Nikiema PA, Alter P, Fontana A, Montet D, Barro N. Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial infant formulas locally produced in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kolakowski B, O'Rourke SM, Bietlot HP, Kurz K, Aweryn B. Ochratoxin A Concentrations in a Variety of Grain-Based and Non-Grain-Based Foods on the Canadian Retail Market from 2009 to 2014. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2143-2159. [PMID: 28221957 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The extent of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of domestically produced foods sold across Canada was determined from 2009 to 2014 with sampling and testing occurring each fiscal year. Cereal-based, fruit-based, and soy-based food samples (n = 6,857) were analyzed. Almost half of the samples (3,200; 47%) did not contain detectable concentrations of OTA. The remaining 3,657 samples contained OTA at 0.040 to 631 ng/g. Wheat, oats, milled products of other grains (such as rye and buckwheat), and to a lesser extent corn products and their derived foods were the most significant potential sources of OTA exposure for the Canadian population. Wine, grape juice, soy products, beer, dairy-based infant formula, and licorice candy were not significant contributors to OTA consumption. Spices had the highest OTA concentrations; but because so little is ingested, these foods are not considered to be a significant source of OTA. In contrast, infant formulas and cereals can be important dietary sources of OTA. Infant cereals containing oats and infant formulas containing soy had detectable concentrations of OTA, some of which exceeded the proposed Canadian guidelines. The prevalence and concentrations of OTA in major crops (wheat, corn, and oats) varied widely across years. Because these foods were purchased at retail stores, no information was available on the OTA concentrations in the raw materials, the storage conditions before purchase of the samples, or the origin of the ingredients (may include blends of raw materials from different years and/or different geographical regions of Canada); therefore, impact of these factors could not be assessed. Overall, 2.3% of the samples exceeded the proposed Canadian OTA regulatory limits and 2.7% exceeded the current European Union (EU) OTA regulatory limits. These results are consistent with a Health Canada exposure assessment published in 2010, despite the inclusion of a wider range of products and confirm the safety of foods widely available across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kolakowski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Sarah M O'Rourke
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Henri P Bietlot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Karl Kurz
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Barbara Aweryn
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
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