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Mahmudiono T, Mazaheri Y, Sadighara P, Akbarlou Z, Hoseinvandtabar S, Fakhri Y. Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in cheese: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0069. [PMID: 37800701 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins can endanger human health, especially infants and children. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieved studies related to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Search was performed in international databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1 January 2010 to 20 February 2023. Then, the pooled concentration in the defined subgroups was calculated using meta-analysis and the health risk assessment was conducted by margin of exposure (MOEs). Thirty-one scientific papers with 34 data reports (Sample size=2,277) were included in our study. The lowest and highest prevalence of AFM1 in cheese was related to El Salvador (12.18 %) and Serbia (100.00 %). The pooled prevalence of AFM1 was 49.85 %, 95 %CI (37.93-61.78 %). The lowest and highest prevalence of OTA in cheese was related to Türkiye (6.67 %) and Italy (44.21 %). The pooled prevalence of OTA was 35.64 %, 95 %CI (17.16-56.44 %). Health risk of AFM1 revealed that except Pakistan and Iran, MOE in the other countries was lower than 10,000 for adults and also except Pakistan, MOE for other countries was lower than 10,000 for children. Health risk of OTA revealed that except Greece, MOE in the other countries was higher than 10,000 for adults and also except Germany and Greece, MOE for other countries was higher than 10,000 for children. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct control plans to reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in cheese, especially AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yeganeh Mazaheri
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Akbarlou
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Farkas Z, Kerekes K, Ambrus Á, Süth M, Peles F, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I, Nagy A, Sipos P, Miklós G, Lőrincz A, Csorba S, Jóźwiak ÁB. Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1000688. [PMID: 36118212 PMCID: PMC9478333 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination can appear in various points of the food chain. If animals are fed with contaminated feed, AFB1 is transformed-among others-to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) metabolite. AFM1 is less toxic than AFB1, but it is still genotoxic and carcinogenic and it is present in raw and processed milk and all kinds of milk products. In this article, the chronic exposure estimation and risk characterization of Hungarian consumers are presented, based on the AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products, and calculated with a probabilistic method, the two-dimensional Monte-Carlo model. The calculations were performed using the R plugin (mc2d package) integrated into the KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner) software. The simulations were performed using data from the 2018-2020 food consumption survey. The AFM1 analytical data were derived from the Hungarian monitoring survey and 1,985 milk samples were analyzed within the framework of the joint project of the University of Debrecen and the National Food Chain Safety Office of Hungary (NÉBIH). Limited AFM1 concentrations were available for processed dairy products; therefore, a database of AFM1 processing factors for sour milk products and various cheeses was produced based on the latest literature data, and consumer exposure was calculated with the milk equivalent of the consumed quantities of these products. For risk characterization, the calculation of hazard index (HI), Margin of Exposure, and the hepatocellular carcinoma incidence were used. The results indicate that the group of toddlers that consume a large amount of milk and milk products are exposed to a certain level of health risk. The mean estimated daily intake of toddlers is in the range of 0.008-0.221 ng kg-1 bw day-1; the 97.5th percentile exposure of toddlers is between 0.013 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 0.379 ng kg-1 bw day-1, resulting in a HI above 1. According to our study, the exposure of older age groups does not pose an emergent health risk. Nevertheless, the presence of carcinogenic compounds should be kept to a minimum in the whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ambrus
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Süth
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen. Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Miklós
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Anna Lőrincz
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilveszter Csorba
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Vaz A, Mendonça Á, Rodrigues P, Venâncio A. Distribution of aflatoxin M1 during production of sheep and goat cheeses. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vaz
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
| | - Álvaro Mendonça
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia Bragança Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia Bragança Portugal
| | - Armando Venâncio
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi M, Kazemi A, Rahmdel S, Nouri M, Rastegar A, Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A. Aflatoxin‐M1 contamination in cheese of six countries in the West Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Nutritional Health Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ayoob Rastegar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran
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Abdullah Murshed SA, Rizwan M, Akbar F, Zaman N, Suleman M, Shujait Ali S. Analysis of the Aflatoxin M1 contamination in traditional and commercial cheeses consumed in Yemen. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Ahmad Abdullah Murshed
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Peshawar KP Pakistan
- Yemen Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control Organization Yemen
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Fazal Akbar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Nasib Zaman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Swat KP Pakistan
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Impacts of unit operation of cheese manufacturing on the aflatoxin M1 level: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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A Study of the Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Supply Chain over a Seven-Year Period (2014-2020): Human Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization in the Population of Central Italy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071529. [PMID: 34359399 PMCID: PMC8304948 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin food contamination represents a rising global issue that will continue to increase due to climate change. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is of high concern for the whole dairy industry. In light of AFM1′s harmful potential, a human health exposure assessment and risk characterization were performed for all age populations of central Italy with regard to milk and cheese consumption by means of the margin of exposure (MOE). In total, 16,934 cow and ewe’s milk samples were collected from 2014 to 2020 and analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening method, confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The average concentration of AFM1 in cow’s milk ranged from 0.009 to 0.015 µg/kg, while in ewe’s milk, the average concentration ranged from 0.009 to 0.013 µg/kg. The average amount of AFM1 exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00195 g/kg bw/day, with the main contributor represented by drinking milk, followed by the consumption of soft cheeses. A high level of public health concern related to the youngest consumers has arisen from risk characterizations highlighting the need for constant monitoring of AFM1′s occurrence in milk by inspection authorities, alongside regular updates with regard to exposure assessments.
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The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 among different types of cheeses: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Jakšić S, Živkov Baloš M, Popov N, Torović L, Krstović S. Optimisation, validation and comparison of methods for aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jakšić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Novi SadSerbia
| | | | - Nenad Popov
- Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Novi SadSerbia
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi SadSerbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina Novi SadSerbia
| | - Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
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Dietary Supplementation with Olive Mill Wastewater in Dairy Sheep: Evaluation of Cheese Characteristics and Presence of Bioactive Molecules. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111941. [PMID: 33105801 PMCID: PMC7690602 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Using polyphenols from olive oil waste as feed supplements in animal diets can be a strategy to reduce adverse environmental effects of this by-product and to enhance the quality of products of animal origin. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of adding a polyphenolic concentrate from olive oil wastewater to a typical sheep diet on the nutraceutical and quality characteristics of cheese. The experiment was carried out on thirty-six Sarda ewes, divided into two homogenous groups fed a standard diet composed of hay and concentrate. In one of the two diets, the concentrate was supplemented (25 g/kg) with polyphenols obtained from olive mill wastewater using a special filtration system. Data showed that the polyphenol supplementation in the ewe’s diet resulted in the presence of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol sulphate metabolites in milk and cheese. Furthermore, these compounds were able to provide a direct antioxidant effect on cheese with no modification in its chemical composition. Abstract The aim of the study was to define the chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, oxidative status, sensory properties, and the presence of polyphenols in ovine cheese obtained after dietary administration of spray-dried olive mill wastewater (SDP). SDP is a waste from olive oil production rich in bioactive molecules obtained by further processing the olive mill wastewater through a spray-drying system. Thirty-six sheep were randomly assigned to two experimental groups that received a standard diet based on hay and concentrate. The concentrate fed to the SDP group was supplemented with SDP at a rate 25 g/kg (as fed). The trial lasted 9 weeks. Milk from the two treatment groups was separately collected and used for manufacturing cheese. Cheese quality parameters and proximate composition were not affected by the dietary treatment, whereas the antioxidant status and oxidative stability of cheese were positively affected. Polyphenol analyses in cheese were performed through liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentration of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, and their sulphate metabolites, were higher in cheese from supplemented sheep. These findings suggest that polyphenol metabolites can play a major role in the beneficial effects observed in food produced from sheep fed SDP.
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Pecorelli I, Branciari R, Roila R, Ranucci D, Bibi R, van Asselt M, Valiani A. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M 1 enrichment factor in different cow milk cheese hardness category. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8419. [PMID: 32300565 PMCID: PMC7154595 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxic derivative of aflatoxin B1 excreted into milk after ingestion of feed contaminated by Aspergillus genus fungi. Because of the important role of dairy products, especially cow cheese, in the human diet, there is great concern about the presence of AFM1 in this food category. EC Regulation No. 1881/2006 establishes the importance of the enrichment factor (EF), an essential parameter that must be defined in order to evaluate the maximum level of the toxin in cheese aiming to ensure that cheese has been produced from compliant milk. The Italian Ministry of Health has established two provisional AFM1 EFs (5.5 and 3.0) to be applied to as many cheese categories (hard and soft), defined according to the moisture content on a fat free basis (MFFB) classification. Two experimental productions of Primosale and Fior di Latte cheese, both belonging to the soft cheese category, showed an EF of 4.1 and 2.9 respectively. Data in literature also suggest that the EF attribution based on the current categorization may need reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pecorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Bibi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariska van Asselt
- Department of Applied Research, Aeres University of Applied Sciences Dronten, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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Jouyban A, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. In matrix formation of deep eutectic solvent used in liquid phase extraction coupled with solidification of organic droplets dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; application in determination of some pesticides in milk samples. Talanta 2020; 206:120169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pecorelli I, Branciari R, Roila R, Bibi R, Ranucci D, Onofri A, Valiani A. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M 1 Enrichment Factor in Semihard Cow's Milk Cheese and Correlation with Cheese Yield. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1176-1182. [PMID: 31233360 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS The aflatoxin M1 content in milk was not related to the enrichment factor. The enrichment factor in 45-day ripened semihard cheese was defined. The enrichment factor in cheese is affected by cheese yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pecorelli
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati," Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - R Branciari
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-9016 [R. Branciari])
| | - R Roila
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-9016 [R. Branciari])
| | - R Bibi
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati," Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - D Ranucci
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-9016 [R. Branciari])
| | - A Onofri
- 3 Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Valiani
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati," Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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