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Degani O, Ayoub A, Dimant E, Gordani A. Antagonistic interactions between maize seeds microbiome species and the late wilt disease agent, Magnaporthiopsis maydis. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1436759. [PMID: 39170729 PMCID: PMC11337106 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1436759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Magnaporthiopsis maydis is a maize pathogen that causes severe damage to commercial corn fields in the late growth stages. Late wilt disease (LWD) has spread since its discovery in the 1960s in Egypt and is now reported in about 10 countries. The pathogen has a hidden endophytic lifecycle in resistant corn plants and secondary hosts such as green foxtail, watermelon lupin and cotton. At the same time, it could be an opportunist and hinder the host development under the right conditions. This study uncovered M. maydis interactions with newly identified maize endophytes. To this end, six fungi were isolated from the seeds of three sweet corn cultivars having varying susceptibility to LWD. These isolates were identified using colony morphology and microscopic characterization, universal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular targeting and phylogenetic analysis. Most of them belonged to pathogenic species. Compared to three previously identified bioprotective microorganisms, the new species were tested for their ability to secrete metabolites that repress M. maydis in vitro and to antagonize it in a solid media confront test and a seedlings pathogenicity assay. The opportunistic fungal species Aspergillus flavus (ME1), Aspergillus terreus (PE3) and the reference biocontrol bacteria Bacillus subtilis (R2) achieved the highest M. maydis inhibition degree in the plates tests (74-100% inhibition). The seedlings' pathogenicity assay that predicts the seeds' microflora resistance to M. maydis highlighted the bio-shielding potential of most species (23% or more epicotyl elongation over the infected control). Fusarium sp. (ME2) was the leading species in this measure (43% enhancement), and B. subtilis gave the best protection in terms of seeds' germination (50%) and sprouts' biomass (34%). The results of this study could enhance our understanding of the pathobiome's role in the context of LWD and represent a first step in using the seeds' natural protective microflora to develop novel management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Degani
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Plant Sciences Department, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Aseel Ayoub
- Faculty of Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Elhanan Dimant
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Plant Sciences Department, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Asaf Gordani
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Plant Sciences Department, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai, Israel
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Zhen H, Hu Y, Xiong K, Li M, Jin W. The occurrence and biological control of zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39102376 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2385713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone, a prominent mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., ubiquitously contaminates cereal grains and animal feedstuffs. The thermal stability of zearalenone creates serious obstacles for traditional removal methods, which may introduce new safety issues, or reducing nutritional quality. In contrast, biological technologies provide appealing benefits such as easy to apply and effective, with low toxicity byproducts. Thus, this review aims to describe the occurrence of zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs in the recent 5 years, outline the rules and regulations regarding zearalenone in the major countries, and discuss the recent developments of biological methods for controlling zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs. In addition, this article also reviews the application and the development trend of biological strategies for removal zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Zhen
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Hu
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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Carbas B, Barros S, Freitas A, Silva AS, Brites C. Comparative Analysis of Maize Physico-Chemical Parameters and Mycotoxin Levels in Dual Environments. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:275. [PMID: 38922169 PMCID: PMC11209266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) stands as a vital staple food globally, holding significant nutritional and economic value. However, its susceptibility to mycotoxin contamination under stressful environmental conditions poses a considerable concern. This study aimed to assess the quality and pasting characteristics of maize varieties across two distinct regions and examine the occurrence of mycotoxins influenced by climatic factors. Five maize varieties were cultivated in triplicate in the Golegã and Coruche regions. The nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch, and lutein), pasting properties, and mycotoxin levels were evaluated. A statistical analysis revealed notable differences in the nutritional profiles of the maize varieties between the two regions, particularly in the protein and lutein content. The peak viscosity ranged from 6430 to 8599 cP and from 4548 to 8178 cP in the maize varieties from the Coruche and Golegã regions, respectively. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the climatic conditions and the grain nutritional quality components (p < 0.05). The M variety showed the highest ash content, protein content, final viscosity, and setback viscosity and the lowest peak viscosity. The Y variety revealed the lowest fat, fiber, and lutein content and the maximum peak viscosity. The incidence of mycotoxins was notably higher in the varieties from Coruche, which was potentially attributable to higher temperatures and lower precipitation levels leading to more frequent drought conditions. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 58% of the varieties from Coruche and 33% of the samples from Golegã, while deoxynivalenol was found in 87% and 80% of the varieties from Coruche and Golegã, respectively. The H variety, which was harvested in Coruche, exhibited the highest number of fumonisins and higher amounts of protein, lutein, and fat, while fumonisins were not detected in the Golegã region, which was potentially influenced by the precipitation levels. The K variety revealed higher protein and lutein contents, a lower amount of fat, excellent pasting properties (a higher peak viscosity and holding strength and a lower peak time), and no fumonisins B1 or B2. This variety may be considered well adapted to higher temperatures and drier conditions, as verified in the Coruche region. In conclusion, our study underscored the profound impact of environmental factors on the quality and occurrence of mycotoxins in maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Gomes AL, Petrus RR, de Sousa RLM, Fernandes AM. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn: a comprehensive review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:575-586. [PMID: 38530071 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2330092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This review analyzes the occurrence and co-exposure of aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn, and compares the vulnerability to contamination of both. The risks of fungal contamination in corn are real, mainly by the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium, producers of aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively. Aflatoxins, especially AFB1, are related to a high incidence of liver cancer, and the International Agency Research of Cancer (IARC) classified them in group 1A 'carcinogenic to humans'. The occurrence in conventional corn is reported in many countries, including at higher levels than those established by legislation. IARC classified fumonisins in group 2B 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' due to their link with incidence of esophageal cancer. However, comparing corn and organic and conventional by-products from different regions, different results are observed. The co-occurrence of both mycotoxins is a worldwide problem; nevertheless, there is little data on the comparison of the co-exposure of these mycotoxins in corn and derivatives between both systems. It was found that the agricultural system is not a decisive factor in the final contamination, indicating the necessity of effective strategies to reduce contamination and co-exposure at levels that do not pose health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gomes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Petrus
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L M de Sousa
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Andrezza M Fernandes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
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Mesterhazy A. Food Safety Aspects of Breeding Maize to Multi-Resistance against the Major (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus) and Minor Toxigenic Fungi ( Fusarium spp.) as Well as to Toxin Accumulation, Trends, and Solutions-A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:40. [PMID: 38248949 PMCID: PMC10817526 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize is the crop which is most commonly exposed to toxigenic fungi that produce many toxins that are harmful to humans and animals alike. Preharvest grain yield loss, preharvest toxin contamination (at harvest), and storage loss are estimated to be between 220 and 265 million metric tons. In the past ten years, the preharvest mycotoxin damage was stable or increased mainly in aflatoxin and fumonisins. The presence of multiple toxins is characteristic. The few breeding programs concentrate on one of the three main toxigenic fungi. About 90% of the experiments except AFB1 rarely test toxin contamination. As disease resistance and resistance to toxin contamination often differ in regard to F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and A. flavus and their toxins, it is not possible to make a food safety evaluation according to symptom severity alone. The inheritance of the resistance is polygenic, often mixed with epistatic and additive effects, but only a minor part of their phenotypic variation can be explained. All tests are made by a single inoculum (pure isolate or mixture). Genotype ranking differs between isolates and according to aggressiveness level; therefore, the reliability of such resistance data is often problematic. Silk channel inoculation often causes lower ear rot severity than we find in kernel resistance tests. These explain the slow progress and raise skepticism towards resistance breeding. On the other hand, during genetic research, several effective putative resistance genes were identified, and some overlapped with known QTLs. QTLs were identified as securing specific or general resistance to different toxicogenic species. Hybrids were identified with good disease and toxin resistance to the three toxigenic species. Resistance and toxin differences were often tenfold or higher, allowing for the introduction of the resistance and resistance to toxin accumulation tests in the variety testing and the evaluation of the food safety risks of the hybrids within 2-3 years. Beyond this, resistance breeding programs and genetic investigations (QTL-analyses, GWAM tests, etc.) can be improved. All other research may use it with success, where artificial inoculation is necessary. The multi-toxin data reveal more toxins than we can treat now. Their control is not solved. As limits for nonregulated toxins can be introduced, or the existing regulations can be made to be stricter, the research should start. We should mention that a higher resistance to F. verticillioides and A. flavus can be very useful to balance the detrimental effect of hotter and dryer seasons on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. This is a new aspect to secure food and feed safety under otherwise damaging climatic conditions. The more resistant hybrids are to the three main agents, the more likely we are to reduce the toxin losses mentioned by about 50% or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Mesterhazy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsokikotosor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Aytekin Sahin G, Aykemat Y, Yildiz AT, Dishan A, Inanc N, Gonulalan Z. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels, dietary exposure and cancer risk assessment in dried fruits in Türkiye. Toxicon 2024; 237:107540. [PMID: 38042309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure total aflatoxin (AF) (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in dried fruit samples and to evaluate the potential dietary exposure and cancer risk to these mycotoxins in Kayseri/Türkiye. Dried fruit samples were collected between April-May 2021. A total of 11 dried grapes and apricot samples, 7 dried fig and plum samples were collected. Total aflatoxins and OTA in dried fruits were determined by ELISA method. Then, the margin of exposure (MOE) and cancer risk were calculated. Total AF was detected in dried fruit samples between 42.86%, and 100%. Between 18.18% and 57.14% of samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) limits for total AF. Moreover, OTA was detected in all samples. Between 71.43% and 100% of samples exceeded the EC limits for OTA. Cancer risk due to OTA exposure was higher than total AF and it was determined that OTA exposure could pose a risk for public health (MOE < 10,000). Although mycotoxin exposure seems to be low due to the low consumption of dried fruit in Türkiye, the risk of exposure and cancer may increase because of complying with the recommendations of the dietary guidelines. The findings provide new insights into exposure to total AF and OTA through the consumption of dried fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aytekin Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Aykemat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tugba Yildiz
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Neriman Inanc
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Shi H, Li J, Zhao Y, Mao J, Wang H, Zhu J. Effect of Aspergillus flavus contamination on the fungal community succession, mycotoxin production and storage quality of maize kernels at various temperatures. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113662. [PMID: 37981378 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus, a notorious saprobe and opportunistic plant pathogen, alters mycotoxin contamination and biochemical components in maize kernels during processing and storage, thereby reducing the possibilities of maize end use and compromising food safety. This study explored changes in mycotoxin production, fungal community succession and biochemical components in maize kernels stored at 20, 25 and 30 °C, exposed to A. flavus. Results showed that aflatoxin B1 concentration increased over time, reaching 4.88 μg/kg at 20 °C, 167.23 μg/kg at 25 °C and 349.64 μg/kg at 30 °C after 15 days of storage, whereas the zearalenone production was characterized by an increase followed by a decrease. Correspondingly, the number of molds gradually increased and reached a stable stage after 10 days. High-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) revealed that Eurotium dominated the fungal communities, with A. flavus reaching maximum abundance in maize kernels stored at 30 °C for 15 days. Correlation analysis indicated that the relative abundance of A. flavus was significantly negatively correlated with the content of zein and moisture (P < 0.05). Moreover, the wet milling process of maize effectively eliminated the concentration of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone from the starch. Pasting temperature and setback value of starch decreased while peak viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown value increased with storage. These findings indicate that interactions between the epiphytic fungal community and A. flavus at elevated storage temperatures aggravate both maize quality deterioration and mycotoxin contamination. Furthermore, they have a discernible impact on the pasting properties of starch. This insight informs strategies to control fungal infections during maize processing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Shi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junli Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Raw Milk: What Is the Human Risk? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:605. [PMID: 37888636 PMCID: PMC10610745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards whose contamination occurs at the pre- and post-harvest stages of the maize value chain, with animal exposure through contaminated feed leading to their excretion into milk. Currently, only aflatoxin M1 is regulated in milk products. Since feed materials and complete feed present a multi-mycotoxin composition and are the main mycotoxin source into milk, it is important to recognize the occurrence of multiple toxins and their co-occurrence in this highly consumed food product. The aim of this study was to determine the content of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in milk samples, which allowed for evaluating the occurrence and co-occurrence patterns of different mycotoxins known to contaminate feed materials and complete animal feed. Human exposure considering the occurrence patterns obtained was also estimated. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, and emerging mycotoxins were among the mycotoxins found to be present in the 100 samples analyzed. Concentrations ranged from 0.006 to 16.3 μg L-1, with no sample exceeding the AFM1 maximum level. Though several mycotoxins were detected, no exceeding values were observed considering the TDI or PMTDI. It can be concluded that the observed exposure does not pose a health risk to milk consumers, though it is important to recognize vulnerable age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Yilmaz Eker F, Muratoglu K, Ozturk M, Cetin B, Buyukunal SK. Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets. Foods 2023; 12:2744. [PMID: 37509836 PMCID: PMC10380067 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, citrinin (CIT), HT-2, and T-2 toxins. Breakfast cereals (n:27), cornmeal (n:41), extruded maize (n:32), and oatmeal (n:40) purchased from these alternative shopping areas created to meet the food needs of low-income people in the suburbs formed the sample set of the study. These foods, which are sold in areas that are out of legal control and greatly affected by external environmental conditions, are more open to health risks. Mycotoxins, chemicals of a biological origin, are some of the most important of these risks. In terms of public health, it is important to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in foods, which can cause acute and chronic diseases such as immunosuppression, genotoxic, estrogenic, teratogenic effect, cancer, and liver and kidney dysfunctions. Grain-based foods are often contaminated with a large number of mycotoxins, but legal regulations have not been prepared that consider the health risks associated with the co-existence of mycotoxins. Many of the studies have focused on the presence of a single mycotoxin and the risks it poses. As a result, aflatoxin B1 levels in 28.57% of the samples and total aflatoxin (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) levels in 26.43% of the samples were determined to exceed the limits defined in the "Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation". Citrinin could not be detected in any of the samples. The rate of mycotoxin occurrences above the limit of detection (LOD) in grain-based food samples ranged from 22.86% to 99.29%. Total aflatoxin (TAF) + Total Fumonisin (FUM) were found in 83.57% of the samples; TAF + FUM + OTA in 82.14%; TAF + FUM + OTA + T-2 in 44.29%; TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + HT-2, TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + T-2, and TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + ZEN in 22.86% of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Yilmaz Eker
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
| | - Karlo Muratoglu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
| | - Muhsin Ozturk
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, İstanbul Esenyurt University, Esenyurt, İstanbul 34510, Türkiye
| | - Bayram Cetin
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli 39000, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Kemal Buyukunal
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
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12
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Chang J, Luo H, Li L, Zhang J, Harvey J, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Liu Y. Mycotoxin risk management in maize gluten meal. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7687-7706. [PMID: 36995226 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2190412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Maize gluten meal (MGM) is a by-product of maize starch and ethanol, produced by the wet milling process. Its high protein content makes it a preferred ingredient in feed. Given the high prevalence of mycotoxins in maize globally, they pose a significant challenge to use of MGM for feed: wet milling could concentrate certain mycotoxins in gluten components, and mycotoxin consumption affects animal health and can contaminate animal-source foods. To help confront this issue, this paper summarizes mycotoxin occurrence in maize, distribution during MGM production and mycotoxin risk management strategies for MGM through a comprehensive literature review. Available data emphasize the importance of mycotoxin control in MGM and the necessity of a systematic control approach, which includes: good agriculture practices (GAP) in the context of climate change, degradation of mycotoxin during MGM processing with SO2 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the prospect of removing or detoxifying mycotoxins using emerging technologies. In the absence of mycotoxin contamination, MGM represents a safe and economically critical component of global animal feed. With a holistic risk assessment-based, seed-to-MGM-feed systematic approach to reducing and decontaminating mycotoxins in maize, costs and negative health impacts associated with MGM use in feed can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Junnan Zhang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Jagger Harvey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Mars Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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13
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Kortei NK, Oman Ayiku P, Nsor-Atindana J, Owusu Ansah L, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Kyei-Baffour V, Kottoh ID, Odamtten GT. Toxicogenic fungal profile, Ochratoxin A exposure and cancer risk characterization through maize (Zea mays) consumed by different age populations in the Volta region of Ghana. Toxicon 2023; 226:107085. [PMID: 36921906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop for the majority of Ghanaians. Maize is mostly contaminated by fungal species and particularly mycotoxins. This work aimed to identify and quantify the incidence of fungal infection and exposure to Ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as the health risk characterization in different age populations due to maize consumption in the Volta region. Maize samples were plated on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar, and Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract (OGYE) agar. All media were prepared in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. The plates were incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 5-7 days. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used to analyze the ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in maize. Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). The maize samples collected from the Volta region contained fungal population between the range of 3.08-4.58 log10 CFU/g. Eight (8) genera were recorded belonging to Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces, Mucor, Rhodotorula and Rhizopus. The species diversity includes A. flavus, A. niger, T. harzianum, P. verrucosum, F. oxysporum, Yeast, F. verticillioides, Rhodotorulla sp, A. fumigatus, R. stolonifer, M. racemosus species. Additionally, the ochratoxins level contained in the samples were very noteworthy and ranged from 1.22 to 28.17 μg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of OTA produced outcomes also ranged between 2.15 and 524.54 ng/kg bw/day, 0.03-8.31, 0.0323, and 0.07-16.94 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. There was very high mycoflora load on the maize sampled from the Volta region, likewise the range of mycotoxins present in the maize grains, suggesting the potential to pose some adverse health effects with the populace of the Volta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Peter Oman Ayiku
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - John Nsor-Atindana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Leslie Owusu Ansah
- Department of Food Laboratory, Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box CT 2783, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Delali Kottoh
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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14
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Mora-Medina R, Lora-Benítez AJ, Molina-López AM, Ayala-Soldado N, Moyano-Salvago R. Effects of chronic low-dose aflatoxin B 1 exposure in lactating Florida dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3641-3649. [PMID: 36907759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years there has been a growing trend in the prevalence of aflatoxins, attributable to climate change, in substances destined for animal feeding, together with an increase in dairy product consumption. These facts have triggered great concern in the scientific community over milk pollution by aflatoxin M1. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the transfer of aflatoxin B1 from the diet into milk as AFM1 in goats exposed to different concentrations of AFB1, and its possible effect on the production and serological parameters of this species. For this purpose, 18 goats in late lactation were divided into 3 groups (n = 6) and exposed to different daily doses of aflatoxin B1 (T1 = 120 µg; T2 = 60 µg, and control = 0 µg), during 31 d. Pure aflatoxin B1 was administered 6 h before each milking in an artificially contaminated pellet. The milk samples were taken individually in sequential samples. Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily, and a blood sample was extracted on the last day of exposure. No aflatoxin M1 was detected, either in the samples taken before the first administration, or in the control group ones. The aflatoxin M1 concentration detected in the milk (T1 = 0.075 µg/kg; T2 = 0.035 µg/kg) increased significantly on a par with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested did not have any influence on aflatoxin M1 carryover (T1 = 0.066% and T2 = 0.060%), these being considerably lower than those described in dairy goats. Thus, we concluded that the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk follows a linear relationship with respect to the aflatoxin B1 ingested, and that the aflatoxin M1 carryover was not affected by the administration of different aflatoxin B1 doses. Similarly, no significant changes in the production parameters after chronic exposure to aflatoxin B1 were observed, revealing a certain resistance of the goat to the possible effects of that aflatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mora-Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lora-Benítez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana María Molina-López
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Nahúm Ayala-Soldado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rosario Moyano-Salvago
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Exploring the impact of lactic acid bacteria on the biocontrol of toxigenic Fusarium spp. and their main mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110054. [PMID: 36525768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods is a serious global problem. Most of the regulated mycotoxins in food are produced by Fusarium spp. This work aimed to assess the antifungal activity of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains against the main toxigenic Fusarium spp. isolated from cereals. Various machine learning (ML) algorithms such as neural networks (NN), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosted trees (XGBoost), and multiple linear regression (MLR), were applied to develop models able to predict the percentage of fungal growth inhibition caused by the LAB strains tested. In addition, the ability of the assayed LAB strains to reduce/inhibit the production of the main mycotoxins associated with these fungi was studied by UPLC-MS/MS. All assays were performed at 20, 25, and 30 °C in dual culture (LAB plus fungus) on MRS agar-cereal-based media. All factors and their interactions very significantly influenced the percentage of growth inhibition compared to controls. The efficacy of LAB strains was higher at 20 °C followed by 30 °C and 25 °C. Overall, the order of susceptibility of the fungi to LAB was F. oxysporum > F. poae = F. culmorum ≥ F. sporotrichioides > F. langsethiae > F. graminearum > F. subglutinans > F. verticillioides. In general, the most effective LAB was Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides (T3Y6b), and the least effective were Latilactobacillus sakei ssp. carnosus (T3MM1 and T3Y2). XGBoost and RF were the algorithms that produced the most accurate predicting models of fungal growth inhibition. Mycotoxin levels were usually lower when fungal growth decreased. In the cultures of F. langsethiae treated with LAB, T-2 and HT-2 toxins were not detected except in the treatments with Pediococcus pentosaceus (M9MM5b, S11sMM1, and S1M4). These three strains of P. pentosaceus, L. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides (T3Y6b) and L. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3) inhibited fumonisin production in cultures of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. In F. culmorum cultures, zearalenone production was inhibited by all LAB strains, except L. sakei ssp. carnosus (T3MM1) and Companilactobacillus farciminis (T3Y6c), whereas deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol were only detected in cultures of L. sakei ssp. carnosus (T3MM1). The results show that an appropriate selection and use of LAB strains can be one of the most impacting tools in the control of toxigenic Fusarium spp. and their mycotoxins in food and therefore one of the most promising strategies in terms of efficiency, positive impact on the environment, food safety, food security, and international economy.
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16
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An NN, Shang N, Zhao X, Tie XY, Guo WB, Li D, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Occurrence, Regulation, and Emerging Detoxification Techniques of Aflatoxins in Maize: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-nan An
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Shang
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-yu Tie
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-bo Guo
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Mateo EM, Tarazona A, Jiménez M, Mateo F. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Agents for Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic and Ochratoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:807. [PMID: 36422981 PMCID: PMC9699002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites that have carcinogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects in humans and animals. The increased consumption of plant-based foods and environmental conditions associated with climate change have intensified the risk of mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the abilities of eleven selected LAB strains to reduce/inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus steynii, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Penicillium verrucosum and AF and OTA production under different temperature regiments. Data were treated by ANOVA, and machine learning (ML) models able to predict the growth inhibition percentage were built, and their performance was compared. All factors LAB strain, fungal species, and temperature significantly affected fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The fungal growth inhibition range was 0-100%. Overall, the most sensitive fungi to LAB treatments were P. verrucosum and A. steynii, while the least sensitive were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. The LAB strains with the highest antifungal activity were Pediococcus pentosaceus (strains S11sMM and M9MM5b). The reduction range for AF was 19.0% (aflatoxin B1)-60.8% (aflatoxin B2) and for OTA, 7.3-100%, depending on the bacterial and fungal strains and temperatures. The LAB strains with the highest anti-AF activity were the three strains of P. pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3), and those with the highest anti-OTA activity were Leuconostoc paracasei ssp. paracasei (3T3R1) and L. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3). The best ML methods in predicting fungal growth inhibition were multilayer perceptron neural networks, followed by random forest. Due to anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxin capacity, the LABs strains used in this study could be good candidates as biocontrol agents against aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungi and AFL and OTA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva María Mateo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Tarazona
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Mateo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, ETSE, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Guo D, Huang Q, Zhao R, Guo W, Fan K, Han Z, Zhao Z, Nie D. MIL-101(Cr)@Fe3O4 nanocomposites as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in agricultural products by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize-A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.-mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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20
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Cheng S, Feng X, Liu G, Zhao N, Liu J, Zhang Z, Yang N, Zhou L, Pang M, Tang B, Dong J, Zhao B, Liu Y. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Maize in North China. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080521. [PMID: 36006182 PMCID: PMC9414867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins seriously threaten the quality of maize seriously around the world. A total of 426 samples of maize kernel from northeast and northwest China were analyzed in this study. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) was performed to analyze the mycotoxin contamination of maize samples. The results showed that it was contaminated by mycotoxins in maize. The average contamination levels of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 were 937, 431, 22, 27, 2 and 12 μg/kg, respectively. Concentration of mycotoxins in some samples exceeded their limit, but most were still at safe levels. The contamination level of FBs and DON were most significative. The proportion of mycotoxins exceeding the maximum limit standard was in the following order: 8.0%, 8.0%, 7.0%, 1.6%, 1.4% and 0.0%. The contamination of mycotoxins in maize varies from region to region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingao Dong
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-312-752-8166 (J.D.); +86-312-752-8567 (B.Z.); +86-312-752-8173 (Y.L.)
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21
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Determination of Fumonisins in Grains and Poultry Feedstuffs in Croatia: A 16-Year Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070444. [PMID: 35878182 PMCID: PMC9318733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of closely related mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus species. Their occurrence is correlated with various factors during growth, processing and storage. Fumonisins occurrence data in the literature mainly include the B group of fumonisins (FB1 & FB2) in raw materials, showing high frequency of positive samples in a wide range of concentrations. In this study, a total of 933 grains (63.7%) and poultry feed (36.3%) samples, collected in the 16-year period (2006–2021), were analysed with commercial enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay for detection of three fumonisins (FB1, FB2 & FB3). All positive and suspect samples were confirmed with high-performance-liquid-chromatography method with fluorescence detection. Overall, we have determined high occurrence of FBs in grains and poultry feed in all tested years, while the lowest occurrence was determined in 2019, followed by 2009 and 2008. Although, contamination levels varied from year-to-year, majority of analyzed samples in all tested years were around 1 mg/kg, while the maximum values varied from 3 mg/kg to 22.23 mg/kg. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of raw materials and understanding of the fate of FBs in the food chain in order to avoid undesirable health effects in animals and accompanied economic losses.
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Narváez A, Castaldo L, Izzo L, Pallarés N, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A. Deoxynivalenol contamination in cereal-based foodstuffs from Spain: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach for exposure assessment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gómez-Salazar JA, Ruiz-Hernández K, Martínez-Miranda MM, Castro-Ríos K. Postharvest strategies for decontamination of aflatoxins in cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hernández
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Grupo de Cromatografía Y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación En Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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Pack ED, Weiland S, Musser R, Schmale DG. Survey of zearalenone and type-B trichothecene mycotoxins in swine feed in the USA. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:297-313. [PMID: 34537950 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New information is needed regarding the types and concentrations of mycotoxins in swine feed. We hypothesized that (1) the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) vary among swine ingredient and feed types, and (2) the inclusion of specific ingredients is associated with mycotoxin contamination in complete feed. A total of 707 samples were collected from cooperators in 14 states between June 2018 and January 2020 then analyzed for DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV, and ZEN contamination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-four percent (663/707) of samples contained DON, 33% (230/707) of samples contained 3-AcDON, 57% (404/707) of samples contained 15-AcDON, 1% (6/707) of samples contained NIV, and 47% (335/707) of samples contained ZEN. Seventy-three percent (514/707) of samples contained multiple mycotoxins. Resulting DON concentrations were below the national advisory limits for all sample types, and no advisory limits are imposed for the other mycotoxins studied. Increased incorporation of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was associated with increased DON in complete feed (R2 = 0.82).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Pack
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Leite M, Freitas A, Silva AS, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Maize food chain and mycotoxins: A review on occurrence studies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Le LHT, Tran-Lam TT, Nguyen HQ, Quan TC, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen DT, Dao YH. A study on multi-mycotoxin contamination of commercial cashew nuts in Vietnam. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Methods to Predict Growth of F. sporotrichioides and Production of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Treatments with Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Films Containing Pure Components of Essential Oils. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080545. [PMID: 34437416 PMCID: PMC8402422 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films (EVOH) incorporating the essential oil components cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), citral (CIT), isoeugenol (IEG), or linalool (LIN) to control growth rate (GR) and production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium sporotrichioides cultured on oat grains under different temperature (28, 20, and 15 °C) and water activity (aw) (0.99 and 0.96) regimes was assayed. GR in controls/treatments usually increased with increasing temperature, regardless of aw, but no significant differences concerning aw were found. Toxin production decreased with increasing temperature. The effectiveness of films to control fungal GR and toxin production was as follows: EVOH-CIT > EVOH-CINHO > EVOH-IEG > EVOH-LIN. With few exceptions, effective doses of EVOH-CIT, EVOH-CINHO, and EVOH-IEG films to reduce/inhibit GR by 50%, 90%, and 100% (ED50, ED90, and ED100) ranged from 515 to 3330 µg/culture in Petri dish (25 g oat grains) depending on film type, aw, and temperature. ED90 and ED100 of EVOH-LIN were >3330 µg/fungal culture. The potential of several machine learning (ML) methods to predict F. sporotrichioides GR and T-2 and HT-2 toxin production under the assayed conditions was comparatively analyzed. XGBoost and random forest attained the best performance, support vector machine and neural network ranked third or fourth depending on the output, while multiple linear regression proved to be the worst.
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Zareshahrabadi Z, Karimirad M, Pakshir K, Bahmyari R, Motamedi M, Nouraei H, Zomorodian K. Survey of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination in spices by HPLC-based method in Shiraz, Southern of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40992-40999. [PMID: 33774787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Among food and agricultural products, spices play important roles in the diets of millions of people worldwide. These products may be colonized by fungi genus and subsequently mycotoxin production. Due to the large demand and supply of spice for cooking, preservative effects, or medicine purpose, it is essential that further investigation is designed to examine mycotoxins in spice. In the present study, the possible contamination of spices by aflatoxins (AFTs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analyzed. A total of 80 spice samples (curry, sumac, ginger, and saffron) were purchased and cultured on appropriate medium. Simultaneously mycotoxins from spices were extracted with immunoaffinity columns (IAC), and the occurrence of AFTs (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) and OTA was then determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FD). The results depicted that 62 (77.5%) and 58 (72.5%) spice samples were contaminated with AFTs and OTA, respectively. Out of the 80 analyzed spices samples, the mean concentration of AFTs and OTA was higher in the curry samples. Among spices that contaminated with mycotoxins, 5 (6.25%) and 2 (10%) of the samples were above the acceptable limit of AFTs (≥ 10 μg/kg) and OTA (≥ 15 μg/kg), respectively. Aspergillus species were the predominant species isolated, followed by Penicillium, and finally Mucor species.Among the examined samples, only few curry samples were contaminated with mycotoxins above acceptable limit. Despite this low level of contamination, this spice is used daily in the cuisine of this region of the world, and consequently, even the small amount of these heat stable toxins for a long time may cause many adverse effects. Hence, it is recommended to monitor the toxicogenous fungi contamination and level of mycotoxins in the spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zareshahrabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Karimirad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Robab Bahmyari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Motamedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasti Nouraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Tarazona A, Gómez JV, Mateo F, Jiménez M, Mateo EM. Potential Health Risk Associated with Mycotoxins in Oat Grains Consumed in Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:421. [PMID: 34199242 PMCID: PMC8232004 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spain is a relevant producer of oats (Avena sativa), but to date there has been no study on the occurrence/co-occurrence of mycotoxins in oats marketed in Spain. The present study is addressed to overcome this lack of knowledge. One hundred oat kernel samples were acquired across different Spanish geographic regions during the years 2015-2019 and analyzed for mycotoxin content using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method and matrix-matched calibration. The focus was on the regulated mycotoxins although other relevant mycotoxins were considered. The percentage of incidence (levels ≥ limit of detection), mean and range (ng/g) of mycotoxins were as follows: zearalenone (66%, mean 39.1, range 28.1-153), HT-2 toxin (47%, mean 37.1, range 4.98-439), deoxynivalenol, (34%, mean 81.4, range 19.1-736), fumonisin B1 (29%, mean 157.5, range 63.2-217.4), and T-2 toxin, (24%, mean 49.9, range 12.3-321). Fumonisin B2, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, and G2, and ochratoxin A were also detected at low levels, but aflatoxin G1 was not. The maximum limits established by the European Commission for unprocessed oats were not exceeded, except for zearalenone (in one sample), and the sum of aflatoxins (in two samples). Mycotoxin co-occurrence at quantifiable levels in the same sample (two to five combinations) was found in 31% of samples. The most common mixtures were those of HT-2 + T-2 toxins alone or together with deoxynivalenol and/or zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tarazona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.V.G.); (M.J.)
| | - José Vicente Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.V.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Fernando Mateo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSE, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.V.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Eva María Mateo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, 46010 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Shwaiki LN, Lynch KM, Arendt EK. Future of antimicrobial peptides derived from plants in food application – A focus on synthetic peptides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Carbas B, Simões D, Soares A, Freitas A, Ferreira B, Carvalho ARF, Silva AS, Pinto T, Diogo E, Andrade E, Brites C. Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage. Foods 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33572250 PMCID: PMC7915971 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 µg/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 µg/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniela Simões
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Soares
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
- Universidade Lusíada—Norte & COMEGI, 4760-108 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Alexandre R. F. Carvalho
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pinto
- ANPROMIS—Associação Nacional dos Produtores de Milho e do Sorgo, Rua Mestre Lima de Freitas nº 1–5º Andar, 1549-012 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugénio Diogo
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Machine learning approach for predicting Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum growth and mycotoxin production in treatments with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films containing pure components of essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:109012. [PMID: 33321397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum can grow and produce, respectively, zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins (FUM) in different points of the food chain. Application of antifungal chemicals to control these fungi and mycotoxins increases the risk of toxic residues in foods and feeds, and induces fungal resistances. In this study, a new and multidisciplinary approach based on the use of bioactive ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) films containing pure components of essential oils (EOCs) and machine learning (ML) methods is evaluated. Bioactive EVOH-EOC films were made incorporating cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), citral (CIT), isoeugenol (IEG) or linalool (LIN). Several ML methods (neural networks, random forests and extreme gradient boosted trees) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were applied and compared for modeling fungal growth and toxin production under different water activity (aw) (0.96 and 0.99) and temperature (20 and 28 °C) regimes. The effective doses to reduce fungal growth rate (GR) by 50, 90 and 100% (ED50, ED90, and ED100) of EOCs in EVOH films were in the ranges 200 to >3330, 450 to >3330, and 660 to >3330 μg/fungal culture (25 g of partly milled maize kernels in Petri dish), respectively, depending on the EOC, aw and temperature. The type of EVOH-EOC film and EOC doses significantly affected GR in both species and ZEA and FUM production. Temperature also affected GR and aw only affected GR and FUM production of F. proliferatum. EVOH-CIT was the most effective film against both species and ZEA and FUM production. Usually, when the EOC levels increased, GR and mycotoxin levels in the medium decreased although some treatments in combination with certain aw and temperature values induced ZEA production. Random forest models predicted the GR of F. culmorum and F. proliferatum and ZEA and FUM production better than neural networks or extreme gradient boosted trees. The MLR mode provided the worst performance. This is the first approach on the ML potential in the study of the impact that bioactive EVOH films containing EOCs and environmental conditions have on F. culmorum and F. proliferatum growth and on ZEA and FUM production. The results suggest that these innovative packaging systems in combination with ML methods can be promising tools in the prediction and control of the risks associated with these toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food.
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