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Kihal A, Rodríguez-Prado M, Calsamiglia S. A network meta-analysis on the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders to reduce aflatoxin M 1 in milk after aflatoxin B 1 challenge in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5379-5387. [PMID: 37291040 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this network meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders (MTB) to reduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. A literature search was conducted to identify in vivo research papers from different databases. Inclusion criteria were in vivo, dairy cows, description of the MTB used, doses of MTB, aflatoxin inclusion in the diet, and concentration of AFM1 in milk. Twenty-eight papers with 131 data points were selected. Binders used in the studies were hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), yeast cell wall (YCW), bentonite, and mixes of several MTB (MX). The response variables were AFM1 concentration, AFM1 reduction in milk, total AFM1 excreted in milk, and transfer of aflatoxin from feed to AFM1 in milk. Data were analyzed with CINeMA and GLIMMIX procedures with the WEIGHT statement of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). The AFM1 concentration in milk decreased for bentonite (0.3 µg/L ± 0.05; mean ± SE) and HSCAS (0.4 µg/L ± 0.12), and tended to decrease for MX (0.6 µg/L ± 0.13) but was similar for YCW (0.6 µg/L ± 0.12), compared with control (0.7 µg/L ± 0.12). The percentage reduction of AFM1 in milk was similar for all MTB and different from control with a range of reduction from 25% for YCW to 40% for bentonite. The excretion of AFM1 in milk was lower in YCW (5.3 µg/L ± 2.37), HSCAS (13.8 µg/L ± 3.31), and MX (17.1 µg/L ± 5.64), and not affected by bentonite (16.8 µg/L ± 3.33) compared with control (22.1 µg/L ± 5.33). The transfer of aflatoxin B1 from feed into AFM1 in milk was lowest in bentonite (0.6% ± 0.12), MX (1.04% ± 0.27), and HSCAS (1.04% ± 0.21), and not affected in YCW (1.4% ± 0.10), compared with control (1.7% ± 0.35). The meta-analysis results indicate that all MTB reduced the AFM1 transfer into milk, where bentonite had the highest capacity and YCW the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kihal
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Prado
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain.
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Mora-Medina R, Lora-Benítez AJ, Molina-López AM, Ayala-Soldado N, Moyano-Salvago R. Effects of chronic low-dose aflatoxin B 1 exposure in lactating Florida dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3641-3649. [PMID: 36907759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years there has been a growing trend in the prevalence of aflatoxins, attributable to climate change, in substances destined for animal feeding, together with an increase in dairy product consumption. These facts have triggered great concern in the scientific community over milk pollution by aflatoxin M1. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the transfer of aflatoxin B1 from the diet into milk as AFM1 in goats exposed to different concentrations of AFB1, and its possible effect on the production and serological parameters of this species. For this purpose, 18 goats in late lactation were divided into 3 groups (n = 6) and exposed to different daily doses of aflatoxin B1 (T1 = 120 µg; T2 = 60 µg, and control = 0 µg), during 31 d. Pure aflatoxin B1 was administered 6 h before each milking in an artificially contaminated pellet. The milk samples were taken individually in sequential samples. Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily, and a blood sample was extracted on the last day of exposure. No aflatoxin M1 was detected, either in the samples taken before the first administration, or in the control group ones. The aflatoxin M1 concentration detected in the milk (T1 = 0.075 µg/kg; T2 = 0.035 µg/kg) increased significantly on a par with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested did not have any influence on aflatoxin M1 carryover (T1 = 0.066% and T2 = 0.060%), these being considerably lower than those described in dairy goats. Thus, we concluded that the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk follows a linear relationship with respect to the aflatoxin B1 ingested, and that the aflatoxin M1 carryover was not affected by the administration of different aflatoxin B1 doses. Similarly, no significant changes in the production parameters after chronic exposure to aflatoxin B1 were observed, revealing a certain resistance of the goat to the possible effects of that aflatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mora-Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lora-Benítez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana María Molina-López
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Nahúm Ayala-Soldado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rosario Moyano-Salvago
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Darwin Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Hui Y, Peng H, Zhang F, Zhang L, Yufang L, Zhao A, Jia R, Wang B, Song Y. A novel electrochemical aptasensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of DNA-Au@Ag conjugates for rapid detection of aflatoxin M 1 in milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1966-1977. [PMID: 34955267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a common toxin in dairy products that causes acute and chronic human health disorders. Thus, the development of a rapid and accurate AFM1 detection method is of vital importance for food safety monitoring. This work was to develop a novel electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive and specific determination of AFM1. The dendritic-like nanostructure was formed on the gold electrode surface by layer-by-layer assembly of gold-silver core-shell nanoparticles modified with DNA conjugates. In the presence of AFM1, the specific recognition between AFM1 and Apt caused the disassociation of the DNA controlled dual Au@Ag conjugates from the surface of the electrode, causing less methylene blue to bind to the surface and weakening the electrochemical signal. The more AFM1 there is, the weaker the electrochemical signal. Transmission electron microscope results showed that the successfully synthesized Au@Ag nanoparticles exhibited a core-shell structure with Au as core and Ag as shell, and their average diameter was about 30 nm. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical aptasensor showed a wide detection ranging from 0.05 ng mL-1 to 200 ng mL-1, and a low detection limit of 0.02 ng mL-1. Moreover, the proposed strategy has been successfully applied to the detection of AFM1 in cow, goat, and sheep milk samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 91.10% to 104.05%. This work can provide a novel rapid detection method for AFM1, and also provide a new sensing platform for the detection of other toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hui
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Haishuai Peng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Fuxin Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Liu Yufang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Aiqing Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Rong Jia
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Bini Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Rodrigues RO, Rodrigues RO, Ledoux DR, Rottinghaus GE, Borutova R, Averkieva O, McFadden TB. Feed additives containing sequestrant clay minerals and inactivated yeast reduce aflatoxin excretion in milk of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6614-6623. [PMID: 31030928 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 dietary mycotoxin sequestrants, Toxy-Nil (TN) or Unike Plus (UP), in reducing aflatoxin (AF) M1 concentrations in milk of dairy cows challenged with dietary AF. Thirty-two mid-lactation Holstein cows were blocked by parity, days in milk, and milk yield and were randomly assigned within block to receive one of the following treatments: (1) 2.8 mg of AF/cow per d (positive control, PC), (2) 2.8 mg of AF + 100 g of TN/cow per d, (3) 2.8 mg of AF + 100 g of UP/cow per d, or (4) no AF and no additives (negative control, NC). For 7 d, treatments, dispersed in 150 g of sweet feed carrier, were top-dressed twice daily by mixing into the top portion of the TMR at each feeding. After the experimental period, cows were fed the NC diet and clearance of AFM1 via milk was monitored for 7 d. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout the trial. Treatments had no effect on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, or milk somatic cell count. Relative intake of AF was similar among PC, TN, and UP, averaging 106.5, 107.6, and 102.5 ± 2.9 μg/kg of diet dry matter, respectively. Relative intake of mycotoxin sequestrants was similar between TN and UP, averaging 0.4 and 0.4 ± 0.1% of diet dry matter, respectively. Concentration and mass of AFM1 secreted in milk and in urine were similar between TN and UP, but were lower than PC; concentrations in milk averaged 0.2, 0.3, and 0.6 ± 0.1 μg/kg, respectively, and mass secreted in milk averaged 8.1, 9.8, and 20.5 ± 1.7 μg/d. Concentrations in urine averaged 6.9, 7.4, and 14.2 ± 1.5 μg/L, respectively, and mass secreted in urine averaged 225.7, 250.8, and 521.6 ± 53.1 μg/d. Likewise, concentration and mass of free AF excreted in feces were similar between TN and UP, but were lower than PC; concentrations averaged 7.7, 8.9, and 12.4 ± 0.6 μg/kg, respectively, and mass excreted averaged 57.8, 69.6, and 95.6 ± 4.8 μg/d. Transfer of AF from feed to AFM1 in milk was reduced by 63 and 52%, and in urine, by 57 and 52% for TN and UP, respectively. Transfer of AF from feed to free AF in feces was reduced by 38 and 26% for TN and UP, respectively. The clearance rate of AFM1 in milk did not differ among PC, TN, and UP (46.1, 66.5, and 50.0 ± 6.7%/d, respectively). Results indicate that dietary inclusion of 100 g of TN or UP significantly reduced AFM1 in milk of cows consuming TMR containing approximately 105 μg of AF/kg of diet dry matter. Results also suggest that both TN and UP reduced absorption of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Rodrigues
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R O Rodrigues
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - D R Ledoux
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - G E Rottinghaus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R Borutova
- Nutriad International NV, Hoogveld 93, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium
| | - O Averkieva
- Nutriad International NV, Hoogveld 93, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium
| | - T B McFadden
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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Zhou Y, Xiong S, Zhang K, Feng L, Chen X, Wu Y, Huang X, Xiong Y. Quantum bead-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M 1 in pasteurized milk, yogurt, and milk powder. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3985-3993. [PMID: 30879825 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported a novel direct competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (dcFLISA) for the ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in pasteurized milk, yogurt, and milk powder using 150-nm quantum dot beads (QB) as the carrier of competing antigen. Large QB were applied to decrease the binding affinity of the competing antigen to antibody and enhance the fluorescent signal intensity. The aflatoxin B1 molecule was used as the surrogate of AFM1 to label with BSA on the surface of QB because of its 63% cross reaction to anti-AFM1 mAb. The binding affinity of the competing antigen to mAb was tuned by changing the labeled molar ratios of aflatoxin B1 to BSA. Through combining the advantages of QB as the carrier of the competing antigen, including low binding affinity to mAb and highly fluorescent signal output, the proposed dcFLISA exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity for AFM1 detection, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 3.15 pg/mL in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4), which is substantially lower than that of the traditional horseradish peroxidase-based ELISA. The proposed method also exhibited very low detection limitations of 0.5, 0.6, and 0.72 pg/mL for real pasteurized milk, yogurt, and milk powder, respectively. These values are considerably below the maximum permissible level of the European Commission standard for AFM1 in dairy products. In summary, the proposed dcFLISA offers a novel strategy with an ultrahigh sensitivity for the routine monitoring of AFM1 in various dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Sicheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - KangKang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R., China
| | - Xuelan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R., China.
| | - Yuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
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Gonçalves BL, Gonçalves JL, Rosim RE, Cappato LP, Cruz AG, Oliveira CAF, Corassin CH. Effects of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass on milk production, composition, and aflatoxin M 1 excretion in milk from dairy cows fed aflatoxin B 1. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5701-5708. [PMID: 28478008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) biomass (20.0 g/d) obtained from sugarcane (cell wall, CW; dried yeast, DY; autolyzed yeast, AY) and the beer industry (partially dehydrated brewery yeast, BY) on milk production, fat and protein percentages, and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in milk from dairy cows receiving 480 µg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) per day. A completely randomized design was used with 2 lactating cows assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments, as follows: negative controls (no AFB1 or SC-based biomass), positive controls (AFB1 alone), DY alone, DY + AFB1, BY alone, BY + AFB1, CW alone, CW + AFB1, AY alone, and AY + AFB1. The cows in the aflatoxin treatment group received AFB1 from d 1 to 6, while the SC biomass was administered with the AFB1 bolus from d 4 to 6. Aflatoxin B1 or SC-based products did not affect milk production or milk composition during the experimental period. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in the milk from all aflatoxin treatment group cows, reaching maximum levels at d 3 and varying from 0.52 ± 0.03 to 1.00 ± 0.04 µg/L. At end of the treatment period, CW, AY, DY, and BY removed 78%, 89%, 45%, and 50% of AFM1 from the milk, respectively, based on the highest level found on d 3. Results indicate a potential application of industrial fermentation by-products, especially CW and AY, as a feed additive in the diets of dairy cows to reduce the excretion of AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - J L Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - R E Rosim
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - L P Cappato
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 20260-100
| | - A G Cruz
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 20260-100
| | - C A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900
| | - C H Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 13633-900.
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Xiong JL, Wang YM, Nennich TD, Li Y, Liu JX. Transfer of dietary aflatoxin B1 to milk aflatoxin M1 and effect of inclusion of adsorbent in the diet of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2545-54. [PMID: 25648809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the transfer of aflatoxin from feed to milk and to evaluate the effects of Solis Mos (SM; Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO) on milk aflatoxin M1, plasma biochemical parameters, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows fed varying doses of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Three groups of 8 multiparous Holstein cows in late lactation (days in milk = 271 ± 29; milk yield = 21.6 ± 3.1 kg/d) were assigned to 1 of 3 experiments in a crossover design. Cows in experiment 1 received no aflatoxin, cows in experiment 2 received 20 µg of AFB1/kg of dry matter, and cows in experiment 3 received 40 µg of AFB1/kg of dry matter. Cows in each experiment were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: control or 0.25% SM. Each experiment consisted of 2 consecutive periods with the first 4 d (d 1 to 4) as adaptation, followed by AFB1 challenge for 7 d (d 5 to 11), and finally clearance for 5 d (d 12 to 16) in each period. Samples of total mixed ration and milk were collected on d 1, 2, and 10 to 14 of each period. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein on d 1, 11, and 14 of each period. Rumen fluid was collected by oral stomach tube 2 h after the morning feeding on d 1 and 11 of each period. Adding SM to basal or AFB1-contaminated diets at 0.25% had no effect on lactation performance, liver function, or immune response. However, addition of SM improved antioxidative status, as indicated by increased plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase and reduced malondialdehyde regardless of dietary AFB1 level. Addition of SM to the AFB1-free diet eliminated the background AFM1 in milk and increased total ruminal volatile fatty acid (99.6 vs. 94.2 mM) concentrations. Adding SM to the AFB1-contaminated diet in experiment 2 decreased the AFM1 concentration (88.4 vs. 105.3 ng/L) and the transfer of aflatoxin to milk (0.46 vs. 0.56%), and increased total volatile fatty acid concentration (99.8 vs. 93.4 mM). Adding SM to diets with 40 µg/kg of AFB1 did not elicit changes in rumen parameters or AFM1 output. These results indicated that adding SM to diets containing 0 or 20 µg of AFB1/kg decreased milk AFM1 concentration, improved antioxidative status, and altered rumen fermentation, whereas adding SM to a diet containing 40 µg of AFB1/kg did not reduce AFB1 transfer but did increase the antioxidant status of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Xiong
- Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China; School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
| | - Y M Wang
- Novus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200001, P. R. China
| | - T D Nennich
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Y Li
- Department of Animal Science, Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - J X Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
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Temamogullari F, Kanici A. Short communication: Aflatoxin M₁ in dairy products sold in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:162-5. [PMID: 24239070 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM1) in samples of raw milk (n=38), UHT milk (n=12), white pickled cheese (n=50), and yogurt (n=50) collected from the Şanlıurfa city markets and locally produced dairy products by ELISA. The mean contamination rates were 56.74 ± 40.32, 43.1 ± 23.19, 103.2 ± 29.13, and 55.28 ± 12.68 ng/kg, respectively, for raw milk, UHT milk, white pickled cheese, and yogurt. According to the data, 21 (55%) raw milk, 3 (25%) UHT milk, 10 (20%) white pickled cheese, and 10 (20%) yogurt samples were contaminated with AFM1 over the acceptable levels (≥50 ng/kg), ranging from 0.82 to 130.89 ng/kg. None of the white pickled cheese samples contained AFM1 levels above the Turkish legal limit (250 ng/kg). Consequently, the AFM1 contamination levels determined in this study in white pickled cheese were not considered to pose a serious public health hazard. However, the AFM1 levels in raw and UHT milk and yogurt samples indicate an increased human health risk in Turkey related to high aflatoxin levels. Therefore, milk and dairy products have to be monitored by the Turkish public health authorities continuously to detect AFM1 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Temamogullari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, 63200, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - A Kanici
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36300, Kars, Turkey
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Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:218-37. [PMID: 23907020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards produced by certain fungi that can grow on a variety of crops. Consequently, their prevalence in plant raw materials may be relatively high. The concentration of mycotoxins in finished products is usually lower than in raw materials. In this review, occurrence and toxicology of the main mycotoxins are summarised. Furthermore, methodological approaches for exposure assessment are described. Existing exposure assessments, both through contamination and consumption data and biomarkers of exposure, for the main mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marin
- Food Technology Dept., UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Fan Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Li X, Shi H, Zhou T, Zhang J, Ji C. Effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 on growth performance, meat quality and aflatoxin residues in broilers fed moldy peanut meal naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:748-53. [PMID: 23872125 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxins and the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 for the amelioration of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Six replicates of ten broilers each were assigned to one of seven dietary treatments, which were labeled C0 (basal diet); M0 (basal diet containing moldy peanut meal); C500 and C1000 (C0+500 or 1000 g/t aflatoxin biodegradation preparations, composed mainly of ANSB060); and M500, M1000 and M2000 (M0+500, 1000 or 2000 g/t aflatoxin biodegradation preparations). The concentrations of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ in the moldy diets (M0, M500, M100 and M2000) fluctuated around 70.7±1.3, 11.0±1.5, 6.5±0.8 and 2.0±0.3 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the M0 diet caused a significant decrease in average daily weight gain and increased feed requirements, with a gain ratio increasing from d 8 to 42, deterioration in meat quality and aflatoxin residues in broilers' livers as compared with the C0 diet. The addition of ANSB060 to the aflatoxin-contaminated diets offset these negative effects, leading to the conclusion that ANSB060 has a protective effect on growth performance and meat quality while reducing the amount of aflatoxin residues in the livers of broilers fed naturally moldy peanut meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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