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Sadighara P, Abedini AH, Mahvi AH, Esrafili A, Mohammadi AA, Tarahomi A, Yousefi M. Benzo ( a) pyrene in infant foods: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:531-537. [PMID: 37053495 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of infants to chemicals during their development will have major effects on their health. One of the major exposures of infants to chemicals is through their food. The main structure of infant food is milk, which is high in fat. There is a possibility of accumulation of environmental pollution, including benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). In this systematic review, the amount of BaP in infant milk was surveyed for this purpose. The chosen keywords were: benzo (a) pyrene, BaP, Infant formula, dried milk, powdered milk, and baby food. A total of 46 manuscripts were found in the scientific database. After initial screening and quality assessment, 12 articles were selected for extraction of data. By meta-analysis, the total estimate of BaP in baby food was calculated to be 0.078 ± 0.006 μg/kg. Estimation of daily intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) for noncarcinogenic risk and Margin of exposure (MOE) for carcinogenic risk were also calculated for three age groups 0-6 months, 6-12 months, and 1-3 years. HQ was lower than 1 and MOE was more than 10,000 for three age groups. Therefore, there is no potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Arian Tarahomi
- Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelwei University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Arena A, Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Cryogenic-zone-compression gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extra virgin olive oil. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465248. [PMID: 39128238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study is based on the development of a straightforward method for the determination (semi-quantification) of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) using "cryogenic-zone-compression" (CZC) gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QMS). The use of CZC (through a loop-type cryogenic modulator) to achieve enhanced signal-to-noise ratios (s/n), enabled a simplification of the sample preparation step. In fact, a single extraction process (using only 500 µL of acetonitrile) was performed prior to injection. The CZC GC-QMS method aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry, and enabled an average s/n increase of 14-fold compared to conventional GC-QMS. The method limits of quantification were in the 0.07-8.33 µg kg-1 range. Accuracy (at the 2 μg kg-1 and 10 μg kg-1 concentration levels) was in the 82-103 % range. Intra-day and inter-day precision (at 2 μg kg-1 and 10 μg kg-1 concentration levels) were in the 1.9-14.7 % and 5.9-9.1 % ranges, respectively, while the recovery values (at 10 µg kg-1) ranged from 24 % to 99 %. For all the PAHs investigated, a positive matrix effect was observed. Two PAHs were detected (in the selected-ion-monitoring mode) in six EVOOs among the ten samples (not more than one PAH per sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy.
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy; Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
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Bomfim Bahia PV, Brandão BDRL, Machado ME. Deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds in fuel, food and environmental samples. Talanta 2024; 277:126418. [PMID: 38879948 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) encompass a wide variety of organic analytes that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials for human health and are recalcitrant in the environment. Evaluating PACs levels in fuel (e.g., gasoline and diesel), food (e.g., grilled meat, fish, powdered milk, fruits, honey, and coffee) and environmental (e.g., industrial effluents, water, wastewater and marine organisms) samples are critical to determine the risk that these chemicals pose. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have garnered significant attention in recent years as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents employed in sample preparation. DES are biodegradable, have low toxicities, ease of synthesis, low cost, and a remarkable ability to extract PACs. However, no comprehensive assessment of the use of DESs for extracting PACs from fuel, food and environmental samples has been performed. This review focused on research involving the utilization of DESs to extract PACs in matrices such as PAHs in environmental samples, NSO-HET in fuels, and bisphenols in foods. Chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were also revised, considering the sensibility to quantify these compound types. In addition, the characteristics of DES and advantages and limitations for PACs in the context of green analytical chemistry principles (GAC) and green profile based on metrics provide perspective and directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Victor Bomfim Bahia
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dos Reis Lago Brandão
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Machado
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Arena A, Ferracane A, Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. A dilute-and-inject liquid-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the analysis of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extra-virgin olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342740. [PMID: 38834260 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a diverse group of organic compounds characterized by the fusion of two or more benzene rings arranged in various structural forms. Due to their harmful effects on human health, it is essential to implement monitoring systems and preventive measures to regulate human exposure. Given the affinity of PAHs for lipids, extensive research has been focused on their presence in vegetable oils. This study aimed to develop an on-line liquid-gas chromatography (LC-GC) method (using tandem mass spectrometry) with minimized solvent consumption for the determination of 16 PAHs in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). RESULTS A side-by-side comparison of the selected-ion-monitoring and the pseudo multiple-reaction-monitoring (p-MRM) acquisition modes was performed, in terms of specificity and detectability. The results obtained using the p-MRM mode were superior, and for this reason it was selected. The method was linear over the concentration range 1-200 μg kg-1 (except in five cases, over 2-200 and 5-200 μg kg-1 ranges). Accuracy (at the 2 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1 concentration levels) was in the 86.9-109.3 % range, with an RSD <10 %. Intra-day and inter-day precision (at 2 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1 concentration levels) were in the 1.2-9.7 % and 3.2-10.8 % ranges, respectively. For all the PAHs, a negative matrix effect was observed. Three out of sixteen PAHs were detected in three EVOOs (among ten samples), albeit at the low ppb level. Limits of quantification were satisfactory in relation to EU legislation on the presence of PAHs in vegetable oils. SIGNIFICANCE A dilute-and-inject LC-GC-tandem mass spectrometry method is herein proposed fulfilling EU legislation requirements; sample preparation was very simple, inasmuch that it involved only a dilution step, thus avoiding extraction, clean-up, and thus a high consumption of organic solvents. In fact, considering both oil dilution and the LC mobile phase, less than 8 mL of solvents were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferracane
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Liu T, Zhang L, Pan L, Yang D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons' Impact on Crops and Occurrence, Sources, and Detection Methods in Food: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1977. [PMID: 38998483 PMCID: PMC11240991 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a category of persistent organic pollutants that pose a global concern in the realm of food safety due to their recognized carcinogenic properties in humans. Food can be contaminated with PAHs that are present in water, air, or soil, or during food processing and cooking. The wide and varied sources of PAHs contribute to their persistent contamination of food, leading to their accumulation within these products. As a result, monitoring of the levels of PAHs in food is necessary to guarantee the safety of food products as well as the public health. This review paper attempts to give its readers an overview of the impact of PAHs on crops, their occurrence and sources, and the methodologies employed for the sample preparation and detection of PAHs in food. In addition, possible directions for future research are proposed. The objective is to provide references for the monitoring, prevention, and in-depth exploration of PAHs in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Suzhou Vocational University Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
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Adib F, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Nemati M, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Alizadeh Nabil AA. Surfactant-enhanced air-agitation liquid-liquid microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil using magnetic deep eutectic solvent prior to HPLC determination. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5655-5665. [PMID: 37855170 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an air-agitation liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was developed for the extraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil samples. In this study, the extraction procedure was achieved using a new magnetic deep eutectic solvent as the extraction solvent, in which there was no need for centrifugation. To enhance the rate of extraction of the analytes from the samples, the method was promoted by the use of surfactant addition. The extracted analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The influence of various parameters on the extraction efficiency was studied by response surface methodology using a central composite design. Under optimal conditions, linear calibration curves for the target analytes were achieved in the range of 0.43-250 ng g-1. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.04-0.13 and 0.13-0.43 ng g-1, respectively. The repeatability of the method in terms of intra- and inter-day precision was ≤4.7% and ≤6.7%, respectively. The extraction recovery of the method ranged from 75 to 88%. The obtained results show that the proposed method is efficient for the analysis of the target analytes in various oil samples without obvious matrix effects. Pyrene was found in olive oil at a concentration of 42 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Adib
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Peng L, Yang C, Wang C, Xie Q, Gao Y, Liu S, Fang G, Zhou Y. Effects of deodorization on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in rapeseed oil using ethanol steam distillation at low temperature. Food Chem 2023; 413:135616. [PMID: 36758391 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is beneficial for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil via steam, but leads to an increase in the content of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). To inhibit the production of 3-MCPDE and GE during the removal of PAHs, rapeseed oil was deodorized using ethanol steam at low-temperature (140-220 °C) (L-ESD) and the content changes were studied for PAHs, 3-MCPDE and GE, and compared with conventional high-temperature water steam deodorization (H-WSD) (250 °C for 60 min). The removal rates of PAHs in L-ESD oil can be higher than those in conventional H-WSD oil, and the contents of 3-MCPDE and GE in L-ESD oil (140-180 °C for 60-100 min) ranged from 48.32 to 73.65 % and 50.49-69.90 %, respectively, in H-WSD oil due to the lower temperature of ethanol steam deodorization. These results indicate that L-ESD is beneficial in minimizing the contents of PAHs, 3-MCPDE and GE in vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiu Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qihui Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guobin Fang
- Hubei Provincial Plant Protection Station, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Plant Protection Station, Wuhan 430070, China
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Sadiktsis I, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Mustafa M, Toublanc M, Ünlü Endirlik B, Silvergren S, Johansson C, Dreij K. A yearlong monitoring campaign of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other air pollutants at three sites in Sweden: Source identification, in vitro toxicity and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138862. [PMID: 37150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter (PM) with local and non-local emission sources, resulting in spatiotemporal variability in concentrations and composition, and thus associated health risks. To study this in the greater Stockholm area, a yearlong monitoring campaign with in situ measurements of PM10, PM1, black carbon, NOx, O3, and PM10-sampling was performed. The locations included an Urban and a Rural background site and a Highway site. Chemical analysis of PM10 was performed to quantify monthly levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), which together with other air pollution data were used for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Organic extracts from PM10 were tested for oxidative potential in human bronchial epithelial cells. Strong seasonal patterns were found for most air pollutants including PACs, with higher levels during the winter months than summer e.g., highest levels of PM10 were detected in March at the Highway site (33.2 μg/m3) and lowest in May at the Rural site (3.6 μg/m3). In general, air pollutant levels at the sites were in the order Highway > Urban > Rural. Multivariate analysis identified several polar PACs, including 6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, as possible discriminatory markers for these sites. The main sources of particulate pollution for all sites were vehicle exhaust and biomass burning emissions, although diesel exhaust was an important source at the Highway site. In vitro results agreed with air pollutant levels, with higher oxidative potential from the winter samples. Estimated lung cancer cases were in the order PM10 > NO2 > PACs for all sites, and with less evident seasonal differences than in vitro results. In conclusion, our study presents novel seasonal data for many PACs together with air pollutants more traditionally included in air quality monitoring. Moreover, seasonal differences in air pollutant levels correlated with differences in toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Musatak Mustafa
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaël Toublanc
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sakin AE, Mert C, Tasdemir Y. PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in olive oil during the fruit ripening period of olive fruits. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1739-1755. [PMID: 35635681 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of their possible carcinogenic effects, it is crucial to determine levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in olive oils. However, there are a few studies about these pollutants' levels in olive oils and no other studies reported PAHs, PCBs and OCPs at the same time and during the ripening period of olives in olive oils. A modified clean-up technique was successfully applied for eliminating lipidic components. Additionally, this study does not just report the concentrations of these pollutants but also inspects the sources depending on the actual sampling site. Also, PCBs and OCPs carcinogenic risks in olive oil were reported for the first time in the literature. This study aims to present levels, carcinogenic risks, sources and concentration changes during the ripening period of these pollutants in olive oil. For this purpose, fruit samples for oil extraction were collected between the beginning of the fruit ripening and harvest period. Obtained olive oils from the fruits were extracted and cleaned up using the QuEChERS method. GC-MS and GC-ECD were used for the quantitative analysis of the targeted pollutants. The average concentrations for ∑16PAHs, ∑37PCBs and ∑10OCPs were 222.48 ± 133.76 μg/kg, 58.26 ± 21.64 μg/kg and 25.48 ± 19.55 μg/kg, respectively. During the harvest period, the concentrations were in a decreasing trend. Calculated carcinogenic risks were above acceptable limits for all groups and traffic, wood-coal burning, atmospheric transport and previous uses were the main sources. Results of the source determination indicated that some possible sources could be prevented with regulations and precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Egemen Sakin
- Science and Technology Application and Research Centre BITUAM, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cevriye Mert
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Georgiev P, Belka M, Bączek T, Płotka-Wasylka J. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable baby diapers: A facile determination method via salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:463981. [PMID: 37098291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the development of the extraction procedure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from baby diapers along with their quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Apart from covering plastic foil, disposable baby diapers contain sorbents intended to absorb urine and feces. A hygroscopic, adsorptive, and tough-to-homogenize fibrous sorbent, represents an analytical challenge to analytical chemists. To address this issue we optimized and validated a novel extraction protocol including cryogenic homogenization, liquid-liquid extraction and further preconcentration by evaporation. By using deuterated internal standards in conjunction with matrix-matched calibration, high precision and accuracy were achieved. The limit of detection is estimated in the range of 0.041-0.221 ng/g (for fluorene and fluoranthene, respectively), which is far below the concentration currently assumed to be dangerous for children. The method was successfully applied to real samples available on the Polish market, and it was found that the amount of PAH compounds varies between manufacturers. Most diapers do not have all 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their composition, but there is no diaper that is free of these compounds. The most abundant in diapers was acenaphthalene, where the concentration ranged from 1.6 ng/g diaper up to 362.4 ng/g. The lowest concentration in diapers is chrysene, which is not detected in most diapers. The article is a response to the lack of a harmonized analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable sanitary products for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Georgiev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Research Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
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Zhang Y, Ji J, Sun S. Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified activated carbon for removal of PAHs from peanut oil. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ji J, Jiang M, Zhang Y, Hou J, Sun S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Edible Oils: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2131816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shangde Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Comparing the chromatographic performance of benzene and aniline end capped stationary phase synthesized by click chemistry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Cai C, Chang G, Zhang N, Wang J, Wang L, Wu P, Yang D. Changes in PAH and 3-MCPDE contents at the various stages of Camellia oleifera seed oil refining. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 3-chloropropanoldiol ester (3-MCPDE) were studied in camellia oil. It is important to study the changes in the content of PAHs and 3-MCPDE at different refining stages (from crude oil to the final refined oil product) to elucidate the influence of the refining procedures on their change.
Materials and Methods
The PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil from different refining stages (from crude oil to the product) of a plant were analysed by GC–MS and calculated by the internal standard method.
Results
The overall PAH content was 79.64±2.43 µg/kg in crude camellia oil. After refining treatment, the PAH content decreased to 18.75±0.55 µg/kg. The 3-MCPDE content increased during the refining process from 0 mg/kg in the crude oil to 4.62 mg/kg in the refined oil product.
Conclusions
This is the first study to simultaneously monitor changes in both the PAH and 3-MCPDE contents during the production of camellia oil. These results confirmed the effectiveness of the refining method on PAH removal and the increase in 3-MCPDE at high temperature. It is suggested that novel processing methods or refining parameters need further optimization to decrease the overall concentrations of PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil.
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Performance and selectivity of amphiphilic pillar[5]arene as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:463008. [PMID: 35390736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pillar[n]arenes possess highly symmetrical and rigid pillar-shaped architecture with π-electron rich cavity that afford their reliable host-guest recognition interactions towards matched guests. In this work, a novel amphiphilic pillar[5]arene (P5A-C10-2NH2) was designed, synthesized and employed as the stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. To date, they have not been reported in the field of chromatography. The P5A-C10-2NH2 capillary column (10 m × 0.25 mm i.d.) was prepared by static coating method. Its capillary column exhibited moderate polarity and column efficiency of 2265 plates/m determined by naphthalene at 120 °C. As evidenced, the P5A-C10-2NH2 column achieved advantageous separation performance for a mixture of 24 analytes of diverse types and exhibited different chromatographic selectivity from two pillar[5]arene derivatives columns and commercial HP-35 column with 35%-phenyl-methylpolysiloxane. Moreover, the P5A-C10-2NH2 column baseline resolved more than a dozen positional and cis-trans isomers. Furthermore, the separation mechanism of P5A-C10-2NH2 column was discussed by quantum chemical calculations. In addition, the P5A-C10-2NH2 column had high thermal stability and excellent separation repeatability 0.01-0.04% for run-to-run, 0.03-0.17% for day-to-day and 3.2-3.9% for column-to-column. The special amphiphilic structure and high resolution for various analytes reveal the good potential of pillararenes as a new class of stationary phases for chromatographic analyses. Moreover, the TPG column achieved improved thermal stability over the GIL column and excellent repeatability.
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Optimization and Validation of a Method Based on QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Olive Fruits Irrigated with Treated Wastewaters. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The wastewater reuse is an important measure to face water shortage, thus improving the resilience of agricultural production chains. However, treated wastewater can contain residual organic micropollutants residues that may result in crop contamination. Among edible crops, olive is the most important agricultural product in the Mediterranean region. Methods to assess the contamination of organic micropollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in olives are poorly investigated. Given the complexity of olives, this study focused on the development and validation of a method for the simultaneous extraction of PAHs and PCBs from olives, and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. Extraction was optimized through a QuEChERS protocol, studying the effect of the extraction solvent (CH2Cl2, cyclohexane, CH3CN) and of the dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE) sorbent (octadecyl silica, Florisil, primary secondary amine, Z-Sep) on the recovery of micropollutants. The best recoveries (94–122%, relative standard deviations below 5%) were obtained using CH3CN/H2O and a double purification step with Z-Sep and Florisil. The method developed for PAHs and PCBs, which showed good intra-day (<2.7%) and inter-day (<2.9%) precision and low matrix effect (|ME| < 14%), was applied to the analysis of olives grown by irrigation with reclaimed wastewaters.
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Azzali A, d'Agostino S, Capacci M, Spinelli F, Ventura B, Grepioni F. Assembling photoactive materials from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): room temperature phosphorescence and excimer-emission in co-crystals with 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of PAHs with a polyhalogenated co-former afforded three novel co-crystals, which display remarkable features such as mechanochemical interconversion, photoreactivity, excimer fluorescence, and RTP phosphorescence in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Azzali
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone d'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Capacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Floriana Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40219 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Grepioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092200. [PMID: 34574309 PMCID: PMC8472304 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that are often formed during the thermal processing of herbal medicine ingredients. In this study, the concentrations of four PAHs (PAH4) in various herbal medicine ingredients were monitored. Further, the QuEChERS method was used to replace conventional pretreatment, a more complex and cumbersome approach. The recovery range of the QuEChERS method ranged between 89.65–118.59%, and the average detection levels of benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in 50 herbal medicine ingredients were 0.18, 0.27, 1.13, and 0.17 μg/kg, respectively. The BaP and PAH4 levels in all tested samples were deemed safe according to risk characterization analyses based on European Union and Korean guidelines. Therefore, our findings indicated that the QuEChERS method could be used as an effective alternative to conventional sample pretreatment for the analysis of herbal medicine ingredients.
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