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Zhang Y, Tan Y, OuYang Q, Duan B, Wang Z, Meng K, Tan X, Tao N. γ-Cyclodextrin encapsulated thymol for citrus preservation and its possible mechanism against Penicillium digitatum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105501. [PMID: 37532321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The volatility of essential oils greatly limits their industrial applications. Here, we successfully prepared γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) inclusion compounds (γ-CDTL) containing thymol (TL) for the control of green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) in citrus fruit. In vitro experiment showed that the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of γ-CDTL against the hyphae growth of P. digitatum was 2.0 g/L, and 8 × MFC treatment significantly reduced the occurrence of green mold in citrus fruit and had no adverse effect on fruit quality in vivo test compared to prochloraz. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), physical properties and sustained release properties were also performed, results indicated that the hydrogen bonds between TL and γ-CD were the basis for the formation of γ-CDTL. We further investigated the inhibition mechanism of γ-CDTL. SEM and TEM experiments showed that γ-CDTL treatment caused severe damage to the hyphal morphology and cells in 30 min and disrupted the permeability of P. digitatum mycelial cell walls by increasing the chitinase activity, thus accelerating the leakage of intracellular lysates. However, the integrity of the cell membrane was obviously damaged only after 60 min of treatment. In conclusion, we prepared a novel inclusion complex γ-CDTL with obvious antifungal effects and preliminarily elucidated its inclusion mechanism and antifungal mechanism. γ-CDTL might be a potent alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling the postharvest decay of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Yuanzhen Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Qiuli OuYang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Bin Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Ziting Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Kuixian Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Liu S, Pan H, Cheng Y, Long C. The GRAS Salts of Na 2SiO 3 and EDTA-Na 2 Control Citrus Postharvest Pathogens by Disrupting the Cell Membrane. Foods 2023; 12:2368. [PMID: 37372585 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na2) are inorganic salts classified as 'Generally Recognized as Safe' (GRAS) compounds with great advantages in controlling various pathogens of postharvest fruits and vegetables. Here, we determined the median effective concentration (EC50) of Na2SiO3 (0.06%, 0.05%, 0.07% and 0.08%) and EDTA-Na2 (0.11%, 0.08%, 0.5%, and 0.07%) against common pathogens affecting postharvest citrus fruit, including Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Na2SiO3 and EDTA-Na2 treatments at the EC50 decreased the spore germination rate, visibly disrupted the spore cell membrane integrity, and significantly increased the lipid droplets (LDs) of the four postharvest pathogens. Moreover, both treatments at EC50 significantly reduced the disease incidence of P. italicum (by 60% and 93.335, respectively) and G. citri-aurantii (by 50% and 76.67%, respectively) relative to the control. Furthermore, Na2SiO3 and EDTA-Na2 treatment resulted in dramatically lower disease severity of the four pathogens, while also demonstrating no significant change in citrus fruit quality compared with the control. Therefore, Na2SiO3 and EDTA-Na2 present a promising approach to control the postharvest diseases of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianyi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Pan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoan Long
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Wang Y, Wu X, Lu Y, Fu H, Liu S, Zhao J, Long C. Ferric Chloride Controls Citrus Anthracnose by Inducing the Autophagy Activity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020230. [PMID: 36836344 PMCID: PMC9962583 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes citrus anthracnose, which seriously endangers the pre-harvest production and post-harvest storage of citrus due to its devastating effects on fruit quality, shelf life, and profits. However, although some chemical agents have been proven to effectively control this plant disease, little to no efforts have been made to identify effective and safe anti-anthracnose alternatives. Therefore, this study assessed and verified the inhibitory effect of ferric chloride (FeCl3) against C. gloeosporioides. Our findings demonstrated that FeCl3 could effectively inhibit C. gloeosporioides spore germination. After FeCl3 treatment, the germination rate of the spores in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) groups decreased by 84.04% and 89.0%, respectively. Additionally, FeCl3 could effectively inhibit the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides in vivo. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses demonstrated the occurrence of wrinkled and atrophic mycelia. Moreover, FeCl3 induced autophagosome formation in the test pathogen, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. Additionally, a positive correlation was identified between the FeCl3 concentration and the damage rate of the fungal sporophyte cell membrane, as the staining rates of the control (untreated), 1/2 MIC, and MIC FeCl3 treatment groups were 1.87%, 6.52%, and 18.15%, respectively. Furthermore, the ROS content in sporophyte cells increased by 3.6%, 29.27%, and 52.33% in the control, 1/2 MIC, and MIC FeCl3 groups, respectively. Therefore, FeCl3 could reduce the virulence and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides. Finally, FeCl3-handled citrus fruit exhibited similar physiological qualities to water-handled fruit. The results show that FeCl3 may prove to be a good substitute for the treatment of citrus anthracnose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Specialty Commercial Crops in North Guangxi, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Research Center of Engineering Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yongqing Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huimin Fu
- Guangxi Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Specialty Commercial Crops in North Guangxi, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Research Center of Engineering Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoan Long
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Elicitation of Fruit Fungi Infection and Its Protective Response to Improve the Postharvest Quality of Fruits. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit diseases brought on by fungus infestation leads to postharvest losses of fresh fruit. Approximately 30% of harvested fruits do not reach consumers’ plates due to postharvest losses. Fungal pathogens play a substantial part in those losses, as they cause the majority of fruit rots and consumer complaints. Understanding fungal pathogenic processes and control measures is crucial for developing disease prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we covered the presented pathogen entry, environmental conditions for pathogenesis, fruit’s response to pathogen attack, molecular mechanisms by which fungi infect fruits in the postharvest phase, production of mycotoxin, virulence factors, fungal genes involved in pathogenesis, and recent strategies for protecting fruit from fungal attack. Then, in order to investigate new avenues for ensuring fruit production, existing fungal management strategies were then assessed based on their mechanisms for altering the infection process. The goal of this review is to bridge the knowledge gap between the mechanisms of fungal disease progression and numerous disease control strategies being developed for fruit farming.
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