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Xie X, He Z, Sun Z, Zhang S, Cao H, Hammock BD, Liu X. Shark anti-idiotypic variable new antigen receptor specific for an alpaca nanobody: Exploration of a nontoxic substitute to ochratoxin A in immunoassay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135264. [PMID: 39032175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Nontoxic substitutes to mycotoxins can facilitate the development of eco-friendly immunoassays. To explore a novel nontoxic substitute to ochratoxin A (OTA), this study screened shark anti-idiotypic variable new antigen receptors (VNARs) against the alpaca anti-OTA nanobody Nb28 through phage display. After four rounds of biopanning of a naïve VNAR phage display library derived from six adult Chiloscyllium plagiosum sharks, one positive clone, namely, P-3, was validated through a phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (phage ELISA). The recombinant anti-idiotypic VNAR AId-V3 was obtained by prokaryotic expression, and the interactions between Nb28 and AId-V3 were investigated via computer-assisted simulation. The affinity of AId-V3 for Nb28 and its heptamer Nb28-C4bpα was measured using Biacore assay. Combining Nb28-C4bpα with AId-V3, a novel direct competitive ELISA (dcELISA) was developed for OTA analysis, with a limit of detection of 0.44 ng/mL and a linear range of 1.77-32.25 ng/mL. The good selectivity, reliability, and precision of dcELISA were confirmed via cross-reaction analysis and recovery experiments. Seven commercial pepper powder samples were tested using dcELISA and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Overall, the shark anti-idiotypic VNAR was demonstrated as a promising nontoxic substitute to OTA, and the proposed method was confirmed as a reliable tool for detecting OTA in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sihang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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2
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Liao X, Wang J, Guo B, Bai M, Zhang Y, Yu G, Wang P, Wei J, Wang J, Yan X, Fan K, Wang Y. Enhancing Nanobody Immunoassays through Ferritin Fusion: Construction of a Salmonella-Specific Fenobody for Improved Avidity and Sensitivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14967-14974. [PMID: 38957086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) serve as powerful tools in immunoassays. However, their small size and monovalent properties pose challenges for practical application. Multimerization emerges as a significant strategy to address these limitations, enhancing the utilization of nanobodies in immunoassays. Herein, we report the construction of a Salmonella-specific fenobody (Fb) through the fusion of a nanobody to ferritin, resulting in a self-assembled 24-valent nanocage-like structure. The fenobody exhibits a 35-fold increase in avidity compared to the conventional nanobody while retaining good thermostability and specificity. Leveraging this advancement, three ELISA modes were designed using Fb as the capture antibody, along with unmodified Nb422 (FbNb-ELISA), biotinylated Nb422 (FbBio-ELISA), and phage-displayed Nb422 (FbP-ELISA) as the detection antibody, respectively. Notably, the FbNb-ELISA demonstrates a detection limit (LOD) of 3.56 × 104 CFU/mL, which is 16-fold lower than that of FbBio-ELISA and similar to FbP-ELISA. Moreover, a fenobody and nanobody sandwich chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (FbNb-CLISA) was developed by replacing the TMB chromogenic substrate with luminal, resulting in a 12-fold reduction in the LOD. Overall, the ferritin-displayed technology represents a promising methodology for enhancing the detection performance of nanobody-based sandwich ELISAs, thereby expanding the applicability of Nbs in food detection and other fields requiring multivalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengfan Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Gege Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451163, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
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Wen L, Huang Y, Sun Z, Shi S, Xie X, He Z, Liu X. Development of alkaline phosphatase-linked single-chain variable fragment fusion proteins for one-step immunodetection of deoxynivalenol in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05241-9. [PMID: 38491149 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that widely distributes in various foods and seriously threatens food safety. To minimize the consumers' dietary exposure to DON, there is an urgent demand for developing rapid and sensitive detection methods for DON in food. In this study, a bifunctional single-chain variable fragment (scFv) linked alkaline phosphatase (ALP) fusion protein was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of deoxynivalenol (DON). The scFv gene was chemically synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET25b containing the ALP gene by homologous recombination. The prokaryotic expression, purification, and activity analysis of fusion proteins (scFv-ALP and ALP-scFv) were well characterized and performed. The interactions between scFv and DON were investigated by computer-assisted simulation, which included hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. The scFv-ALP which showed better bifunctional activity was selected for developing a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) for DON in cereals. The dc-ELISA takes 90 min for one test and exhibits a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11.72 ng/mL, of which the IC50 was 3.08-fold lower than that of the scFv-based dc-ELISA. The developed method showed high selectivity for DON, and good accuracy was obtained from the spike experiments. Furthermore, the detection results of actual cereal samples analyzed by the method correlated well with that determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (R2=0.97165). These results indicated that the scFv-ALP is a promising bifunctional probe for developing the one-step colorimetric immunoassay, providing a new strategy for rapid and sensitive detection of DON in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yirui Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shiyuan Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Hainan College of Economics and Business, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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4
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Liao X, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhang L, Wang P, Wei J, Yin X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y. Enhanced sandwich immunoassay based on bivalent nanobody as an efficient immobilization approach for foodborne pathogens detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342209. [PMID: 38245207 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanobodies (Nbs), which consist of only antigen-binding domains of heavy chain antibodies, have been used in a various range of applications due to their excellent properties. Nevertheless, the size of Nbs is so small that their antigen binding sites may be sterically hindered after random fixation as capture antibodies, thus leading to poor detection performance in immunoassays. To address this problem, we have focused on the multivalent modification of Nbs, wanted to retain the advantage of good stability through enlarging the size of Nbs to a certain extent, while improve its affinity and reduce its influence by spatial orientation. RESULTS Here, we designed homo- and heterodimeric Nbs based on Nb413 and Nb422 which recognize different epitopes of Salmonella. The affinity of engineered bivalent nanobodies for S. Enteritidis were 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to monovalent Nbs and low to sub-nM KD, as calculated by Scatchard analysis. To further explore the potential of bivalent Nbs for the detection of Salmonella, we established a sandwich ELISA based on bivalent and phage-displayed Nbs (BNb-ELISA) for multiplex Salmonella determination. Compared with monovalent Nb-based ELISA, the limit of detection (LOD) of the BNb-ELISA was shown to increase 7.5-fold to 2.364 × 103 CFU mL-1 for S. Enteritidis. In addition, the feasibility of this approach for S. Enteritidis detection in real samples was evaluated, with recoveries ranging from 73.0 % to 125.6 % and coefficients of variation (CV) below 7.68 %. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY In this study, we developed for the first time bivalent Nbs against Salmonella and examined their improved affinity and impact on the performance of ELISA assay. It confirmed the high binding affinity and good ability of dimeric Nbs to reduce the occupation of the binding sites of immobilized antibodies. Thus, the multivalent modification of Nbs was demonstrated to be a promising means to enhance the performance of Nbs-based immunoassays for foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuechi Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Yang X, Sun Z, He Z, Xie X, Liu X. Combination of nanobody and peptidomimetic to develop novel immunoassay platforms for detecting ochratoxin A in cereals. Food Chem 2023; 429:137018. [PMID: 37517225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Mimotope-based immunoassays for mycotoxins eliminate the requirement for large amounts of mycotoxin standards for the chemosynthesis of artificial antigens. Herein, the nanobody-based magnetic beads were used to screen the mimotope (peptidomimetic) of ochratoxin A (OTA) from the phage-displayed peptide library. The interactions between nanobody and the most sensitive Y4 peptidomimetic were investigated by computer-assisted simulation and compared with those between nanobody and OTA. By combining the nanobody, the phage-displayed Y4 and alkaline phosphatase-tagged Y4 fusion protein as the competing antigens, were used to develop two novel immunoassay platforms (PN-ELISA and APN-ELISA). The two methods are advantageous in the use of nontoxic substitutes of OTA and avoiding the use of monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, good analytical performances of both methods were obtained and confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Therefore, the proposed novel methods based on nanobody and peptidomimetic were demonstrated to be highly reliable for detecting OTA in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Hainan College of Economics and Business, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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6
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Zuo H, Wang X, Liu W, Chen Z, Liu R, Yang H, Xia C, Xie J, Sun T, Ning B. Nanobody-based magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay for one-pot detection of ochratoxin A. Talanta 2023; 258:124388. [PMID: 36921368 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination seriously threatens food safety and human health and requires sensitive and rapid tools for monitoring. In this study, a convenient enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Avi-labeled nanobody Nb-2G/streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase and magnetic beads (MBS-ELISA) was established for the sensitive detection of OTA, which could be used for one-pot detection without immobilization. After optimization, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the lowest limit of detection value of the MBS-ELISA was 1.17 ng/mL and 0.07 ng/mL and the linear range was 248.8 pg/mL-5.28 ng/mL, respectively, which accords with state criteria for food safety. The developed one-step MBS-ELISA was almost 20-times more sensitive than the classic BA-ELISA and could generate results within 15 min, which was significantly less than the classic BA-ELISA at approximately 3 h. The MBS-ELISA indicated good recovery (86.4-114.3%) in spiked sorghum, buckwheat, and mung bean. Thus, MBS-ELISA represents a very promising strategy for the simple, rapid, and accurate detection of OTA and other toxic and hazardous contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zuo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongfen Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tieqiang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Baoan Ning
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Ang B, Xu X, Xu L, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of a colloidal gold strip assay for the detection of total homocysteine in serum samples. Analyst 2022; 147:4348-4355. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive anti-SAH mAb was produced and an LFIA strip was developed to detect tHcy in serum samples after enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijun Ang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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