Physicochemical, rheological and antioxidant potential of corn fiber gum

Plant gums in Pickering emulsions: A review of sources, properties, applications, and future perspectives

Recently, there has been an increasing research interest in the development of Pickering emulsions stabilized with naturally derived biopolymeric particles. In this regard, plant gums, obtained as plant exudates or from plant seeds, are considered promising candidates for the development of non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable and eco-friendly Pickering stabilizers. The main objective of this review article is to provide a detailed overview and assess the latest advances in the formulation of Pickering emulsions stabilized with plant gum-based particles. The plant gum sources, types and properties are outlined. Besides, the current methodologies used in the production of plant gum particles formed solely of plant gums, or through interactions of plant gums with proteins or other polysaccharides are highlighted and discussed. Furthermore, the work compiles and assesses the innovative applications of plant gum-based Pickering emulsions in areas such as encapsulation and delivery of drugs and active agents, along with the utilization of these Pickering emulsions in the development of active packaging films, plant-based products and low-fat food formulations. The last part of the review presents potential future research trends that are expected to motivate and direct research to areas related to other novel food applications, as well as tissue engineering and environmental applications.

Arabinoxylan hydrolysates improved physical and oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions

This study was to improve the physical and oxidative stability of sodium caseinate (NaCas)-stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with arabinoxylan hydrolysates (AXHs). AXHs with different molecular sizes were prepared using xylanase treatment for 0 (AXH0), 30 (AXH30), 60 (AXH60), and 120 (AXH120) min, respectively. Compared with the emulsion without AXHs, all AXHs emulsions showed increased coalescence stability, evidenced by no change occurred in the droplet size with the pH variation from 7.0 to 5.0. Moreover, at pH 7.0 and 5.0, AXH60 and AXH120 emulsions showed no flocculation, coalescence, or creaming before and after 21 d storage. All the AXH samples showed excellent antioxidant capacities, demonstrated by the slow accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances during storage. In sum, rice bran arabinoxylans hydrolyzed ≥60 min possess a potential as effective antioxidants to form physically and oxidatively stable O/W emulsions at pH above the emulsifier pI, and substances with high antioxidant activity below the emulsifier pI still need to be explored.

Hierarchical plant extracts in silver nanoparticles preparation: Minuscular survey to achieve enhanced bioactivities

Extracts obtained from M. longifolia (Lamiaceae) and R. ellipticus (Rosaceae) were selected to utilize in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for achieving remarkable bioactivities. In brief, the cytotoxic potential of the as synthesize AgNPs was high at higher concentrations. In DPPH assay, maximum antioxidant potential was shown by AgNPs synthesized from M. longifolia. Meanwhile, Methanolic extracts exhibited more antioxidant potential than chloroform based extracts. Further, brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out to achieve 34.6 μg/mL & 25.65 μg/mL LD50 values against the NPs prepared from M. and R., respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities were carried by ABTS Radical cation assay where 38.6 μg/mL and 47 μg/mL IC50 values were obtained for the NPs obtained from M. longifolia and R. ellipticus, respectively. Reducing power assay (0.370-0.15 and 0.37-0.26 mean absorbance) and DPPH (% scavenging: 88.91-46.48 and 88.91-44.78) percentages were recorded for M. and R. synthesized AgNPs, respectively. In brief, M. longifolia functionalized particles performed better in comparison to R. ellipticus treated particles. In addition, the nano assembly dispersed in polar solvent demonstrated better results in comparison to non-polar solvents. In conclusion, the as synthesized AgNPs were better in bioactivities than crude extracts of the selected plants. In future, this work could be extended to isolating active components for the nanofabrication of biologically intelligent nanoparticles for pharmacological interest. In the proposed investigation, the purified bioactivities fractions would be highlighted for further consideration in various medical treatments.

Conformational properties of heterogeneous arabinoxylan protein gums from corn bran and distillers grains in comparison with gum arabic

The molecular structure and conformation of arabinoxylan-protein gum, commonly referred as corn fiber gum (CFG) were analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with RI, UV, light scattering and viscometer detectors. CFG had a heterogeneous structure. The detailed conformation of CFG at different molecular weights was compared with that of hemicellulose fiber gum (HFG) from dried distiller's grains with solubles and gum arabic. The CFG molecules mainly had random coil conformation; only 10 % of them exhibited rigid rod conformation. Approximately 80 % of the CFG had a molecular weight between 105 and 105.4 Da, while the other 20 % of molecules were between 105.4 and 1.5 × 107.7 Da. The overall conformational properties of CFG and HFG were closer but differed from that of gum arabic. The intrinsic viscosity and radius of gyration of both CFG and HFG were greater than those of gum arabic although the average molecular weight of CFG and HFG was lower. The protein and carbohydrate were covalently linked in CFG molecules as shown by the HPSEC-multiple detectors combined with partial acid hydrolysis. Based on the detailed conformation of CFG and the methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy results, the molecular structure of CFG was proposed.

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antihyperglycemic Capacity of Ferulated Arabinoxylan Extracted from “Chicha de Jora” Bagasse: An Ancestral Fermented Beverage from Zea mays L

Bagasse is a byproduct generated during the process of making the traditional Andean drink named “chicha de jora” in Peru, which is a potential source for the extraction of ferulated arabinoxylan (FAX). The aim of this study was to extract and characterize the FAX from bagasse and determine its antioxidant and antihyperglycemic capacity in vitro. As a result, FAX of molecular weight ≥3.5 kDa presented moisture content, pH, total ash, proteins, and total phenolic content with values of 8.00%, 5.81, 2.68%, 3.78%, and 5.72 mg EAG/g, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography identified the monosaccharides L-arabinose and D-xylose. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of FAX confirmed the presence of methyl-pentofuranosides or methyl-pentopyranosides. The FT-IR spectrum presented characteristic bands of FAX. The FAX showed antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay (IC50 = 6.59 mg/mL and TEAC = 7.7844 μmol/g sample), ABTS (IC50 = 6.50 mg/mL and TEAC 35.34 μmol/g sample), and FRAP (14.08 μmol AA/g and 36.63 μmol FeSO4/g). On the other hand, FAX showed glucose adsorption capacity, inhibition of glucose diffusion, and inhibition of the enzyme α-amylase (IC50 = 4.73 mg/mL). The results showed that the FAX extracted from the bagasse generated during the production of the “chicha de jora” has in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic capacity.

QbD steered fabrication of Pullulan-Terminalia catappa-Carbopol®971P film forming gel for improved rheological, textural and biopharmaceutical aspects

In present work, a film forming gel (FFG) was developed through ingenious amalgamation of polymers: Pullulan, Terminalia catappa and Carbopol®971P ® for cutaneous delivery of clotrimazole (CTZ) employing D-optimal mixture design. The developed FFG possess pseudoplastic, viscoelastic, thixotropic characteristics leading to good spreadability (35.71 ± 1.72 g·s, work of shear; 452.73 ± 8.23 g, firmness). Upon solvent evaporation, FFG converted in situ into bioadhesive film (81.90 ± 3.24 g) leading to longer residence on skin surface, prolonged delivery and ~1.3 fold enhanced CTZ skin retention as compare to commercial cream as evident from biopharmaceutical analysis, which is ideal for skin infections treatment. The simulation analysis suggested ≥10 μg/mL (MIC against C. albicans) CTZ concentration maintained for 2 times the days in rat skin as well as human skin as compared to commercial cream. Overall, the developed FFG system ascertained to be promising delivery system for treatment of chronic skin conditions.

Polysaccharide extracted from Althaea officinalis L. root: New studies of structural, rheological and antioxidant properties

A water-soluble acidic polysaccharide (AOP-2) from Althaea officinalis L. root was isolated by water extraction and purified by ion exchange chromatography (Cellulose DEAE-52) and gel filtration (Sephadex G-200). The structure characteristics of AOP-2 was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC_MS). The results indicated that the AOP-2 was an acidic hetropolysaccharide with the molecular weight of 639.27 kDa. The AOP-2 composed of 51% galacturonic acid, 32.56% rhamnose, 12.73% glucose and 3.71% galactose. It could be found that the main backbone chain of AOP-2 consisted of →3)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→ and→3,4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ with branches of →4)-α-D-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and α-D-Rhap-(1 → . Thermal analysis revealed that the AOP-2 had high thermal stability and according to the results obtained from XRD analysis, it had a semi-crystalline structure. The results of Steady-shear flow and dynamical viscoelasticity showed that AOP-2 solutions exhibited shear-thinning behavior with high viscosity and a weak gel-like behavior at concentrations above 1% in linear viscoelastic region. In addition, it showed relatively high antioxidant property.

Impact of arabinoxylan on characteristics, stability and lipid oxidation of oil-in-water emulsions: Arabinoxylan from wheat bran, corn bran, rice bran, and rye bran

To investigate the impact of arabinoxylan (AX) on the physical and oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions, AX from wheat bran, corn bran, rice bran, or rye bran was incorporated into the production of whey protein isolate-stabilised emulsions. Decreased interfacial charge and increased mean particle diameters were recorded in all fresh emulsions with 0.1%-0.5% AX, as recorded by the ζ-potential and particle size measurement, indicating the adsorption of AX onto the oil droplets. No phase separation was observed in all emulsions with ≤0.3% AX after 14-day storage in dark. Spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that all AX lowered the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration in emulsions, with AX from rice bran being slightly more effective. Consequently, AX has the potential to be used as a natural interfacial antioxidant in emulsions, and the antioxidant capacity of AX varies with its source.

Extraction, purification, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of a new polysaccharide from Ocimum album L. seed

In this study, a novel polysaccharide fraction from Ocimum album seed was extracted and then purified by Cellulose DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-200 anion exchange chromatography. The structural, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the main polysaccharide fraction (OAP-1A) were evaluated. The purified polysaccharide contained 94.3% carbohydrate, 3.56% moisture and 2.14% ash and result of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed average molecular weight of 593 kDa. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that OAP-1A was a neutral hetero-polysaccharide composed of mannose (35.7%), glucose (33.32%), galactose (19.6%) and rhamnose (11.38%). In addition, GC-MS data, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed that the backbone of OAP-1A consists of →3)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ and α-D-Glcp-(1→. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed semi-crystalline structure in OAP-1A. Differential scanning colorimeter (DSC) and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) indicated that OAP-1A had relatively high thermal stability. Moreover, OAP-1A showed strong scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals.

Assessment of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as Antioxidant in Jelly Candies Made with Fructan Fibres and Stevia

Enrichment with rosemary antioxidants is proposed as a possible strategy to obtain healthier jelly candies. Two aqueous rosemary extracts (RE) containing 73.9 (RE74) and 145.6 (RE146) mg polyphenols per g fresh weight were assessed as antioxidants in jelly candies based on fructooligosaccharides, inulin and stevia. Up to 15 phenolic acids, flavonoids and diterpenes were determined in the extracts, with rosmarinic acid as the main active compound. Sensory tolerance, physical properties, rosmarinic acid recovery, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity were determined in jelly candies. The threshold of sensory detection was established at 0.26 g RE146/kg of raw candy, below which rosemary off-flavours were avoided without altering pH, brix, texture, CIELab colour, and consumer acceptance. Adding 0.26 g RE146 per kg increased (p < 0.001) polyphenol content from 197 to 411 µg GAE/g and the antioxidant capacity from 1.77 to 4.14 μmol Trolox/g. Rosemary polyphenols resulted in being resistant to cooking, acted as secondary antioxidants and showed good interaction with the other jelly ingredients. Aqueous extracts from rosemary distillation by-products can be incorporated at acceptable levels to jelly candy formulations leading to higher oxidative stability and an increased content of dietary polyphenols.

Exploring the Potentials of Corn Fiber Gum in Fabricating Mucoadhesive Floating Tablet of Poorly Gastro-retainable Drug

AIM

To formulate and preliminary evaluated polysaccharide based mucoadhesive floating tablets of Cinnarizine.

BACKGROUND

Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems has proved to be a successful approach to enhance the gastric residence with site specific targeting for achieving local or generalized effect. Various patents has also been filed globally employing gastro-retentive approach.

OBJECTIVE

The study is designed to explore the mucoadhesive and low density characteristics of corn fibre gum (CFG) for preparation of gastro-retentive floating tablets of cinnarizine.

METHODS

Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using different concentrations of CFG (45, 50, 60% w/w). The formulated floating tablet batches were evaluated for their hardness, friability, drug content, floating duration/ lag time, swelling behavior, bioadhesive strength and in vitro drug release.

RESULTS

Mucoadhesive strength was found to increase with an increment in the polysaccharide concentration. Swelling index was found to increase both with the increase in CFG concentration and with duration for which tablet remains in medium. The in vitro drug release studies indicated decrease in drug release (91% to 77%) with the increase in polymer concentration. The release data was further fitted to various kinetic models which revealed the drug release to be in accordance with Zero-order and Higuchi models, indicating polymer to exhibit the swellable matrix forming abilities. The value of n (between 0.458 and 0.997) from Korsemeyer Peppas model depicted the possibility of drug to follow more than one mechanism of release from the formulation i.e. diffusion and erosion. Stability studies revealed the preparations to retain their integrity and pharmaceutical characteristics at variable storage conditions.

CONCLUSION

Thus from the research findings, CFG could be concluded to possess potential binder, release retardant and mucoadhesive characteristics which could be successfully employed for the formulation of gastro-retentive floating tablets.

Nylon-6/chitosan core/shell antimicrobial nanofibers for the prevention of mesh-associated surgical site infection

The state-of-the-art hernia meshes, used in hospitals for hernia repair, are predominantly polymeric textile-based constructs that present high mechanical strength, but lack antimicrobial properties. Consequently, preventing bacterial colonization of implanted prosthetic meshes is of major clinical relevance for patients undergoing hernia repair. In this study, the co-axial electrospinning technique was investigated for the development of a novel mechanically stable structure incorporating dual drug release antimicrobial action. Core/shell structured nanofibers were developed, consisting of Nylon-6 in the core, to provide the appropriate mechanical stability, and Chitosan/Polyethylene oxide in the shell to provide bacteriostatic action. The core/shell structure consisted of a binary antimicrobial system incorporating 5-chloro-8-quinolinol in the chitosan shell, with the sustained release of Poly(hexanide) from the Nylon-6 core of the fibers. Homogeneous nanofibers with a "beads-in-fiber" architecture were observed by TEM, and validated by FTIR and XPS. The composite nanofibrous meshes significantly advance the stress-strain responses in comparison to the counterpart single-polymer electrospun meshes. The antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated in vitro against two of the most commonly occurring pathogenic bacteria; S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, in surgical site infections. This study illustrates how the tailoring of core/shell nanofibers can be of interest for the development of active antimicrobial surfaces.

Exploring the Protective Potential of Carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa Polysaccharide on Blue Light Light-Emitting Diode Induced Corneal Damage

BACKGROUND

Excessive blue light light-emitting diode (LED) exposure and consequent oxidative stress causes corneal damage and corneal injuries are the major problem arising these days due to excessive use of mobile phone, TV, environment pollution, etc. Objective: In the present investigation, the protectiveness of carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa (CTC) from blue light LED-induced corneal damage was explored.

METHODS

For this purpose, Terminalia catappa (TC) was functionalized by carboxymethylation and its structural modification was confirmed by spectral attributes. Further, the CTC protective eye drop formulations (0.025-1%, w/v) were prepared and evaluated for their capability of protection from blue light LEDinduced corneal damage as compared to CTC protective eye gel (1.25-7%, w/v). The findings pointed towards excellent protection of CTC gel formulations as compared to CTC eye drop formulations. In addition, the prepared optimized CTC gel had thixotropic behavior as evident from percentage structural recovery which was 1.75 fold higher than marketed formulation (I-Comfort, HPMC 2%, w/v). The safety and non-toxicity of CTC protective eye drop and gel were confirmed by HET-CAM test. Further, a rat eye model was implemented that mimic blue light light-emitting diode induced corneal damage in day to day life to assess the protective effect of CTC protective eye drop and gel.

RESULTS

The order of protectiveness of CTC formulations was found to be CTC protective eye gel (4%, w/v) (no corneal damage)>marketed eye gel (12.34% corneal damage)=CTC protective eye drop (0.75%, w/v) (17.48% corneal damage)> marketed eye drop (51% corneal damage). The mechanism behind the protective effect of CTC eye drop and gel was associated with good free radical scavenging activity and corneal adhesive property of CTC. It is established from the present work that, carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa has protective action against blue light light-emitting diode induced corneal damage.

Physicochemical characterization of an arabinoxylan-rich fraction from brewers' spent grain and its application as a release matrix for caffeine

The brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated during brewery process and is a potential source for arabinoxylans (AX) extraction. In the present work, the extraction and characterization of an arabinoxylan-rich fraction from brewers' spent grain (BSG-AX) were performed, and BSG-AX was evaluated as release matrix for caffeine. The BSG-AX showed an AX content of 72% (w/w), a ferulic acid content of 3.52 μg/mg BSG-AX, an Ara/Xyl ratio of 0.89, an intrinsic viscosity of 41.18 mL g^-1, and a molecular weight of 43.80 kDa. The studied BSG-AX showed a good antioxidant capacity compared with other polysaccharide gums and was estimated by DPPH (114.41 μM Trolox equivalent/g BSG-AX) and FRAP (49.01 μmol Fe²⁺/g BSG-AX) assays. The partial specific volume (0.63 cm³ g^-1), loss on drying (10.68%), swelling (10.87%), solubility (80.93%) and electrostatic interactions (by zeta potential, -3.44 to -9.17 mV) were determined and used to evaluate the application of the BSG-AX as release matrix. A film containing the BSG-AX, glycerol (as plasticizer) and caffeine (target drug) was prepared as release matrix. Glycerol promoted an increase in the extensibility and the surface smoothness of the BSG-AX-caffeine film. The drug was released (≈98%) in about 7 h. These results are promising to concern the design and use of BSG-AX based biofilms for the controlled release of bioactive compounds.

Hybrid gels: Influence of oleogel/hydrogel ratio on rheological and textural properties

Hybrid gels can be used for controlled delivery of bioactives and for textural and rheological modification of foods. In this regard the hydrogel:oleogel ratio and gel development methodologies showed to be the aspects that influence most of their properties. The present study shows how different fractions of oleogel can influence the hydrogel matrix of an oleogel-in-hydrogel emulsified system in terms of polymorphic arrangement, microstructure, texture and rheology. The hydrogel was prepared by using an aqueous sodium alginate solution and the oleogel was prepared through the gelation of medium chain triglycerides with beeswax. Hybrid gels were prepared under constant shearing. Crystallinity was clearly changed as hydrogel and oleogel were combined. No polymorphism was observed in the X-Ray diffraction of hybrid gels, as these showed homogeneous results for all component ratios. The behaviour of samples with increasing oleogel-to-hydrogel ratio presented a decrease of both firmness and spreadability, and then, a decrease of gel adhesivity and cohesiveness. This textural response was a consequence of the disaggregated structure, stemming from the disruption of the hydrogel network, due to the inclusion of increasing amounts of oleogel. Rheological results showed that all hybrid gels presented a gel-like behaviour (G´ > G´´). Oleogel's strength influenced the overall textural and rheological performance of hybrid gels. This work demonstrates the possibility of producing hybrid gels aiming to tailor texture on food systems.

Ferulated Arabinoxylans and Their Gels: Functional Properties and Potential Application as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agent

In the last years, biomedical research has focused its efforts in the development of new oral delivery systems for the treatment of different diseases. Ferulated arabinoxylans are polysaccharides from cereals that have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical field due to their prebiotic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The antioxidant and anticancer properties of these polysaccharides make them attractive compounds for the treatment of cancer, particularly colon cancer. In addition, ferulated arabinoxylans can form covalent gels through the cross-linking of their ferulic acids. Due to their particular characteristics, ferulated arabinoxylan gels represent an excellent alternative as colon-targeted drug delivery systems. The aim of the present work is to review the physicochemical and functional properties of ferulated arabinoxylans and their gels and to present the future perspectives for potential application as antioxidant and anticancer agents.

Formulation optimization of aprepitant microemulsion-loaded silicated corn fiber gum particles for enhanced bioavailability

The present investigation was aimed at development of silicate corn fiber gum (SCFG) particles as superior solid carrier for the preparation of Aprepitant (APT)-loaded self-emulsifying powder (SEP) system. 2(4) D-optimal mixture design with three level process variables was employed to develop SCFG particles, utilizing flow descriptors and hydrophobicity descriptors as response variables. The results indicated that blending of CFG (51.4% w/w) and magnesium silicate (MS) (48.6% w/w) using freeze-drying technique was found to have highest desirability (0.904). The developed SEP showed highest oil desorbing capacity, low self-emulsification time and highest drug content. It was observed that SCFG-SEP (F2 formulation) showed lowest PDI (0.2445 ± 0.03) as well as smallest particle size (127 ± 5.8 nm). The droplets were uniform and maintain their integrity after reconstitution (TEM analysis). Furthermore, APT-loaded SEP showed enhanced in vitro dissolution (4 folds) and ex vivo performance (7-fold enhanced Papp) as compared to pure APT. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that significant enhancement (p > 0.05) in Cmax was evident with APT-loaded F2 (SCFG-SEP) (1.93-fold) and F4 (Aerosil 200-SEP) (1.58-fold). The data also suggested increase in absorption rate when APT incorporated into SCFG-SEP. Thus, findings pointed toward enhanced bioavailability of APT when loaded into SCFG particles. Overall, the developed SCFG particles could be considered as a better alternative to already available solid carrier(s).