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Han B, Shang Y, Wang H, Shen Y, Li R, Wang M, Zhuang Z, Wang Z, Fang M, Jing T. Prevalence of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in food contact materials from China and their implications for human dietary exposure through take-away food. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134599. [PMID: 38788569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The application of disposable tableware has increased substantially in recent times due to the rapidly growing food delivery business in China. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in food contact materials (FCMs) to delay the process of oxidation; however, their compositions, concentrations, and potential health hazards remain unclear. Therefore, FCMs comprised of five materials obtained from 19 categories (n = 118) in China were analyzed for SPAs concentrations. FCMs have been found to contain a variety of SPAs, with ∑SPAs concentrations ranging from 44.18 to 69,485.12 μg/kg (median: 2615.63 μg/kg). The predominant congeners identified in the sample include 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) with a median concentration of 885.75, 555.45 and of 217.44 μg/kg, respectively. Milky tea paper cups, instant noodle buckets, milky teacups, and disposable cups showed high levels of SPAs. 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (AO 2246) was predominantly detected in polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate-based products. The migration test identified disposable plastic cups and bowls as the predominant FCMs and 2,4-DTBP as the dominant SPA. The exposure risk of SPAs decreased with age. In children, the estimated daily intake of ∑SPAs from FCMs was determined to be 17.56 ng/kg body weight/day, which was 8.3 times higher than that of phthalic acid esters. The current findings indicate the potential ingestion risk of SPAs during the daily life application of multiple FCM categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yinzhu Shang
- Technology Center of Wuhan Customs, #15 Jinyinhu Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Technology Center of Wuhan Customs, #15 Jinyinhu Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhijia Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Min Fang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Tao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Li H, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zhu K, Lin F, Liu J. Selection of antioxidants for capacitor grade polypropylene film: Insights into electrical performance of the oil-film system. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214116. [PMID: 38832737 DOI: 10.1063/5.0209700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
High voltage power capacitors employ the oil-impregnated polypropylene film as the insulation. The swelling phenomenon might drive the antioxidants and small molecules within the film to migrate into the oil. It is necessary to comprehensively investigate the physical migration mechanism of antioxidants and their impact on the electrical performance of the oil-film combination insulation system and, consequently, formulate the proper selective prescription of antioxidants. Theoretical elucidation of the competitive interaction mechanism between the film and the oil in attracting antioxidant molecules was achieved through the calculation of inter-molecular binding energy, and the migration coefficient ηm was introduced to quantify the migration characteristics of antioxidants. Experimentally, the effects of antioxidants on the space charge distribution of the film, the dielectric properties of the oil, and the breakdown characteristics of both the film and oil were investigated. The experimental conclusions are consistent with theoretical analysis. The lamellar structure antioxidant molecules with ηm > 1 tend to migrate from the film to the oil, which results in increased dielectric loss and decreased breakdown strength of the insulating oil. In addition, the presence of phosphorus atoms in phosphite antioxidants contributes to a reduction in the breakdown strength of the film. For capacitor grade polypropylene film, in addition to the synergistic effect between different types of antioxidants on the thermo-oxidative stability, the structure of the antioxidant molecules and its influence on the electrical performance of the oil-film systems should also be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ziqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kangyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fuchang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Mouren A, Pollet E, Avérous L. Synthesis and Assessment of Novel Sustainable Antioxidants with Different Polymer Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:413. [PMID: 38337302 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are essential to the polymer industry. The addition of antioxidants delays oxidation and material degradation during their processing and usage. Sustainable phenolic acids such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were selected. They were chemically modified by esterification to obtain various durable molecules, which were tested and then compared to resveratrol, a biobased antioxidant, and Irganox 1076, a well-known and very efficient fossil-based antioxidant. Different sensitive matrices were used, such as a thermoplastic polyolefin (a blend of PP and PE) and a purposely synthesized thermoplastic polyurethane. Several formulations were then produced, with the different antioxidants in varying amounts. The potential of these different systems was analyzed using various techniques and processes. In addition to antioxidant efficiency, other parameters were also evaluated, such as the evolution of the sample color. Finally, an accelerated aging protocol was set up to evaluate variations in polymer properties and estimate the evolution of the potential of different antioxidants tested over time and with aging. In conclusion, these environmentally friendly antioxidants make it possible to obtain high-performance materials with an efficiency comparable to that of the conventional ones, with variations according to the type of matrix considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Mouren
- BioTeam/ICPEES ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg CEDEX 2, France
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Identification of polymer additives from multilayer milk packaging materials by liquid-solid extraction coupled with GC-MS. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Foaming with scCO2 and Impregnation with Cinnamaldehyde of PLA Nanocomposites for Food Packaging. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcellular nanocomposite foams functionalized with cinnamaldehyde (Ci) were obtained through two-step supercritical foaming and impregnation processing. PLA nanocomposite foams with different C30B concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were obtained by foaming with scCO2 at 25 MPa and 135 °C and impregnated with Ci at 12 MPa and 40 °C. The effect of the C30B content and Ci incorporation on the morphological, structural, thermal, and release properties of the developed foams were investigated. The incorporation of Ci was not influenced by C30B’s addition. The presence of C30B and Ci incorporation reduced the average pore diameter slightly and the crystallinity degree of the foams extensively. Simultaneously, the experimental and theoretical characterization of the Ci release from the PLA nanocomposite foams in EtOH 50% was analyzed. The mechanism of Ci release from the foams was defined as a quasi-Fickian diffusion process that could be successfully described using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The active PLA foams presented a higher potential of migration and faster release when compared with that reported in commonly used PLA films, showing that biopolymeric foams could be potentially used as active food packaging to improve the migration of active compounds with low migration potentials in order to improve their biological activity in foods.
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Obtaining Active Polylactide (PLA) and Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Blends Based Bionanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO 2)-Assisted Cinnamaldehyde: Effect on Thermal-Mechanical, Disintegration and Mass Transport Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223968. [PMID: 34833267 PMCID: PMC8621613 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bionanocomposites based on Polylactide (PLA) and Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) blends were successfully obtained through a combined extrusion and impregnation process using supercritical CO2 (scCO2). Graphene oxide (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (Ci) were incorporated into the blends as nano-reinforcement and an active compound, respectively, separately, and simultaneously. From the results, cinnamaldehyde quantification values varied between 5.7% and 6.1% (w/w). When GO and Ci were incorporated, elongation percentage increased up to 16%, and, therefore, the mechanical properties were improved, with respect to neat PLA. The results indicated that the Ci diffusion through the blends and bionanocomposites was influenced by the nano-reinforcing incorporation. The disintegration capacity of the developed materials decreased with the incorporation of GO and PHB, up to 14 and 23 days of testing, respectively, without compromising the biodegradability characteristics of the final material.
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Kato LS, Conte-Junior CA. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2077. [PMID: 34202594 PMCID: PMC8271870 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain's alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Seiko Kato
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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Cerro D, Bustos G, Villegas C, Buendia N, Truffa G, Godoy MP, Rodríguez F, Rojas A, Galotto MJ, Constandil L, Yáñez-S M, Romero J, Torres A. Effect of supercritical incorporation of cinnamaldehyde on physical-chemical properties, disintegration and toxicity studies of PLA/lignin nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:255-266. [PMID: 33246007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid)/lignin nanocomposites (PLA/Lig-Np) containing cinnamaldehyde (Ci) were obtained by a combination of melt extrusion and supercritical impregnation process. In this work, Ci impregnation tests were carried out in a high-pressure cell at 40 °C for 3 h using 12 MPa and 1 MPa min-1 of depressurization rate, obtaining impregnation yields ranging from 5.7 to 10.8% w/w. Thermal, mechanical and colorimetric properties of the developed films were affected by the incorporation of lignin nanoparticles and the active compound, obtaining biodegradable plastic materials with a strong UV-light barrier property compared to PLA films. In addition, disintegrability tests under composting conditions confirmed the biodegradable character of nanocomposites developed. On day 23, a disintegration percentage greater than 90% was determined for all bionanocomposites. Finally, to establish the possible toxicity effect of the nanocomposites obtained, studies in vivo were performed in normal rats. Toxicity studies showed normal blood parameters after a single dose of nanocomposites. PLA/Ci/Lig-Np bionanocomposite films could be potentially applied to design biodegradable UV-light barrier materials for food packaging and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cerro
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Bustos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Villegas
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Nicolás Buendia
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Giannina Truffa
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María Paz Godoy
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Adrián Rojas
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María José Galotto
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Luis Constandil
- CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mauricio Yáñez-S
- Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile.
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Samsudin H, Auras R, Burgess G, Dolan K, Soto-Valdez H. Migration of antioxidants from polylactic acid films, a parameter estimation approach: Part II – assessment of partition, diffusion and convective mass transfer coefficients. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Design of active electrospun mats with single and core-shell structures to achieve different curcumin release kinetics. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Ügdüler S, Van Geem KM, Roosen M, Delbeke EIP, De Meester S. Challenges and opportunities of solvent-based additive extraction methods for plastic recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 104:148-182. [PMID: 31978833 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Additives are ubiquitously used in plastics to improve their functionality. However, they are not always desirable in their 'second life' and are a major bottleneck for chemical recycling. Although research on extraction techniques for efficient removal of additives is increasing, it resembles much like uncharted territory due to the broad variety of additives, plastics and removal techniques. Today solvent-based additive extraction techniques, solid-liquid extraction and dissolution-precipitation, are considered to be the most promising techniques to remove additives. This review focuses on the assessment of these techniques by making a link between literature and physicochemical principles such as diffusion and Hansen solubility theory. From a technical point of view, dissolution-precipitation is preferred to remove a broad spectrum of additives because diffusion limitations affect the solid-liquid extraction recoveries. Novel techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) are promising for finding the balance between these two processes. Because of limited studies on the economic and environmental feasibility of extraction methods, this review also includes a basic economic and environmental assessment of two extreme cases for the extraction of additives. According to this assessment, the feasibility of additives removal depends strongly on the type of additive and plastic and also on the extraction conditions. In the best-case scenario at least 70% of solvent recovery is required to extract plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) via dissolution-precipitation with tetrahydrofuran (THF), while solid-liquid extraction of phenolic antioxidants and a fatty acid amide slip agents from polypropylene (PP) with dichloromethane (DCM) can be economically viable even without intensive solvent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth I P Delbeke
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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Development of Bilayer Biodegradable Composites Containing Cellulose Nanocrystals with Antioxidant Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121945. [PMID: 31779266 PMCID: PMC6960804 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the development of novel biodegradable composites has increased over last years, and multilayer composites allow the design of materials with functionality and improved properties. In this work, bilayer structures based on a coated zein layer containing quercetin and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) over an extruded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) layer were developed and characterized. Bilayer composites were successfully obtained and presented a total thickness of approx. 90 µm. The coated zein layer and quercetin gave a yellowish tone to the composites. The incorporation of the zein layer containing CNC decreased the volatile release rate during thermal degradation. Regarding to mechanical properties, bilayer composites presented lower brittleness and greater ductility evidenced by a lower Young’s modulus and higher elongation values. Water permeability values of bilayer composites greatly increased with humidity and the zein coated layer containing quercetin increased this effect. Experimental data of quercetin release kinetics from bilayer structures indicated a higher release for an alcoholic food system, and the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals did not influence the quercetin diffusion process.
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Rojas A, Torres A, Añazco A, Villegas C, Galotto MJ, Guarda A, Romero J. Effect of pressure and time on scCO2-assisted incorporation of thymol into LDPE-based nanocomposites for active food packaging. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Modifying an Active Compound's Release Kinetic Using a Supercritical Impregnation Process to Incorporate an Active Agent into PLA Electrospun Mats. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050479. [PMID: 30966513 PMCID: PMC6415505 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to study the release of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) from electrospun poly lactic acid (e-PLA) mats obtained through two techniques: (i) direct incorporation of active compound during the electrospinning process (e-PLA-CIN); and (ii) supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) impregnation of CIN within electrospun PLA mats (e-PLA/CINimp). The development and characterization of both of these active electrospun mats were investigated with the main purpose of modifying the release kinetic of this active compound. Morphological, structural, and thermal properties of these materials were also studied, and control mats e-PLA and e-PLACO2 were developed in order to understand the effect of electrospinning and scCO2 impregnation, respectively, on PLA properties. Both strategies of incorporation of this active compound into PLA matrix resulted in different morphologies that influenced chemical and physical properties of these composites and in different release kinetics of CIN. The electrospinning and scCO2 impregnation processes and the presence of CIN altered PLA thermal and structural properties when compared to an extruded PLA material. The incorporation of CIN through scCO2 impregnation resulted in higher release rate and lower diffusion coefficients when compared to active electrospun mats with CIN incorporated during the electrospinning process.
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Samsudin H, Auras R, Burgess G, Dolan K, Soto-Valdez H. Migration of antioxidants from polylactic acid films, a parameter estimation approach: Part I – A model including convective mass transfer coefficient. Food Res Int 2018; 105:920-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Supercritical impregnation of thymol in poly(lactic acid) filled with electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)-cellulose nanocrystals nanofibers: Development an active food packaging material. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rojas A, Torres A, Martínez F, Salazar L, Villegas C, Galotto MJ, Guarda A, Romero J. Assessment of kinetic release of thymol from LDPE nanocomposites obtained by supercritical impregnation: Effect of depressurization rate and nanoclay content. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Cherif Lahimer M, Ayed N, Horriche J, Belgaied S. Characterization of plastic packaging additives: Food contact, stability and toxicity. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Aytac Z, Ipek S, Durgun E, Tekinay T, Uyar T. Antibacterial electrospun zein nanofibrous web encapsulating thymol/cyclodextrin-inclusion complex for food packaging. Food Chem 2017; 233:117-124. [PMID: 28530556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymol (THY)/γ-Cyclodextrin(γ-CD) inclusion complex (IC) encapsulated electrospun zein nanofibrous webs (zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF) were fabricated as a food packaging material. The formation of THY/γ-CD-IC (1:1 and 2:1) was proved by experimental (X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR) and computational techniques. THY/γ-CD-IC (2:1) exhibited higher preservation rate and stability than THY/γ-CD-IC (1:1). It is worth mentioning that zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (2:1) preserved much more THY as observed in TGA and stability of THY/γ-CD-IC (2:1) was higher, as shown by a modelling study. Therefore, much more THY was released from zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (2:1) than zein-THY-NF and zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (1:1). Similarly, antibacterial activity of zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (2:1) was higher than zein-THY-NF and zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (1:1). It was demonstrated that zein-THY/γ-CD-IC-NF (2:1) was most effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria on meat samples. These webs show potential application as an antibacterial food packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Aytac
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Semran Ipek
- Department of Engineering Physics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Engin Durgun
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Turgay Tekinay
- Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara 06830, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Torres A, Ilabaca E, Rojas A, Rodríguez F, Galotto MJ, Guarda A, Villegas C, Romero J. Effect of processing conditions on the physical, chemical and transport properties of polylactic acid films containing thymol incorporated by supercritical impregnation. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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A traditional aboriginal condiment as an antioxidant agent in the development of biodegradable active packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Safety assessment for octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate (CAS Reg. No. 2082-79-3) from use in food contact applications. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:176-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Supercritical impregnation and kinetic release of 2-nonanone in LLDPE films used for active food packaging. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bodai Z, Kirchkeszner C, Novák M, Nyiri Z, Kovács J, Magyar N, Iván B, Rikker T, Eke Z. Migration of Tinuvin P and Irganox 3114 into milk and the corresponding authorised food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1358-66. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1055523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Experimental and theoretical study of bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate into regulated EU food simulant. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Aytac Z, Dogan SY, Tekinay T, Uyar T. Release and antibacterial activity of allyl isothiocyanate/β-cyclodextrin complex encapsulated in electrospun nanofibers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:125-31. [PMID: 24907582 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is known as an efficient antibacterial agent but it has a very high volatility. Herein, AITC and AITC/β-cyclodextrin (CD)-inclusion complex (IC) incorporated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were produced via electrospinning. SEM images elucidated that incorporation of AITC and AITC/β-CD-IC into polymer matrix did not affect the bead-free fiber morphology of PVA nanofibers. (1)H-NMR and headspace GC-MS analyses revealed that very low amount of AITC was remained in PVA/AITC-NF because of the rapid evaporation of AITC during the electrospinning process. Nevertheless, much higher amount of AITC was preserved in the PVA/AITC/β-CD-IC-NF due to the CD inclusion complexation. The sustained release of AITC from nanofibers was evaluated at 30°C, 50°C and 75°C via headspace GC-MS. When compared to PVA/AITC-NF, PVA/AITC/β-CD-IC-NF has shown higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus due to the presence of higher amount of AITC in this sample which was preserved by CD-IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Aytac
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Sema Y Dogan
- Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Turgay Tekinay
- Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Ankara 06830, Turkey; Gazi University, Polatlı Science and Literature Faculty, Ankara 06900, Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Torres A, Romero J, Macan A, Guarda A, Galotto MJ. Near critical and supercritical impregnation and kinetic release of thymol in LLDPE films used for food packaging. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Maalouly J, Hayeck N, Kassouf A, Rutledge DN, Ducruet V. Chemometric tools to highlight possible migration of compounds from packaging to sunflower oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10565-10573. [PMID: 24111743 DOI: 10.1021/jf402888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) could be considered for the packaging of vegetable oils taking into account the impact of its oxygen permeability on the oxidation of the oil and the migration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the polymer matrix. After accelerated aging tests at 40 °C for 10, 20, and 30 days, the headspace of three sunflower oils packed in PET with high density polyethylene caps was carried out using solid phase microextraction. VOCs such as benzene hydrocarbons, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers and diethyl phthalate were identified in vegetable oils by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemometric tools such as principal components analysis (PCA), independent components analysis (ICA), and a multiblocks analysis, common components and specific weight analysis (CCSWA) applied to analytical data were revealed to be very efficient to discriminate between samples according to oil oxidation products (hexanal, heptanal, 2-pentenal) and to the migration of packaging contaminants (xylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 Lebanese Food Packaging, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University , 90656 Jdaideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon
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Lorenzini R, Biedermann M, Grob K, Garbini D, Barbanera M, Braschi I. Migration kinetics of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled paperboard to dry food: monitoring of two real cases. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:760-70. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.766765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThis article examines the contribution of liquid chromatography to the study of polyolefin additives commonly used to obtain improved environmental resistance (antioxidants, ultraviolet light stabilizers, antistatics, and so on) and appearance enhancements (e.g. colorants). Several reversed-phase liquid chromatographic methods are summarized, and a detailed description of different detectors is provided. In addition, ways of applying these methods to analyse food contact materials and plastic toys are emphasized. Finally, the potential use of these methods is addressed which complies with European health safety regulations.
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Experimental and theoretical study of thermodynamics and transport properties of multilayer polymeric food packaging. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Experimental and theoretical study of LDPE: Evaluation of different food simulants and temperatures. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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