Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted surfactant-emulsified microextraction for simultaneous determination of three important flavoring compounds in plant extracts and urine samples

Microextraction of essential oils: A review

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are popular extraction techniques for sample preparation due to their green and highly efficient single-step extraction efficiency. With the increasing attention to essential oils, their evaluation and analysis are significant in analytical sciences. In this review, starting from a brief description of the recent advances in the last decade, the attention has been focused on the up-to-date research works and applications based on liquid and solid phase microextraction for essential oil analyses. Particular attention has been given to the approaches using ionic liquids, eutectic solvents, gas flow assisted, and novel composite materials. In the end, the technological convergence of novel microextraction of essential oils in the future has been prospected.

Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Contaminants in Chicken Liver Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) Detected by LC-HRMS/MS

Simultaneous determination of a mixture of food contaminants, including pesticides, sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, anthelmintics, and aflatoxin B1, in solid biological samples (chicken liver) by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction/liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (DLLME/LC-HRMS) is presented. Previous work focused on the application of DLLME to single-class contaminants. In this work, the DLLME extraction method has been extended to complex multiresidues in the biological matrix. The first part of this study was the selection of an appropriate solvent that enabled the dissolution of analytes from the chicken livers. The matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity in the range 0.5-50.0 µg kg^-1 for aflatoxin B1 and 50-500 µg kg^-1 for pesticides, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, and anthelmintics, with a coefficient of determination (R²) values of 0.9916-0.9967. The mean recoveries were in the range of 80.4-96.3%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were in the range of 1.53-8.98%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.03 µg kg^-1 and 0.09 µg kg^-1, respectively, for aflatoxin B1, and for pesticides, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, and anthelmintics, they were in the range of 0.011-1.197 µg kg^-1 and 0.150-2.579 µg kg^-1, respectively. The developed method was compared with the standard solid phase extraction (SPE) method, and there was no significant difference between the two methods.

Determination of imidacloprid and acetamiprid in bottled juice by a new DLLME-HPLC

A new kind of surfactant-emulsified vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (SE-VA-DLLME) using benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (BDDAC) as emulsifier and disperser has been developed for the determination of imidacloprid and acetamiprid in bottled grenadine and black currant juice samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. For grenadine juice and black currant juice, LODs were 0.78 and 0.45 μg/L and 0.81 and 0.83 μg/L and LOQs were 2.8 and 1.7 μg/L and 3.2 and 2.8 μg/L for imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively. The linear ranges were wider than 10-3000 μg/L with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9913, the extraction recoveries were in the range of 61.6-84.2%, the enrichment factors were in the range of 27.0-43.3, and the recoveries and relative standard deviations of the studied neonicotinoids were in the range of 91.94-99.63% and 2.8-6.7%, respectively. The proposed method is presented as a simple, cheap, precise, accurate, and sensitive alternative for the determination of imidacloprid and acetamiprid in bottled grenadine juice and black currant juice samples.

New developments on ultrasound-assisted processing and flavor detection of spices: A review

Spices are widely used to add unique flavors to food; such uniqueness may, however, suffer significant loss during processing, which is in many cases needed to preserve or transform spices into food ingredients. Here, the effects of ultrasound-assisted drying, extraction and microencapsulation on flavor of spices along with selected progresses made on ultrasonic detection of the flavor are reviewed. Flavors of some spices, e.g., laurel, onion and peppermint, dried with the aid of ultrasound are noted to be better than those of shade-dried, infrared, microwave and hot-air dried products. Ultrasound-assisted extraction can be effectively used to extract essential oils or oleoresins from spices. Compared with selected extraction methods, the variety of flavor substances obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction is richer and their concentrations are also higher, making the flavors of the extracts stronger. Ultrasound-assisted microencapsulation has noted to increase the compound embedding and loading ratios, resulting in better maintenance of flavor over a longer period of time. Ultrasound has finally proved to be an efficient, green, economical and sensitive flavor detection technology for spices.

A Review of Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Tartrazine (E 102) in Foodstuffs

Tartrazine is an azo food dye, which is orange-colored and water soluble. It is usually used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Tartrazine has the potential to cause an adverse health effect on humans, such as hyperactivity in children, allergy, and asthma. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive and EU Scientific Committee for Food have standardized the acceptable daily intake for tartrazine that is 7.5 mg kg^-1 body weight. Many researchers have detected the presence of tartrazine for monitoring the quality and safety of food products. In this review paper, we highlighted various tartrazine detection and extraction methods. Some of the analytical methods are available such as high-performance liquid chromatography, electrochemical sensor, thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, we discuss following extraction steps: liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, membrane filtration, cloud point extraction, and other extraction method. In addition, a brief overview is presented explaining the synthesis process and metabolism of tartrazine and the maximum permitted level in different countries. This review paper will give an insight into different extraction and analytical methods for the determination of tartrazine in healthy foods, which will attract the attention of public toward food safety and quality, and also the interest of food industry and government bodies.

A Simple Organic Solvent-Free Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Method for the Determination of Potentially Toxic Metals as 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)phenol Complex from Food and Biological Samples

An organic solvent-free method was developed to extract some potentially toxic metals, as complexed with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)phenol, from different real samples prior to their determination by microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The method, named ionic liquid-based ultrasound-enhanced air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-USE-AALLME), is based upon withdrawing and pushing out a mixture of an aqueous sample and an IL (as the extraction solvent) for several times into a conical test tube using a single syringe, placed in an ultrasound bath (as the enhancing mass transfer agent) during the extraction process. Different effective parameters were studied, and at the optimized conditions, limits of detection, linear dynamic ranges, and enrichment factors were ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 μg L(-1), 3.0 to 1023 μg L(-1), and 20 ± 2 to 22 ± 2, respectively. After optimization, the method was successfully applied to determine Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), and Cr(3+) in different biological (hair and nail), vegetable (coriander, parsley, and tarragon), fruit juice (apple, orange, and peach), and water (tap, mineral, and wastewater) samples. The proposed method was compared with two other IL-based and disperser solvent-free methods (i.e., IL-based air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and IL-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction) to demonstrate its performance.

Optimized syringe-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled with microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the simple and fast determination of potentially toxic metals in fruit juice and bio-fluid samples

Syringe assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled with microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry as a novel method for potentially toxic metals extraction.

Dispersive suspended-solidified floating organic droplet microextraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: comparison of suspended droplet-based and dispersive-based liquid-phase microextraction methods

A dispersive suspended-solidified floating organic droplet microextraction method was developed for determination of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human plasma and urine samples.

Application of an ionic-liquid combined with ultrasonic-assisted dispersion ofgold nanoparticles for micro-solid phase extraction of unmetabolized pyridoxine and folic acid in biological fluids prior to high-performance liquid chromatography

A facile and efficient protocol was suggested for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and their subsequent transfer to aqueous solution using 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, following vigorous shaking with ultrasonic waves.