Psychologically-based interventions for adults with chronic neuropathic pain: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

As psychologically-based interventions have been shown to have clinical utility for adults with chronic pain generally, a similar benefit might be expected in the management of chronic neuropathic pain (NeuP). However, to date this has not been established, with existing systematic reviews on this topic being hampered by the scarcity of Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). This review aimed to identify the type of psychologically-based interventions studied for adults with chronic NeuP. It also aimed to assess whether there are enough RCTs to justify undertaking an updated systematic review.

METHODS

Seven databases and two clinical trial registries were searched for NeuP and psychologically-based interventions from database inception to December 2021, and the search was updated in February 2023. The search was broadened by reviewing the reference list of included studies and contacting field experts. Predetermined study characteristics were extracted.

RESULTS

Of 4682 records screened, 33 (less than 1%) articles met the eligibility criteria. Four broad intervention approaches were observed, including cognitive-behavioural approaches (n = 16), mindfulness/meditation (n = 10), trauma focused therapy (n = 4), and hypnosis (n = 3). Thirteen RCTs were identified, and of these, nine retained 20 participants in each arm at post-treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy was the most common therapeutic approach identified, whereas mindfulness/meditation was the most frequently used technique. Almost half to two-thirds of the studies reported significant improvements in either pain, disability, or distress, suggesting psychologically-based interventions are potentially beneficial for adults with chronic NeuP. An updated systematic review seems warranted.

Totally endoscopic transcanal facial nerve decompression in patients with traumatic facial nerve paralysis: from geniculate ganglion to mastoid segment

OBJECTIVE

The current study evaluated the effectiveness of endoscopic transcanal facial nerve decompression in patients with post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 10 patients with post-traumatic complete facial nerve paralysis who underwent endoscopic transcanal facial nerve decompression. The surgical technique was explained step by step, and the surgical complications, hearing status and facial nerve function 12 months post-operatively were reported.

RESULTS

Endoscopic transcanal facial nerve decompression allowed exposure of the geniculate ganglion to the mastoid segment. The facial nerve function improved from House-Brackmann grade VI to grades I and II in 8 of 10 (80 per cent) patients, and 2 patients experienced partial recovery (House-Brackmann grades III and IV). No severe complication was reported.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic transcanal facial nerve decompression, involving the nerve from the geniculate ganglion to the mastoid segment, is a safe and effective approach in patients with post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis.

Use of Chrysosporium/carbon nanotubes for preconcentration of ultra-trace cadmium levels from various samples after extensive studies on its adsorption properties

Carbon nanotubes were used to immobilize Chrysosporium fungus for building an adequate adsorbent to be used as an desirable sorbent for preconcentration and measurement of cadmium ultra-trace levels in various samples. After characterization, the potential of Chrysosporium/carbon nanotubes for the sorption of Cd(II) ions was scrutinized by the aid of central composite design, and comprehensive studies of sorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic aspects were accomplished. Then, the composite was utilized for preconcentration of ultra-trace cadmium levels, by a mini-column packed with Chrysosporium/carbon nanotubes, before its determination with ICP-OES. The outcomes vouchsafed that (i) Chrysosporium/carbon nanotube has a high tendency for selective and rapid sorption of cadmium ion, at pH 6.1, and (ii) kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies showed a high affinity of the Chrysosporium/carbon nanotubes for cadmium ion. Also, the outcomes displayed that cadmium can quantitatively be sorbed at a flow speed lesser than 7.0 mL/min and a 1.0 M HCl solution (3.0 mL) was sufficient to desorbe the analyte. Eventually, preconcentration and measurement of Cd(II) in different foods and waters were successfully accomplished with good accuracy, high precision (RSDs ≤5.65%), and low limit of detection (0.015 μg/L).

Central and Peripheral Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Food Choice and Macronutrient Selection in Meat-Type Chick

This report aimed to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on food intake in broiler chicks with different rations. All birds received a starter diet until five days of age, but experimental diets were provided on days of injections. In experimental group one, chickens received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of LPS (25, 50, and 100 ng) with a standard diet. In experimental group two, chickens received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of LPS (50, 100, and 200 µg) with a standard diet. In experimental group three, birds received ICV injections of saline and different diets. Accordingly, a standard diet without fat, a diet containing 20% higher nutrient energy than the standard, a diet containing 20% less nutrient energy than the standard, and a standard diet containing fat were offered to them to investigate the desire of chickens for the diets. Experimental groups four, five, and six were similar to experimental group three, except that the chickens received ICV injections of LPS. In experimental groups seven, eight, and nine, chickens received IP injections of LPS with different diets. Afterward, their cumulative food intake was measured until 180 min post-injection. According to the results, ICV and IP injections of LPS decreased food intake (P<0.05). However, the ICV injection of saline increased the desire of chickens for the standard diet with fat (P<0.05). The ICV injection of the LPS (50 and 100 ng) increased the appetite for a standard diet with nutrient energy 20% higher than the standard and a standard diet containing fat, at 120 and 180 min after the injection (P<0.05). In addition, IP injection of LPS (200 µg) significantly increased the desire for a standard diet with nutrient energy 20% higher than the standard and a standard diet containing fat (P<0.05). These results suggested the desire of chickens for different types of rations is affected by central or peripheral administration of the LPS.

Polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate hydrogel coating with different crosslinking procedures on a PSf support for fabricating high-flux NF membranes

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel-coated nanofiltration (NF) membranes with high-flux and permselectivity were prepared. The coating of PVA and SA hydrogel selective layer on a porous polysulfone (PSf)/non-woven fabric ultrafiltration substrate membrane was conducted through different three procedures including pre-crosslinking, in-situ crosslinking, and immersing crosslinking and the use of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The properties and performances of all types of the prepared membranes were evaluated through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, SEM, zeta potential, contact angle, and cross-flow permeation tests. The immersing technique resulted in the formation of TFC membranes with higher hydrophilicity, smoother surface layer, higher negative charge, higher permeation flux, higher salt rejection and better anti-fouling performance. Also, the higher negative surface charge of the immersing coated TFC membranes due to dissociation of hydrophilic functional groups of the PVA and SA hydrogel selective layer resulted in higher As(III) rejection. SA coated NF membrane through immersing method exhibited a higher pure water permeability of 11.2 L m^-2 h^-1 bar^-1, NaCl, MgSO₄, and Na₂SO₄ rejection of 38.2%, 55.1%, and 70.4%, respectively with As(III) rejection of 60.6%. All types of the PVA and SA hydrogel-coated PSf membranes possessed improved fouling resistance to BSA aqueous solution, superior anti-fouling performance was obtained with SA hydrogel coating through immersing method. Such optimum membranes indicated high stability in the long-term experiments. This study showed that the coating of the SA hydrogel layer on a PSf support through immersing method could be a promising candidate for fabricating high-flux NF membranes.

Fine-Humor Producing Materia Medica in Persian Medicine

According to Persian Medicine (PM), humors that can replace the consumed body compounds, while contributing to health maintenance, is called ‘fine humor’ (khelt-e saleh). However, a limited number of foods and beverages have been mentioned as the producers of fine humor. These substances are particularly important in maintaining health in vulnerable populations including pregnant women, lactating mothers, the elderly, infants and children. They also play an important role in certain treatment plans during illness and injury and after recovery. The present study was designed to investigate properties of fine-humor producing materia medica, as described by PM resources. Based on the search performed in PM textbooks, 63 substances were found to have this property. The most frequent Mizaj types were hot-wet (33.34%), hot-dry (19.05%), and cold-wet (17.47%). The highest organ tropism belonged to kidneys and bladder, brain, liver, sex organs, stomach and lungs respectively. Examining drug actions indicated obesogenous (53.97%), enhancing sperm production and sexual potency (42.86%), laxative (39.69%), and tonic (33.34%) actions to be the most prevalent effects of these substances in the body. By integrating these substances into diets, health promotion for children, the elderly, and mothers during nursing and pregnancy may be achieved. Additionally, patients can benefit from a fine-humor producing nutrition both for 1) prevention of chronic diseases and 2) during disease recovery, acute phases of illness, anemia, and metabolic illnesses. Further studies are recommended to analyze the components and nutritional value, and the use of PM capability in culinary medicine.

Central Phoenixin Protective Role on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures during Various Stages of the Estrous Cycle among Rats

It is known that phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) has a mediatory role in reproduction; however, there is no report on the role of the PNX-14 on epilepsy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antiepileptic effects of the PNX-14 on the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epilepsy in the stages of the estrous cycle among rats. A total of 168 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including control (intracerebroventricular injection was performed with saline), PNX-14 (5 µg), PNX-14 (10 µg), bicuculline (competitive antagonist of GABA_A receptors; 5 nmol)+PNX-14 (5 µg), bicuculline (BIC) (5 nmol)+PNX-14 (10 µg), saclofen (competitive antagonist of GABA_B receptors; 2.5 µg)+PNX-14 (5 µg), and saclofen (2.5 µg)+PNX-14 (10 µg) in proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. Afterward, the control and treatment groups were followed by intraperitoneal administration of 80 mg/kg PTZ. Initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), seizure duration (SD), and mortality rate (MR) were monitored and recorded for 30 min. According to the results, PNX-14 alone significantly reduced the SD and seizure mortality in all phases of estrus (P<0.05). The injection of PNX-14 with BIC significantly reduced SD and seizure mortality in all estrus phases (P<0.05). PNX-14 alone increased both ITMS and ITTS in all phases of estrus (P<0.05). Furthermore, the injection of PNX-14 with BIC significantly reduced the effects of the PNX-14 on ITMS and ITTS in all estrus stages (P<0.05). These results showed that the antiepileptic activity of PNX-14 was probably mediated by GABA_A receptors, and this effect was more prominent during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.

Correlation of Histamine Receptors and Adrenergic Receptor in Broilers Appetite

The current study was conducted to investigate the interaction between the central adrenergic and histaminergic systems and the broiler chick's feed intake. In the first experiment, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of solutions was conducted which included 10 nmol of prazosin (an α₁-receptor antagonist), 300 nmol of histamine, co-injection of prazosin and histamine. Experiments two to five were conducted similarly the same as the first experiment, in which chickens were ICV injected with 13 nmol of yohimbine (an α₂-receptor antagonist), 24 nmol of metoprolol (a β₁ adrenergic receptor antagonist), 5 nmol of ICI 118,551 (a β₂ adrenergic receptor antagonist), and 20 nmol of SR 59230R (a β₃ adrenergic receptor antagonist). The injected solutions in the sixth experiment included 300 nmol of noradrenaline, 250 nmol of α-FMH (an alpha fluoromethyl histidine), noradrenaline, and α-FMH. Seventh to ninth experiments were similar to the sixth experiment, except that the chickens were ICV injected with 300 nmol of chlorpheniramine (a histamine H₁ receptors antagonist), 82 nmol of famotidine (a histamine H₂ receptors antagonist), and 300 nmol of thioperamide (a histamine H₃ receptors antagonist), rather than α-FMH. Afterward, the cumulative food intake was measured 120 min after injection. Based on the obtained results, both histamine ICV injection and noradrenaline injection reduced food intake (P<0.05). Moreover, co-injection of histamine and ICI 118,551 (P<0.05), and co-injection of noradrenaline and Chlorpheniramine reduced food intake (P<0.05). In addition, noradrenaline and Thioperamide co-injection improved hypophagic effect of noradrenaline in neonatal chicken (P<0.05). These findings suggested the effect of interconnection between adrenergic and histaminergic systems, which may be mediated by H₁ and H₃ histaminergic and β₂ adrenergic receptors, on the regulation of food intake in the neonatal broiler chicken.

Electrochemical determination of epirubicin in the presence of topotecan as essential anti-cancer compounds using paste electrode amplified with Pt/SWCNT nanocomposite and a deep eutectic solvent

Epirubicin (EP) and topotecan (TP) are two major anti-cancer compounds for the treatment of breast cancer with serious side effects. Hence herein, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) amplified with Pt/SWCNT nanocomposite and a deep eutectic solvent (CPE/DES/Pt-SWCNT) were proposed as an analytical tool for the monitoring of EP in the presence of TP in the real samples. Amplification of sensor was improve EP oxidation signal about 2.73 times. Under the optimized conditions, EP determined by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique with linear dynamic range of 0.001-500 μM with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 nM. The CPE/DES/Pt-SWCNT offered influential ability for monitoring of EP in injection and dextrose saline samples with a recovery range of 97.4%-104.9%.

Impact of the Central Histaminergic and Melanocortin Systems on Leptin-Induced Hypophagia in Neonatal Layer Chicken

The present study aimed to assess the probable impact of the central histaminergic and melanocortin systems on leptin-induced hypophagia in neonatal layer chickens. In experiment 1, the chickens received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of the control solution, 250 nmol of α-FMH, 10 µg of leptin, and α-FMH+leptin. Experimental groups 2-8 were injected the same as experiment 1. Nonetheless, the chickens in experiments 2-8 received ICV injections of 300 nmol of chlorpheniramine (H₁ receptor antagonist), 82 nmol of famotidine (H₂ receptor antagonist), 300 nmol of thioperamide (H₃ receptor antagonist), 0.5 nmol of SHU9119 (M₃/M₄ receptors antagonist), 0.5 nmol of MCL0020 (M₄ receptor antagonist), 30 µg of astressin-B (CRF₁/ CRF₂ receptors antagonist), and 30 µg of astressin2-B (CRF₂ receptor antagonist), instead of α-FMH, respectively. Food was provided for the birds immediately following the injection, and 30, 60, and 120 min after the injection, cumulative food intake (g) was measured. The findings pointed out that the ICV injection of leptin diminished food intake in neonatal chickens (P<0.05). The co-administration of M₃/M₄ receptor antagonist+leptin significantly decreased the hypophagic effect of leptin (P<0.05). A significant decrease was also detected in the hypophagic effect of leptin following the co-administration of the M₄ receptor antagonist and leptin (P<0.05). Moreover, the co-injection of the antagonists of CRF₁/CRF₂ receptors and leptin significantly mitigated the hypophagic effect of leptin (P<0.05). The co-injection of CRF₂ receptor antagonist and leptin led to a decrease in the hypophagic effect of leptin. As evidenced by the results of the current study the hypophagic effect of leptin is mediated by the receptors of H₁, H₃, M₃/M₄, and CRF₁/CRF₂ in neonatal layer chicken.

Anti-depressant Effect of Betaine Mediates via Nitrergic and Serotoninergic Systems in Ovariectomized Mice

This study aimed to determine the anti-depressant effect of betaine (BT) in ovariectomized mice and its possible interaction with nitrergic and serotoninergic systems. In experiment 1, the mice were divided into control and sham groups, ovariectomy (OVX), OVX+BT (12.5mg/kg), OVX+BT (25 mg/kg), and OVX+BT (50mg/kg) groups. In experiment 2, the mice were assigned into control and sham, OVX, OVX+BT (50mg/kg), OVX+L-NAME (10 mg/kg), as well as OVX+injection of the BT and L-NAME. Experiments 3-5 were similar to experiment 2, except for L-Arginine (50 mg/kg), Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), and Cyproheptadine (4 mg/kg) that were injected instead of the L-NAME. Subsequently, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT) were performed in this study. Moreover, this study determined serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status levels. According to the findings, OVX increased immobility time, compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, BT (50mg/kg) decreased depression-induced immobility time, compared to the OVX group (P<0.05). The co-injection of the BT+L-NAME decreased depression-induced immobility time in TST and FST, followed by an increase in the number of crossing in OFT(P<0.05).Moreover, the co-injection of the BT+L-Arginine significantly diminished the antidepressant activity of BT on immobility time and decreased positive effect of BT on the number of crossing (P<0.05). The co-injection of the BT+Fluoxetine significantly amplified the antidepressant activity of BT on immobility time and number of crossing (P<0.05). Furthermore, the co-injection of the BT+Cyproheptadine decreased antidepressant activity of BT on immobility time and number of crossing (P<0.05). The BT (25 and 50mg/kg) reduced the MDA; however, it elevated SOD and GPx levels in OVX mice (P<0.05). It seems that antidepressant activity of BT mediates via nitrergic and serotoninergic systems in OVX mice.

Role of Dopaminergic and Cannabinoidergic Receptors on Ghrelin-Induced Hypophagia in 5-Day-Old Broiler Chicken

The present study aimed to identify the role of dopaminergic and cannabinoidergic systems in the ghrelin-induced hypophagia among meat-type chickens. In the first experiment, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection was applied to birds with control solution, D₁ receptor antagonist (5 nmol), ghrelin (6 nmol), and D1 receptor antagonist plus ghrelin. The second to sixth experiments were similar to the first one, with the difference that D₂ receptor antagonist (5 nmol), D₃ receptor antagonist (6.4 nmol), D₄ receptor antagonist (6 nmol), the precursor of dopamine (125 nmol), and 6-hydroxy dopamine (150 nmol) instead of D₁ antagonist were injected into the broiler chickens. In experiment 7, control solution and different levels of ghrelin antagonists (5, 10, and 20 nmol) were injected. In experiment 8, the chickens were ICV injected with control solution, ghrelin antagonist (10 nmol), dopamine (40 nmol), and ghrelin antagonist plus dopamine. In experiments 9 and 10, CB₁ and CB₂ receptors antagonist (6.25µg and 5µg) were co-injected with ghrelin (6 nmol), respectively, measuring the food intake for 120 min after the injection. It was observed that ghrelin ICV injection considerably reduced food intake, whereas ghrelin antagonist increased food intake, depending on the dose (P<0.05). In addition, ghrelin-induced hypophagia was significantly attenuated by D₁ receptor antagonist and 6-hydroxy dopamine (P<0.05), while the dopamine precursor considerably elevated the ghrelin-induced food intake (P<0.05). The dopamine-induced feeding behavior was diminished by the co-administration of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 (10 nmol)+dopamine (40 nmol) (P<0.05). In addition, CB₁ receptor antagonists enhanced the ghrelin influence on food intake (P<0.05). The results implied that the hypophagic impact of ghrelin was probably mediated by D₁ and CB₁ receptors within neonatal broilers.

Fabrication of chitosan-aminopropylsilane graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogel embedded PES membrane for improved filtration performance and lead separation

In the present study chitosan-aminopropylsilane graphene oxide (CS-APSGO) nanocomposite hydrogel was synthesized and utilized as a hydrophilic additive in different dosages (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 wt%) in fabrication of porous polyethersulfone (PES) membranes via the phase inversion induced process by immersion precipitation method for heavy metal ion and dye removal. The modified membranes were characterized using ATR-FTIR, AFM, SEM, water contact angle, overall porosity and mean pore radius evaluations and zeta potential measurement. The addition of CS-APSGO nanocomposite hydrogel to PES doping solutions enhanced membranes hydrophilicity and consequently pure water flux permeability. Filtration performance of the CS-APSGO embedded membranes showed promising antifouling properties during BSA filtration test (FRR> 90%) and 1 wt% membranes showed the highest pure water flux of 123.8 L/m² h with BSA rejection more than 98% and removal capability more than 82% for lead (II) ion, 90.5% and 98.5% for C.I. Reactive Blue 50 and C.I. Reactive Green 19, respectively. Therefore, the CS-APSGO nanocomposite hydrogel blending in order to modification of PES-based membranes have a noticeable potential in improving filtration performance of blended membranes.

Interaction of Central Glutamatergic and Histaminergic Systems on Food Intake Regulation in Layer Chickens

This study purposed to discover the connection between the central glutamatergic and histaminergic systems on feeding behavior in layer chickens. In the first experiment, chicks obtained intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of saline (control solution), α-FMH (250 nmol), glutamate (300 nmol), and α-FMH + glutamate. Experiments 2-6 were comparable to the first experiment, apart from the birds being injected with chlorpheniramine (histamine H₁ receptor antagonist, 300 nmol), famotidine (histamine H₂ receptor antagonist, 82 nmol), and thioperamide (histamine H3 receptor antagonist, 300 nmol) instead of α-FMH. In Experiment five, experimental groups were divided into (A) control solution, (B) MK-801 (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, 15 nmol), (C) histamine (300 nmol) and (D) MK-801 + histamine. Experiments 6-10 and Experiment five were similar apart from the ICV injections of CNQX (AMPA receptor antagonist, 360 nm), UBP-302 (Kainate receptor antagonist, 390 nm), AIDA (mGluR₁ antagonist, 2 nmol), LY341495 (mGluR₂ antagonist, 150 nmol), and UBP1112 (mGluR₃ antagonist, 2 nmol) given instead of MK-801. Afterward, cumulative food intake was recorded at30, 60, and 120 minutes after the injection process. According to the results, ICV injection of glutamate considerably reduced food intake (p<0.05). Co-injection of α-FMH + glutamate and/or chlorpheniramine + glutamate reduced the hypophagic influence of glutamate (p<0.05), whereas thioperamide + glutamate augmented glutamate-induced hypophagia in neonatal chicks (p<0.05). Co-injection of MK-801 + histamine or UBP-302 + histamine reduced the hypophagic influence of the histamine (p<0.05), whereas LY341495 + histamine augmented the hypophagic influence of the histamine (p<0.05). Given the results, it is suggested that the effect of the connection between these systems on the process of food intake regulation is mediated by H₁ and H₃ histamines as well as NMDA, Kainate, and mGluR₂ glutamate receptors in neonatal layer chickens.

Interconnection between Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Systems in Feeding Behavior in Neonatal Chicks

Central dopaminergic (DAergic) and adrenergic systems have a prominent role in appetite regulation; however, their interaction(s) have not been studied in neonatal layer chickens.Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the interaction of central DAergic and noradrenergic systems in food intake regulation in neonatal layer chickens. In the first experiment, chickens received the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of a control solution, prazosin (i.e., &amp;alpha;1 adrenergic receptor antagonist; 10 nmol), dopamine (DA; 40 nmol), and prazosin plus DA. The second to fifth experiments were similar to the first experiment except that the birds were injected with yohimbine (i.e., &amp;alpha;2 receptor antagonist; 13 nmol), metoprolol (i.e., &amp;beta;1 adrenergic receptor antagonist; 24 nmol), ICI 118,551 (i.e., &amp;beta;2 adrenergic receptor antagonist; 5 nmol), and SR59230R (i.e., &amp;beta;3 adrenergic receptor antagonist; 20 nmol) instead of prazosin. In the sixth experiment, the chickens received ICV injection with the control solution and noradrenaline (NA; 75, 150, and 300 nmol). In the seventh experiment, the birds were injected with the control solution, SCH23390 (i.e., D1 DAergic receptor antagonist; 5 nmol), NA (300 nmol), and SCH23390 plus NA In the eighth experiment, the control solution, AMI-193 (i.e., D2 DAergic receptor antagonist; 5 nmol), NA (300 nmol), and AMI-193 plus NA were injected. Then, cumulative food intake was recorded at 30, 60, and 120 min after the injection. According to the obtained results, the ICV injection of DA (40 nmol) significantly decreased food intake in comparison to that reported for the control group (p &amp;lt;0.05). The co-injection of yohimbine plus DA significantly amplified DA-induced hypophagia in the neonatal chickens (p &amp;lt;0.05). In addition, the co-administration of ICI 118,551 plus DA significantly inhibited the hypophagic effect of DA in the neonatal chickens (p &amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, NA (75, 150, and 300 nmol) significantly reduced food intake in a dose-dependent manner (p &amp;lt;0.05). The co-injection of SCH23390 plus NA decreased the hypophagic effect of NA in the neonatal chickens, compared to that reported for the control group (p &amp;lt;0.05). The co-injection of AMI-193 plus NA diminished NA-induced hypophagia, compared to that reported for the control group (p &amp;lt;0.05). The aforementioned results suggested that there is an interconnection between central DAergic and noradrenergic systems through &amp;alpha;2/&amp;beta;2 adrenergic and D1/D2 DAergic receptors in food intake regulation in neonatal chicks.

Effects of Metformin on Experimental Varicocele in Rats

The current study aimed to determine the effect of metformin (MET) on histopathologic evaluation and antioxidant enzyme activity in experimental varicocele-induced rats. A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Group 1 (control) received no medication and underwent no surgery. In group 2 (sham), the rats received no medication and the abdominal cavity was opened; however, there was no varicocele induction. In group 3 (varicocele), the abdominal cavity was opened and the rats underwent varicocele induction and received no medication. In group 4, the abdominal cavity was opened and the animals received 25 mg/kg of MET for 42 days and were varicocele-induced. Groups 5 and 6 were similar to group 4 except that the animals received 50 and 100 mg/kg of MET, respectively. At the end of the 21st and 42nd days, the rats were euthanized and the left testis was removed for histological analysis and measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status levels. According to the results, a dose-dependent difference was observed in testis damage grade in the MET treated groups, compared to that reported for the varicocele group (p &amp;lt;0.05). No difference was observed between 25 and 50 mg/kg of MET (P&amp;gt;0.05). Tissue MDA levels significantly increased in varicocele rats (p &amp;lt;0.05); however, MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner decreased varicocele-induced MDA (p &amp;lt;0.05). Experimental varicocele significantly decreased SOD activity, compared to that reported for the control group (p &amp;lt;0.05). The administration of MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased tissue SOD activity in varicocele rats (p &amp;lt;0.05). The MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner increased GPx activity in varicocele rats (p &amp;lt;0.05). There was no difference in MDA, SOD, and GPx levels between 25 and 50 mg/kg MET groups (P&amp;gt;0.05). The aforementioned findings suggested that MET treatment had beneficial effects on varicocele.

Electrochemical Measurement of Noscapine and Lorazepam Using a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent

In the present study, simultaneous voltammetric determination of noscapine (NOS) and lorazepam (LOR) was studied for the first time. A carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and natural deep eutectic solvent (NANADES) (MWCNTs/NADES/CPE) was used for this purpose. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied for the investigation of the electron transfer rate of [Fe(CN)6]^3-/4- as a redox couple probe on the surface of the MWCNTs/NADES/CPE. The modified electrode preserved and combined the properties of the individual modifiers synergistically. A significant enhancement in the peak current responses of NOS and LOR was observed on the modified electrode surface compared to the bare electrode. Under the optimal conditions, the peak current of differential pulse voltammograms was linearly dependent on analyte concentration in the range of 3-1700 µM for NOS and 1-2220 µM for LOR. The limit of detection (LOD) for NOS and LOR was 1.90 µM and 0.69 µM, respectively. Finally, this strategy was also employed for the determination of NOS and LOR in pharmaceutical samples.

Effect of Oat (Avena Sativa L.) Extract on Experimental Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats

Peripheral nerve disorders are the most common neurological problems; therefore, it is important to intervene to treat or stop the resulting side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oat extract on experimental sciatic nerve injury in rats. Totally, 50 adult male rats were divided into five groups (n=10). Group 1 was exposed to sham condition, and group 2 was regarded as the control group (nerve injury without treatment). Moreover, groups 3-5 were subjected to sciatic nerve injury, and they received oral gavages of the oat extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), respectively. Subsequently, 2 and 4 weeks later, the rats were euthanized for pathological evaluation of nerve repair. The results showed an increase in the formation of the perineurium and epineurium dose in the oat-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), compared to the control group after 2 weeks (P&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, the presence of inflammatory cells in the oat extract-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) decreased, compared to that in the control group after 2 weeks (P&amp;lt;0.05). In addition, the swelling of the axon significantly decreased in the oat extract-treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg), compared to the control group (P&amp;lt;0.05). However, the axon dose-dependently increased in oat-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), compared to that in the control group after 4 weeks (P&amp;lt;0.05). These results suggest that oat extract has positive effects on sciatic nerve repair in rats.

Effects of Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

This study aimed at investigating the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on testicular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. In total, 50 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1 received no injection (control); however, group 2 was subjected to 2 h of I and 24 h of R. Subsequently, group 3 was subjected to 2 h of 1, and after 1 h of I, 125 mg/kg MgSO4 was injected intraperitoneally followed by 24 h of R. Groups 4 and 5 were subjected to the same process as group 3, whereas the rats were injected with 250 and 500 mg/kg of MgSO4, respectively. After 24 h, the left testes of all rats were removed for histological analysis and antioxidant activities. According to the results, there was a significant increase in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) among I/R rats (P&amp;lt;0.05), whereas MgSO4 decreased I/R-induced MDA (P&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, experimental I/R diminished glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05). Moreover, MgSO4 (250 and 500 mg/kg) increased GPx and SOD activity significantly in I/R rats (P&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, seminiferous tubules degenerated, and few spermatocytes were observed in the testis tubules of the I/R rats. Regarding pathological parameters, seminiferous tubules and spermatocyte were normal in the testes of MgSO4 (250 and 500 mg/kg)-treated experimental I/R-induced rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the beneficial effects of MgSO4 on testicular IR injury in rats.

The simple design of a new recyclable magnetic carbon graphite adsorbent based on 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole for the fast extraction of two anti-depressant drugs

In this work, an efficient magnetic nanoadsorbent, cubic SnFe₂O₄/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) modified by 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AMT), was synthesized.

Evaluation of Influence of Zeolite/Collagen Nanocomposite (ZC) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) on Bone Healing: A Study on Rabbits

Bone healing is still a great challenge in orthopedic surgery and clinical practice. There is a dearth of research investigating the effect of Zeolite/Collagen (ZC) nanocomposite on bone regeneration. In the present study, a critical segmental defect of the rabbit femur was repaired using defects in femurs repaired by ZC nanocomposite, and the effects were examined histologically. In total, 45 rabbits at seven months of age weighing 3.5 kilograms were utilized in this study. After making the bone defects, all animals were randomized into three groups (n=15). In a normal control group (NC), a defect was created, no intervention was made, and the skin incision was sutured. On the other hand, in the ZC group, the nanocomposite of ZC was placed into the created defect. In the hydroxyapatite group (HA), the hydroxyapatite was placed into the created defect. The samples were collected on days 15, 30, and 45 postoperatively and assessed histopathologically. The mean scores of the index of the union were compared and considerable alterations were observed in this regard in the experimental groups (P&amp;lt;0.05). The values of the index of spongiosa demonstrated that on day 15, it was the highest in the ZC group (2.2) and lowest in the HA and NC groups (0.6). Moreover, the values of the index of bone marrow demonstrated no noticeable alteration among the values of the index of bone marrow in the experimental groups (P&amp;gt;0.05). The findings of this study demonstrated that ZC nanocomposite might be considered for reconstruction in bone damages. It seems the ZC nanocomposite bears a crucial capability in the reconstruction of bone damages and might be used as a biological frame in bone damages.

Investigation of the Effects of Spinal Dexamethasone Injection as a Premedication in Rabbit Anesthesia

Anesthesia and analgesia are important in human and veterinary medicine, especially in surgical procedures. Rodents, avians, and exotic species are required to be anesthetized using an appropriate anesthetic regimen. This study aimed to suggest a new anesthetic drug and method in order to facilitate anesthesia as well as analgesia among rabbits, laboratory animals, and humans. Spinal injection of dexamethasone combined with intramuscular ketamine among rabbits can play the role of premedication agents. A total of 24 healthy white adult rabbits from New-Zealand were equally assigned into four groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to spinal xylazine (5mg/kg) with ketamine (35mg/kg,IM), spinal dexamethasone (0.37mg/kg-four times diluted) with ketamine (35mg/kg,IM), dexamethasone (4mg/kg,IM) with ketamine (35mg/kg,IM), and spinal dexamethasone (0.37mg/kg-four times diluted), respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference in terms of clinical reflexes recorded for group 2, compared to groups 1 and 3. A significant difference was also observed regarding clinical reflexes between group 2 and the other groups. Furthermore, no abnormality was observed in terms of histological sections within groups 2 and 4. Spinal dexamethasone can be used as a premedication combined with ketamine in rabbit anesthesia.

A magnetic graphitic carbon nitride as a new adsorbent for simple separation of Ni (II) ion from foodstuff by ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction method

In this research, a magnetic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-SnFe2O4) was successfully synthesized and utilized as an efficient adsorbent for nickel (Ni2+) separation/extraction from vegetable samples by ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (UA-M-D-μSPE). After separation and preconcentration step, Ni ions were determined via micro-sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MS-FAAS). A successful synthesis of g-C3N4-SnFe2O4 was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The optimization of adsorption and desorption steps was effectively studied by the on-at-a time method. In addition, under the optimum experimental conditions, the limits of detection (LODs), the linear ranges (LR) and relative standard deviations (RSDs%, for n = 5) were obtained 1.0 μg.L−1, 4.0 ─ 500.0 μg.L−1, and 1.4 respectively.

Intrinsic Kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Co/CNTs Catalysts: Effects of Support Interaction

The activities of cobalt catalysts prepared by the microemulsion impregnation method on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and functionalised carbon nanotubes (FCNTs) supports were evaluated in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The catalysts were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area methods. The results show that the cobalt particles in the FCNTs support are mostly located inside the tubes of the CNTs and show a narrower particle size distribution. The experimental results show that the cobalt catalyst supported on FCNTs leads to a higher CO conversion and FTS activity compared to that supported on normal CNTs. Calculated kinetic results show that the activation energies fall within the narrow range of 101.1–107.1 kJ mol−1 and the heat of hydrogen adsorption was calculated to be −40.2 and −26.2 kJ mol−1 for Co/CNTs and Co/FCNTs catalysts respectively. FCNTs, as a catalyst support of Co nanoparticles, maintain high dispersion which can be attributed to a hydrogen spillover effect of functional groups on the CNT surface.

Comparative Evaluation of the Biochemical Effects of Ketamine plus Ketoprofen and Midazolam in the Premedication of Pigeons

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.

Ultrasound-promoted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of trace anti-hypertensive drugs from biological matrices using a sonochemically synthesized conductive polymer nanocomposite

In this work, a rapid and efficient procedure named ultrasound meliorated dispersive micro solid-phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet detection (US-D-μSPE-HPLC-UV) was developed for the pre-concentration of the main trace anti-hypertensive drugs in complex matrices. The basis of this procedure was a polypyrrole-sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/zinc oxide (PPy-DBSNa/ZnO) nanocomposite. It was readily synthesized by the impressive way of in situ sonochemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of some additives such as FeCl₃ and DBSNa, ultimately leading to the effective coating of PPy on the ZnO nanoparticle cores. Characterization of the proposed nanosorbent was performed by different techniques such as FESEM, XRD,EDX, and TGA, confirming the high quality and proper physico-chemical properties of the proposed sorbent. In order to better investigate the input variables, the central composite design (CCD) combined with the desirability function (DF) was utilized. The enriched optimum conditions consisted of the initial pH value of 11.8, 15mg of the PPy-DBSNa/ZnO nanocomposite, a sonication time of 4.6min, and 100μL of methanol, resulting in maximum responses at a relatively low extraction time with a logical DF. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity (5-5000, 2.5-3500, and 2.5-3000ngmL^-1 for metoprolol, propranolol, and carvedilol, respectively, with the correlation of determinations (R²s) higher than 0.99), low limits of detection (LODs) (0.8-1.5ngmL^-1), proper repeatabilities (relative standard deviation values (RSDs) below 6.3%, n=3), reasonable enrichment factors (EFs) (60-72), and good extraction recoveries (ERs) (higher than %75) were obtainable. These appropriate validations corroborated a good effectiveness of ultrasonic waves in the achievement of a supreme solid phase as well as a facile and efficient microextraction of the low therapeutic concentrations in human plasma and urine samples.