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Goessens T, Mouchtaris-Michailidis T, Tesfamariam K, Truong NN, Vertriest F, Bader Y, De Saeger S, Lachat C, De Boevre M. Dietary mycotoxin exposure and human health risks: A protocol for a systematic review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108456. [PMID: 38277998 PMCID: PMC10895515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate a wide spectrum of essential foods worldwide, such as grain-based products, nuts and spices, causing adverse health effects pertaining to their carcinogenic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic nature, among others. AIM The aim of this systematic review (SR) is to systematically search for, appraise and synthesize primary research evidence to identify what is known about dietary mycotoxin-related health effects and what remains unknown, as well as the uncertainty around findings and the recommendations for the future. SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Search strategies, as well as eligibility criteria were structured according to a predefined PECO (population, exposure, comparison, and outcome) research question and developed in an iterative scoping process. Several bibliographic databases, including Embase, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus, will be searched. Primary research on any measured or modelled dietary exposure to a single or multiple mycotoxins, and adverse human health outcomes (i.e. cancer, non-carcinogenic diseases, and reproductive & developmental adverse outcomes) will be included, and references will be imported into Covidence. In vitro, ex vivo, in silico, animal and review studies, as well as expert's opinions, secondary literature, conference abstracts, presentations, posters, book chapters, dissertations and studies involving non-dietary mycotoxin exposure, will be excluded. STUDY SELECTION Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, and review full-texts. Any disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer based on two-third majority. DATA EXTRACTION Data from retained eligible studies will be extracted by the principal reviewer, and peer-checked by a second reviewer. STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Eligible studies will be evaluated for risk of bias (Overall High-Quality Assessment Tool, OHAT) and certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, GRADE). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A detailed summary of the included studies will be provided within a tabular format and narratively discussed. Heat maps will be constructed to provide information on available knowledge (gaps), and a meta-analysis may be performed based on the variability in predefined PECO elements and depending on the heterogeneity of studies. CONCLUSION This protocol describes the methodology for the conduct of a SR on mycotoxin-related human health risks, that could guide future research and inform regulatory decisions, as emphasized by the European Commission within the field of regulatory risk assessment for emerging chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goessens
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T Mouchtaris-Michailidis
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - K Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - N N Truong
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - F Vertriest
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Y Bader
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Martins LM, Bragagnolo N, Calori MA, Iamanaka BT, Alves MC, da Silva JJ, de Godoy IJ, Taniwaki MH. Assessment of early harvest in the prevention of aflatoxins in peanuts during drought stress conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 405:110336. [PMID: 37541018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of early harvest in preventing aflatoxins in peanuts under drought-stress conditions. A field experiment was conducted on the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons in a greenhouse with an irrigation system to induce three drought stress conditions: no stress, mild, and severe stress. In addition, three harvest dates were proposed: two weeks earlier, one week earlier, and ideal harvest time. The mean peanut yield was 2634 kg/ha, considering the two growing seasons, and the drought stress conditions and harvest dates did not influence significantly. The shelling percentage was significantly higher in samples harvested at ideal harvest (77.7 %) than two weeks earlier (76.2 %) and was not influenced by drought stress conditions. Although a low mean percentage of grains with insect damage was identified, this percentage was statistically higher under severe stress (0.4 %) compared to no-stress conditions (0.2 %). The soil contamination ranged from 2.52 × 103 to 1.64 × 104 CFU/g of Aspergillus section Flavi, and the drought stress resulted in significantly higher concentrations in mild and severe stressed samples. A. section Flavi was found to infect all the peanut kernel samples. The drought stress resulted in higher percentages of A. section Flavi infections in samples from mild and severe stress conditions. The harvest date did not influence the soil and peanut kernel occurrence of A. section Flavi. A total of 435 and 796 strains of A. section Flavi were isolated from soil and peanut kernels, respectively. The potential of aflatoxin production by soil isolates was 31, 44, and 25 % for aflatoxin non-producers, aflatoxin B producers, and aflatoxin B and G producers, respectively, while in peanut kernel isolates were 44, 44, and 12 %. Three different A. section Flavi species were identified from peanut kernels: A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. pseudocaelatus. The mean aflatoxin concentration in peanut kernels was 42, 316, and 695.5 μg/kg in samples under no stress, mild stress, and severe stress conditions, respectively. Considering the harvest time, the mean aflatoxin concentration was 9.9, 334.3, and 614.2 μg/kg in samples harvested two weeks earlier, one week earlier, and in ideal harvest, respectively. In conclusion, the early harvest proved to be a viable, cost-free alternative for controlling aflatoxin in the peanut pre-harvest, resulting in a safer product and a better quality for sale and economic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Manoel Martins
- Food Technology Institute - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Neura Bragagnolo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Calori
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Laboratory of molecular biology and mycotoxins, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Corrêa Alves
- IT Technical Section, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ignacio José de Godoy
- Center for Analysis and Technological Research of Grain and Fiber Agribusiness, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Brazil
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Moura-Mendes J, Cazal-Martínez CC, Rojas C, Ferreira F, Pérez-Estigarribia P, Dias N, Godoy P, Costa J, Santos C, Arrua A. Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunción, Paraguay. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1879. [PMID: 37630439 PMCID: PMC10458825 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zea mays var. amylacea and Zea mays var. indurata are maize ecotypes from Paraguay. Aspergillus section Flavi is the main spoilage fungus of maize under storage conditions. Due to its large intraspecific genetic variability, the accurate identification of this fungal taxonomic group is difficult. In the present study, potential mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Z. mays var. indurata and Z. mays var. amylacea that are marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción were identified by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological characters, 211 isolates were confirmed to belong to Aspergillus section Flavi. A subset of 92 strains was identified as Aspergillus flavus by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and the strains were classified by MALDI-TOF MS into chemotypes based on their aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid production. According to the partial sequencing of ITS and CaM genes, a representative subset of 38 A. flavus strains was confirmed. Overall, 75 A. flavus strains (86%) were characterized as producers of aflatoxins. The co-occurrence of at least two mycotoxins (AF/ZEA, FUM/ZEA, and AF/ZEA/FUM) was detected for five of the Z. mays samples (63%). Considering the high mycological bioburden and mycotoxin contamination, maize marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción constitutes a potential risk to food safety and public health and requires control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Moura-Mendes
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
| | - Cinthia C. Cazal-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Cinthia Rojas
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Francisco Ferreira
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Pastor Pérez-Estigarribia
- Facultad Politécnica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Sudamericana, Pedro Juan Caballero 130112, Paraguay
| | - Nathalia Dias
- BIOREN-UFRO Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Patrício Godoy
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Jéssica Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Bloco 01, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil;
| | - Cledir Santos
- Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Andrea Arrua
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
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Li Z, Sun Y, Gu L, Wang Y, Xu M, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Ma W. Ar-turmerone suppresses Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation: Finding a new antifungal agent based on stored maize. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112735. [PMID: 37120196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a common saprophytic pathogenic fungus that produces toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins prone to contaminate food. Here, we optimized the synthesis method of Ar-turmerone, the main active ingredient in turmeric essential oil, improved its yield and reduced the operation requirements. Moreover, 50.0 μg/mL Ar-turmerone 100.0 % inhibited the colonies growth, spore germination, mycelium biomass and aflatoxin accumulation in 7 days. 2,018 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) such as catA, ppoC, erg7, erg6 and aflO related to the A. flavus growth and aflatoxin product were significantly downregulated including 45 DEGs were 100.0 % suppressed. Besides, Ar-turmerone greatly reduced A. flavus in maize, the optimal storage conditions for maize to avoid A. flavus contamination were determined as 0.940 aw, 400.0 μg/mL Ar-turmerone, and 16.0 °C. Satisfactory odor, luster, taste, and mildew in maize observed after three weeks of storage under the optimal conditions. Thus, Ar-turmerone can be used as a potential food antifungal agent against A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation during food storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yuchi Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Mingqin Xu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
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Occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in silage from the north of Portugal at feed-out. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Acur A, Arias RS, Odongo S, Tuhaise S, Ssekandi J, Adriko J, Muhanguzi D, Buah S, Kiggundu A. Genetic diversity of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus isolated from selected groundnut growing agro-ecological zones of Uganda. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:252. [PMID: 32795262 PMCID: PMC7427931 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Groundnut pre- and post-harvest contamination is commonly caused by fungi from the Genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavus is the most important of these fungi. It belongs to section Flavi; a group consisting of aflatoxigenic (A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius) and non-aflatoxigenic (A. oryzae, A. sojae and A. tamarii) fungi. Aflatoxins are food-borne toxic secondary metabolites of Aspergillus species associated with severe hepatic carcinoma and children stuntedness. Despite the well-known public health significance of aflatoxicosis, there is a paucity of information about the prevalence, genetic diversity and population structure of A. flavus in different groundnut growing agro-ecological zones of Uganda. This cross-sectional study was therefore conducted to fill this knowledge gap. Results The overall pre- and post-harvest groundnut contamination rates with A. flavus were 30.0 and 39.2% respectively. Pre- and post-harvest groundnut contamination rates with A. flavus across AEZs were; 2.5 and 50.0%; (West Nile), 55.0 and 35.0% (Lake Kyoga Basin) and 32.5 and 32.5% (Lake Victoria Basin) respectively. There was no significant difference (χ2 = 2, p = 0.157) in overall pre- and post-harvest groundnut contamination rates with A. flavus and similarly no significant difference (χ2 = 6, p = 0.199) was observed in the pre- and post-harvest contamination of groundnut with A. flavus across the three AEZs. The LKB had the highest incidence of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus isolates while WN had no single Aspergillus isolate with aflatoxin-producing potential. Aspergillus isolates from the pre-harvest groundnut samples had insignificantly higher incidence of aflatoxin production (χ2 = 2.667, p = 0.264) than those from the post-harvest groundnut samples. Overall, A. flavus isolates exhibited moderate level (92%, p = 0.02) of genetic diversity across the three AEZs and low level (8%, p = 0.05) of genetic diversity within the individual AEZs. There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.1241, p = 0.045) between genetic distance and geographic distance among A. flavus populations in the LKB, suggesting that genetic differentiation in the LKB population might be associated to geographic distance. A very weak positive correlation existed between genetic variation and geographic location in the entire study area (r = 0.01, p = 0.471), LVB farming system (r = 0.0141, p = 0.412) and WN farming system (r = 0.02, p = 0.478). Hierarchical clustering using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) revealed two main clusters of genetically similar A. flavus isolates. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that genetic differentiation in A. flavus populations is independent of geographic distance. This information can be valuable in the development of a suitable biocontrol management strategy of aflatoxin-producing A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Acur
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Renée S Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Drive, S.E, Dawson, GA, 39842, USA
| | - Steven Odongo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Tuhaise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ssekandi
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Adriko
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Buah
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Andrew Kiggundu
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
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von Hertwig AM, Iamanaka BT, Amorim Neto DP, Rezende JBD, Martins LM, Taniwaki MH, Nascimento MS. Interaction of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus with Salmonella spp. isolated from peanuts. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 328:108666. [PMID: 32454365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the main microorganisms of concern in peanuts, due to aflatoxin contamination, several Salmonella outbreaks from this product have been reported over the last ten decades. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship between microorganisms to predict, manage and estimate the diversity in the peanut supply chain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin production during the co-cultivation of Aspergillus section Flavi and Salmonella both isolated from peanuts. Three strains of A. section Flavi: A. flavus producing aflatoxin B, A. flavus non-producing aflatoxin and A. parasiticus producing aflatoxin B and G were co-cultivated with seven serotypes of Salmonella of which six were isolated from the peanut supply chain (S. Muenster, S. Miami, S. Glostrup, S. Javiana, S. Oranienburg and S. Yoruba) and one was S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028. First of all, each Salmonella strain was inoculated by pour plate (ca. 5 log cfu/mL) in PDA (potato dextrose agar). Then, each pre-cultured fungus was inoculated in the center of the petri dish. The plates were incubated at 30 °C and the fungal colony diameter was measured once a day for 7 days. As a control each Aspergillus strain was cultivated in the absence of Salmonella culture. All three strains of Aspergillus with absence of Salmonella (control) reached the maximum colony diameter and their growth rate was influenced when co-cultivated (p < 0.05) with all Salmonella serotypes tested. The maximum inhibition in the colony diameter was 20% for A. flavus aflatoxin B producer and A. parasiticus, and 18% for A. flavus non- aflatoxin producer when cultivated with Salmonella. However, no significant difference (p < 0.05) in reduction of colony diameter was observed among the Salmonella serotypes. Aflatoxin production was determined previously, by using the agar plug technique on thin layer chromatography (TLC). The production of aflatoxin G by A. parasiticus in co-cultivation with Salmonella was not observed. On the other hand, A. flavus preserved their characteristics of aflatoxin B production. The quantification of aflatoxin reduction by Salmonella interaction was evaluated using HPLC method. There was a maximum reduction of aflatoxin production of 88.7% and 72.9% in A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, when cultivated with Salmonella. These results indicate that some serotypes of Salmonella may interfere with aflatoxin production and fungal growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in the peanut supply chain.
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, Samsudin NIP, Azri FA. Aspergillus section Flavi and Aflatoxins: Occurrence, Detection, and Identification in Raw Peanuts and Peanut-Based Products Along the Supply Chain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2602. [PMID: 31824445 PMCID: PMC6886384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in foods is a global concern as they are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic compounds. The aflatoxin-producing fungi, mainly from the Aspergillus section Flavi, are ubiquitous in nature and readily contaminate various food commodities, thereby affecting human's health. The incidence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in various types of food, especially raw peanuts and peanut-based products along the supply chain has been a concern particularly in countries having tropical and sub-tropical climate, including Malaysia. These climatic conditions naturally support the growth of Aspergillus section Flavi, especially A. flavus, particularly when raw peanuts and peanut-based products are stored under inappropriate conditions. Peanut supply chain generally consists of several major stakeholders which include the producers, collectors, exporters, importers, manufacturers, retailers and finally, the consumers. A thorough examination of the processes along the supply chain reveals that Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins could occur at any step along the chain, from farm to table. Thus, this review aims to give an overview on the prevalence of Aspergillus section Flavi and the occurrence of aflatoxins in raw peanuts and peanut-based products, the impact of aflatoxins on global trade, and aflatoxin management in peanuts with a special focus on peanut supply chain in Malaysia. Furthermore, aflatoxin detection and quantification methods as well as the identification of Aspergillus section Flavi are also reviewed herein. This review could help to shed light to the researchers, peanut stakeholders and consumers on the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts along the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Asilah Azri
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Detection of Irradiated In-Shell Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) by Screening PPSL and Confirmatory TL Luminescence Methods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, Chin CK, Samsudin NIP, Farawahida AH. Molecular Characterisation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Imported Peanuts along the Supply Chain in Malaysia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E501. [PMID: 31470527 PMCID: PMC6784170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanuts are widely consumed in many local dishes in southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia which is one of the major peanut-importing countries in this region. Therefore, Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts during storage are becoming major concerns due to the tropical weather in this region that favours the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi. The present study thus aimed to molecularly identify and characterise the Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from imported peanuts in Malaysia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequences were used to confirm the species and determine the phylogenetic relationship among the isolates, while aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (aflR, aflP (omtA), aflD (nor-1), aflM (ver-1), and pksA) were targeted in a multiplex PCR to determine the toxigenic potential. A total of 76 and one isolates were confirmed as A. flavus and A. tamarii, respectively. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree resolved the species into two different clades in which all A. flavus (both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic) were grouped in the same clade and A. tamarii was grouped in a different clade. The aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were detected in all aflatoxigenic A. flavus while the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus failed to amplify at least one of the genes. The results indicated that both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus could survive in imported peanuts and, thus, appropriate storage conditions preferably with low temperature should be considered to avoid the re-emergence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus and the subsequent aflatoxin production in peanuts during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmud Ab Rashid Nor-Khaizura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Cheow Keat Chin
- Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62675, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Farawahida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Zhu G, Liu H, Xie Y, Liao Q, Lin Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xiao H, Gao Z, Hu S. Postharvest Processing and Storage Methods for Camellia oleifera Seeds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1649688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Zhu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yucen Xie
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Lin
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Grain and Oil Quality Supervision and Inspection Station, Ganzhou Agricultural Grain Bureau, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjiang Gao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Hu
- Oil and Fat Equipment Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Santos-Ciscon BAD, van Diepeningen A, Machado JDC, Dias IE, Waalwijk C. Aspergillus species from Brazilian dry beans and their toxigenic potential. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 292:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Genetic Diversity of Fungi Producing Mycotoxins in Stored Crops. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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15
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Iamanaka BT, de Souza Lopes A, Martins LM, Frisvad JC, Medina A, Magan N, Sartori D, Massi FP, Fungaro MHP, Taniwaki MH. Aspergillus section Flavi diversity and the role of A. novoparasiticus in aflatoxin contamination in the sugarcane production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 293:17-23. [PMID: 30634067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in sugarcane as well as in by-products, such as molasses, sugar, yeast cream and dried yeast, collected from different fields and processing plants in São Paulo state, were investigated throughout the sugarcane production chain. A total of 246 samples was collected and analyzed and 226 isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated. Aspergillus section Flavi strains were found in sugarcane juice, milled sugarcane, stalk, soil and dried yeast samples. Among the isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi submitted to polyphasic identification (n = 57), Aspergillus novoparasiticus and Aspergillus arachidicola were predominantly found. A significant proportion of the isolates (84.5%) were found to have morphological and physiological characteristics of A. novoparasiticus. Most samples, with the exception of sugar, showed some aflatoxin contamination. The highest level was in dried yeast with an average of 2.55 μg/kg and maximum value of 10.19 μg/kg. This is the first report of contamination of sugarcane by A. novoparasiticus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline de Souza Lopes
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Manoel Martins
- Microbiology Laboratory, Food Technology Institute - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Angel Medina
- Cranfield University, Applied Mycology Group, Beds. MK43 0Al, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Magan
- Cranfield University, Applied Mycology Group, Beds. MK43 0Al, United Kingdom
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Polyphasic approach to the identification and characterization of aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from peanuts and peanut-based products marketed in Malaysia. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 282:9-15. [PMID: 29885975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peanuts are widely consumed as the main ingredient in many local dishes in Malaysia. However, the tropical climate in Malaysia (high temperature and humidity) favours the growth of fungi from Aspergillus section Flavi, especially during storage. Most of the species from this section, such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius, are natural producers of aflatoxins. Precise identification of local isolates and information regarding their ability to produce aflatoxins are very important to evaluate the safety of food marketed in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize the aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi in peanuts and peanut-based products. A polyphasic approach, consisting of morphological and chemical characterizations was applied to 128 isolates originating from raw peanuts and peanut-based products. On the basis of morphological characters, 127 positively identified as Aspergillus flavus, and the other as A. nomius. Chemical characterization revealed six chemotype profiles which indicates diversity of toxigenic potential. About 58.6%, 68.5%, and 100% of the isolates are positive for aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and aspergillic acid productions respectively. The majority of the isolates originating from raw peanut samples (64.8%) were aflatoxigenic, while those from peanut-based products were less toxigenic (39.1%). The precise identification of these species may help in developing control strategies for aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, especially during storage. These findings also highlight the possibility of the co-occurrence of other toxins, which could increase the potential toxic effects of peanuts.
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Taniwaki MH, Pitt JI, Magan N. Aspergillus species and mycotoxins: occurrence and importance in major food commodities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Midorikawa GEO, Correa CL, Noronha EF, Filho EXF, Togawa RC, Costa MMDC, Silva-Junior OB, Grynberg P, Miller RNG. Analysis of the Transcriptome in Aspergillus tamarii During Enzymatic Degradation of Sugarcane Bagasse. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:123. [PMID: 30280097 PMCID: PMC6153317 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of bioethanol from non-food agricultural residues represents an alternative energy source to fossil fuels for incorporation into the world's economy. Within the context of bioconversion of plant biomass into renewable energy using improved enzymatic cocktails, Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome profiling was conducted on a strain of Aspergillus tamarii, efficient in biomass polysaccharide degradation, in order to identify genes encoding proteins involved in plant biomass saccharification. Enzyme production and gene expression was compared following growth in liquid and semi-solid culture with steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SB) (1% w/v) and glucose (1% w/v) employed as contrasting sole carbon sources. Enzyme production following growth in liquid minimum medium supplemented with SB resulted in 0.626 and 0.711 UI.mL-1 xylanases after 24 and 48 h incubation, respectively. Transcriptome profiling revealed expression of over 7120 genes, with groups of genes modulated according to solid or semi-solid culture, as well as according to carbon source. Gene ontology analysis of genes expressed following SB hydrolysis revealed enrichment in xyloglucan metabolic process and xylan, pectin and glucan catabolic process, indicating up-regulation of genes involved in xylanase secretion. According to carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) classification, 209 CAZyme-encoding genes were identified with significant differential expression on liquid or semi-solid SB, in comparison to equivalent growth on glucose as carbon source. Up-regulated CAZyme-encoding genes related to cellulases (CelA, CelB, CelC, CelD) and hemicellulases (XynG1, XynG2, XynF1, XylA, AxeA, arabinofuranosidase) showed up to a 10-fold log2FoldChange in expression levels. Five genes from the AA9 (GH61) family, related to lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), were also identified with significant expression up-regulation. The transcription factor gene XlnR, involved in induction of hemicellulases, showed up-regulation on liquid and semi-solid SB culture. Similarly, the gene ClrA, responsible for regulation of cellulases, showed increased expression on liquid SB culture. Over 150 potential transporter genes were also identified with increased expression on liquid and semi-solid SB culture. This first comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of A. tamarii contributes to our understanding of genes and regulatory systems involved in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in this fungus, offering potential for application in improved enzymatic cocktail development for plant biomass degradation in biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Louly Correa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Grynberg
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Brazil
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Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in Aspergillus section Flavi, albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section Flavi. Phylogenetically, section Flavi is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B1 and B2 (A. pseudotamarii and A. togoensis), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2: three newly described species A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii and A. cerealis in addition to A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. luteovirescens (formerly A. bombycis), A. nomius, A. novoparasiticus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. It is generally accepted that A. flavus is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G1 and G2. One strain of A. bertholletius can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of Aspergillus sojae and two strains of Aspergillus alliaceus produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, A. oryzae and A. sojae, respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the A. flavus-, A. tamarii-, A. bertholletius- and A. nomius-clades), only A. caelatus, A. subflavus and A. tamarii are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of A. togoensis in the A. coremiiformis-clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (A. alliaceus-, A. coremiiformis-, A. leporis- and A. avenaceus-clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the A. alliaceus-clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: A. alliaceus s. str. and two new species described here as A. neoalliaceus and A. vandermerwei. Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: A. bertholletius, A. caelatus, A. luteovirescens, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. pseudotamarii and A. tamarii while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. bertholletius, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. oryzae, A. pipericola, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudotamarii, A. sergii and A. tamarii. Furthermore, A. hancockii produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. pipericola and A. sergii strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section Flavi, except A. avenaceus and A. coremiiformis. Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: A. aspearensis, A. coremiiformis, A. lanosus, A. leporis, A. sojae and A. subflavus. An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in Aspergillus section Flavi is given.
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Wei YK, Zhao XM, Li MM, Yu JX, Gurudeeban S, Hu YF, Ji GF, Wei DQ. Detoxification of aflatoxins on prospective approach: effect on structural, mechanical, and optical properties under pressures. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 10:311-319. [PMID: 29282626 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are sequential of derivatives of coumarin and dihydrofuran with similar chemical structures and well-known carcinogenic agent. Many studies performed to detoxify aflatoxins, but the result is not ideal. Therefore, we studied structural, infrared spectrum, mechanical, and optical properties of these compounds in the aim of perspective physics. Mulliken charge distributions and infrared spectral analysis performed to understand the structural difference between the basic types of aflatoxins. In addition, the effect of pressure, different polarized, and incident directions on their structural changes was determined. It is found that AFB1 is most stable structure among four basic types aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), and IR spectra are analyzed to exhibit the difference on structures of them. The mechanical properties of AFB1 indicate that the structure of this toxin can be easily changed by pressure. The real [Formula: see text] and imaginary [Formula: see text] parts of the dielectric function, and the absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] and energy loss spectrum [Formula: see text] were also obtained under different polarized and incident directions. Furthermore, biological experiments needed to support the toxic level of AFB1 using optical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kai Wei
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Miao Zhao
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing-Xin Yu
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Selvaraj Gurudeeban
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Fei Hu
- School of Science, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanhai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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21
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Ait Mimoune N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Bouti K, Sabaou N, Riba A. Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in dried figs and nuts in Algeria. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:119-125. [PMID: 29502487 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1438524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin (AF) contamination was investigated in 112 samples of peanuts, almonds and dried figs collected in Algeria. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) in different commodities has been determined with a sensitive method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection with post-column photochemical derivatisation. Analytical results indicated that 28 samples of peanuts, 16 samples of almonds and 26 samples of dried figs contained detectable levels of AFs. A total of 69 samples (61.6%) were contaminated with AFB1 ranging from the limit of quantification to 174 µg kg-1. AFB2 was found in 12 samples (10.7%) and varied from 0.18 to 193 µg kg-1. Seven samples revealed AF concentrations lower than the limit of quantification. Eleven peanut and fourteen dried fig samples exceeded the European maximum limits for AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Ait Mimoune
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Karima Bouti
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Amar Riba
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
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Katsurayama AM, Martins LM, Iamanaka BT, Fungaro MHP, Silva JJ, Frisvad JC, Pitt JI, Taniwaki MH. Occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in Brazilian rice: From field to market. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:213-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hu X, Yao J, Wang F, Yin M, Sun Y, Hu M, Shi Q, Zhang G. Eu 3+ -labeled IgG-based time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin B 1 in feed. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:674-680. [PMID: 28671318 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) is a kind of toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin. A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) was established for quantitative detection of AFB1 in feed using Eu3+ -labeled IgG as tracer. RESULTS Monoclonal antibody (McAb) against AFB1 (9B11-D7) was prepared through immunization and cell fusion and was identified as high affinity, specificity and sensibility by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The 50% inhibition value (IC50 ) was 0.81 ng mL-1 , the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.10 ng mL-1 and detection range was 0.10-3.94 ng mL-1 . Goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was modified by Eu3+ -DATT, generating Eu3+ -labeled IgG. Under optimal assay conditions, TRFIA was shown to be highly sensitive and specific in detection of AFB1 . The IC50 and LOD were 94.73 pg mL-1 and 3.55 pg mL-1 , respectively, and detection range was 3.55-1.11 × 103 pg mL-1 . Cross-reactivity with AFM1 , AFB2 , AFG1 and AFG2 was 31.26%, 37.6%, 127.46% and 35.74%, respectively, but zero with other analogues. In determination of AFB1 spiked in feed sample, TRFIA showed high accuracy and precision. The average recoveries ranged from 93.71% to 97.80%, and coefficient of variation was 1.25-3.73%. Good correlation between TRFIA and HPLC was demonstrated for determination of AFB1 in feeds, confirming the reliability of the developed method. CONCLUSION The developed TRFIA exhibited good potential for employment in the ultrasensitive detection of AFB1 in feed and could be used to determine total aflatoxins. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Hu
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Hu
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Academy of Agriculture Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Martins LM, Sant'Ana AS, Iamanaka BT, Berto MI, Pitt JI, Taniwaki MH. Kinetics of aflatoxin degradation during peanut roasting. Food Res Int 2017; 97:178-183. [PMID: 28578039 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated aflatoxin degradation during peanut roasting. First, peanuts contaminated with three initial aflatoxin concentrations (35, 332 and 695μg/kg) were roasted at 180°C for up to 20min. The percentage of aflatoxin degradation after 20min were 55, 64 and 81% for peanuts contaminated with aflatoxin at 35, 332 and 695μg/kg, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05), showing that initial concentration influences aflatoxin reduction. Thereafter, peanut samples contaminated with an initial aflatoxin concentration of 85μg/kg were roasted at 160, 180 and 200°C for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25min, then residual concentrations of aflatoxin were determined. Roasting at 160, 180 and 200°C resulted in an aflatoxin reduction of 61.6, 83.6 and 89.7%, respectively. This study has provided quantitative data reinforcing the fact that roasting alone is not enough to control aflatoxins in peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia M Martins
- Food Technology Institute - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - John I Pitt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
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