1
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Huang Y, Zhu W, Wu Y, Sun L, Li Q, Pramod SN, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lin H, Li Z. Development of an indirect competitive ELISA based on the common epitope of fish parvalbumin for its detection. Food Chem 2024; 455:139882. [PMID: 38824729 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A common epitope (AGSFDHKKFFKACGLSGKST) of parvalbumin from 16 fish species was excavated using bioinformatics tools combined with the characterization of fish parvalbumin binding profile of anti-single epitope antibody in this study. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the common epitope was established with a limit of detection of 10.15 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of 49.29 ng/mL. The developed ELISA exhibited a narrow range (71% to 107%) of related cross-reactivity of 15 fish parvalbumin. Besides, the recovery, the coefficient of variations for the intra-assay and the inter-assay were 84.3% to 108.2%, 7.4% to 13.9% and 8.5% to 15.6%. Our findings provide a novel idea for the development of a broad detection method for fish allergens and a practical tool for the detection of parvalbumin of economic fish species in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Wenye Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Yeting Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Lirui Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Qingli Li
- Department of Food and Drug Engineering, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Shengli East Street 88, Weifang, 261061, PR China
| | - Siddanakoppalu Narayana Pramod
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Davangere University, Shivaganagotri, Davangere, 577007, Karnataka, India
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Ziye Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Sansha Road 1299, Qingdao, 266404, PR China.
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2
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Gao R, Liu X, Xiong Z, Wang G, Ai L. Research progress on detection of foodborne pathogens: The more rapid and accurate answer to food safety. Food Res Int 2024; 193:114767. [PMID: 39160035 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, foodborne diseases have posed a serious threat to human health, and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is particularly crucial for the prevention and control of such diseases. This article offers a detailed overview of the development of detection techniques for foodborne pathogens, transitioning from traditional microbiological culture methods to the current array of techniques, including immunological, molecular biological, and biosensor-based methods. It summarizes the technical principles, advantages, disadvantages, and research progress of these diverse methods. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that the combination of different methods enhances the efficiency and accuracy of pathogens detection. Specifically, the article focuses on the application and advantages of combining CRISPR/Cas systems with other detection methods in the detection of foodborne pathogens. CRISPR/Cas systems, with their high specificity, sensitivity, and ease of operation, show great potential in the field of foodborne pathogens detection. When integrated with other detection techniques such as immunological detection techniques, molecular biology detection techniques, and biosensors, the accuracy and efficiency of detection can be further improved. By fully utilizing these tools, early detection and control of foodborne diseases can be achieved, enhancing public health and preventing disease outbreaks. This article serves as a valuable reference for exploring more convenient, accurate, and sensitive field detection methods for foodborne pathogens, promoting the application of rapid detection techniques, and ensuring food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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3
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Gao F, Ye S, Huang L, Gu Z. A nanoparticle-assisted signal-enhancement technique for lateral flow immunoassays. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6735-6756. [PMID: 38920348 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00865k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), an affordable and rapid paper-based detection technology, is employed extensively in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the validity and adoption of LFIA in performing large-scale clinical and public health testing. The unprecedented demand for prompt diagnostic responses and advances in nanotechnology have fueled the rise of next-generation LFIA technologies. The utilization of nanoparticles to amplify signals represents an innovative approach aimed at augmenting LFIA sensitivity. This review probes the nanoparticle-assisted amplification strategies in LFIA applications to secure low detection limits and expedited response rates. Emphasis is placed on comprehending the correlation between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and LFIA performance. Lastly, we shed light on the challenges and opportunities in this prolific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Shaonian Ye
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
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4
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Fernández-Lodeiro C, González-Cabaleiro L, Vázquez-Iglesias L, Serrano-Pertierra E, Bodelón G, Carrera M, Blanco-López MC, Pérez-Juste J, Pastoriza-Santos I. Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Colorimetric and Surface-Enhanced Raman-Scattering-Based Multiplex Competitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Detection of Histamine and Parvalbumin in Fish. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:498-508. [PMID: 38229662 PMCID: PMC10788866 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne allergies and illnesses represent a major global health concern. In particular, fish can trigger life-threatening food allergic reactions and poisoning effects, mainly caused by the ingestion of parvalbumin toxin. Additionally, preformed histamine in less-than-fresh fish serves as a toxicological alert. Consequently, the analytical assessment of parvalbumin and histamine levels in fish becomes a critical public health safety measure. The multiplex detection of both analytes has emerged as an important issue. The analytical detection of parvalbumin and histamine requires different assays; while the determination of parvalbumin is commonly carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, histamine is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this study, we present an approach for multiplexing detection and quantification of trace amounts of parvalbumin and histamine in canned fish. This is achieved through a colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman-scattering-based competitive lateral flow assay (SERS-LFIA) employing plasmonic nanoparticles. Two distinct SERS nanotags tailored for histamine or β-parvalbumin detection were synthesized. Initially, spherical 50 nm Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) were encoded with either rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) or malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC). Subsequently, these nanoparticles were bioconjugated with anti-β-parvalbumin and antihistamine, forming the basis for our detection and quantification methodology. Additionally, our approach demonstrates the use of SERS-LFIA for the sensitive and multiplexed detection of parvalbumin and histamine on a single test line, paving the way for on-site detection employing portable Raman instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Lodeiro
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas,
Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia
Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lara González-Cabaleiro
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas,
Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia
Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lorena Vázquez-Iglesias
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas,
Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia
Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Esther Serrano-Pertierra
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biotechnology
of Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gustavo Bodelón
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department
of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Marine Research Institute, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Carmen Blanco-López
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology
of Asturias, University of Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería
8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas,
Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia
Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Pastoriza-Santos
- CINBIO,
Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas,
Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia
Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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5
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Ansari MA. Nanotechnology in Food and Plant Science: Challenges and Future Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2565. [PMID: 37447126 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, food safety and security are receiving a lot of attention to ensure a steady supply of nutrient-rich and safe food. Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of technical processes, including the development of new materials and the enhancement of food safety and security. Nanomaterials are used to improve the protective effects of food and help detect microbial contamination, hazardous chemicals, and pesticides. Nanosensors are used to detect pathogens and allergens in food. Food processing is enhanced further by nanocapsulation, which allows for the delivery of bioactive compounds, increases food bioavailability, and extends food shelf life. Various forms of nanomaterials have been developed to improve food safety and enhance agricultural productivity, including nanometals, nanorods, nanofilms, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanolayers, and nanosheets. Such materials are used for developing nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanomaterials to induce plant growth, genome modification, and transgene expression in plants. Nanomaterials have antimicrobial properties, promote plants' innate immunity, and act as delivery agents for active ingredients. Nanocomposites offer good acid-resistance capabilities, effective recyclability, significant thermostability, and enhanced storage stability. Nanomaterials have been extensively used for the targeted delivery and release of genes and proteins into plant cells. In this review article, we discuss the role of nanotechnology in food safety and security. Furthermore, we include a partial literature survey on the use of nanotechnology in food packaging, food safety, food preservation using smart nanocarriers, the detection of food-borne pathogens and allergens using nanosensors, and crop growth and yield improvement; however, extensive research on nanotechnology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Sližienė A, Plečkaitytė M, Rudokas V, Juškaitė K, Žvirblis G, Žvirblienė A. Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against fish parvalbumins as a tool for studying antigenic similarity of different parvalbumins and analysis of fish extracts. Mol Immunol 2023; 154:80-95. [PMID: 36621061 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish parvalbumins are heat-stable calcium-binding proteins that are highly cross-reactive in causing allergy symptoms in fish-sensitized patients. The reactivities of parvalbumin-specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies with parvalbumins of different fish species allowed their application for development of various immunoassays for allergen identification in fish samples. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated against two parvalbumins - natural Atlantic cod parvalbumin and recombinant common carp β-parvalbumin expressed in E. coli. Large collections of recombinant parvalbumins and natural allergen extracts of different fish species and other animals were used to identify the specificities of these MAbs using ELISA, Western blot, and dot blot. MAbs demonstrated different patterns of cross-reactivities with recombinant parvalbumins. Their binding affinities were affected by the addition and removal of Ca2+ ions. Moreover, all MAbs showed a broad reactivity with the target antigens in natural fish, chicken, and pork extracts. The ability of two MAbs (clones 7B2 and 3F6) to identify and isolate native parvalbumins from allergen extracts was confirmed by Western blot. Epitope mapping using recombinant fragments of Atlantic cod parvalbumin (Gad m 1) and common carp parvalbumin (Cyp c 1) revealed that 4 out of 5 MAbs recognize parvalbumin regions that contain calcium binding sites. In conclusion, the generated broadly reactive well-characterized MAbs against fish β-parvalbumins could be applied for investigation of parvalbumins of fish and other animals and their detection in allergen extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aistė Sližienė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Milda Plečkaitytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vytautas Rudokas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Karolina Juškaitė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gintautas Žvirblis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Aurelija Žvirblienė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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7
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Zhao Z, Tian Y, Xu C, Xing Y, Yang L, Qian G, Hua X, Gong W, Hu B, Wang L. A Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunochromatographic Test Strip and Its Application in the Rapid Detection of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:199. [PMID: 36831965 PMCID: PMC9953337 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were screened, and an immunochromatographic strip (ICS) test for rapid and specific detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was developed. The coat protein of CGMMV was heterologously expressed as an immunogen, and specific capture mAb 2C9 and the detection mAb 4D4 were screened by an uncompetitive immunoassay. The test and control lines on the nitrocellulose membrane were coated with the purified 2C9 and a goat anti-mouse IgG, respectively, and a nanogold probe combined with 4D4 was applied to the conjugate pad. Using these mAbs, a rapid and sensitive ICS was developed. Within the sandwich mode of 2C9-CGMMV-4D4, the test line showed a corresponding positive relationship with CGMMV in infected samples. The ICS test had a detection limit of 1:5000 (w/v) for CGMMV in samples and was specific for CGMMV, with no observed cross-reaction with TMV or CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhao
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanfei Xing
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiude Hua
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weirong Gong
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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8
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Hu J, Xu X, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C, Guo L. Gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid and on-site detection of wheat allergen in milk. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Shin JH, Reddy YVM, Park TJ, Park JP. Recent advances in analytical strategies and microsystems for food allergen detection. Food Chem 2022; 371:131120. [PMID: 34634648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are abnormal immune responses that typically occur within short period after exposure of certain allergenic proteins in food or food-related resources. Currently, the means to treat food allergies is not clearly understood, and the only known prevention method is avoiding the consumption of allergen-containing foods. From the viewpoint of analytical methods, the effective detection of food allergens is hindered by the effects of various treatment processes and food matrices on trace amounts of allergens. The aim of this effort is to provide the reader with a clear and concise view of new advances for the detection of food allergens. Therefore, the present review explored the development status of various biosensors for the real-time, on-site detection of food allergens with high selectivity and sensitivity. The review also described the analytical consideration for the quantification of food allergens, and global development trends and the future availability of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Shin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Veera Manohara Reddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5185. [PMID: 34372422 PMCID: PMC8348896 DOI: 10.3390/s21155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (S.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.)
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