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McDonald C, Taylor D, Linacre A. PCR in Forensic Science: A Critical Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:438. [PMID: 38674373 PMCID: PMC11049589 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has played a fundamental role in our understanding of the world, and has applications across a broad range of disciplines. The introduction of PCR into forensic science marked the beginning of a new era of DNA profiling. This era has pushed PCR to its limits and allowed genetic data to be generated from trace DNA. Trace samples contain very small amounts of degraded DNA associated with inhibitory compounds and ions. Despite significant development in the PCR process since it was first introduced, the challenges of profiling inhibited and degraded samples remain. This review examines the evolution of the PCR from its inception in the 1980s, through to its current application in forensic science. The driving factors behind PCR evolution for DNA profiling are discussed along with a critical comparison of cycling conditions used in commercial PCR kits. Newer PCR methods that are currently used in forensic practice and beyond are examined, and possible future directions of PCR for DNA profiling are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McDonald
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (C.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Duncan Taylor
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (C.M.); (A.L.)
- Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Adrian Linacre
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (C.M.); (A.L.)
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Xu FL, Ding M, Xia X, Wu X, Zhang JJ, Xing JX, Xuan JF, Yao J, Wang BJ. Analysis and interpretation of mixture DNA using AS-PCR of mtDNA. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1591-1599. [PMID: 30740746 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Semi-nested PCR with allele-specific (AS) primers and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were performed to analyze and interpret DNA mixtures, especially when biological materials were degraded or contained a limited amount of DNA. SNP-STR markers were available to identify the minor DNA component using AS-PCR; moreover, SNPs in mtDNA could be used when the degraded or limited amounts of DNA mixtures were not successful with SNP-STR markers. Five pairs of allele-specific primers were designed based on three SNPs (G15043A, T16362C, and T16519C). The sequence of mtDNA control region of minor components was obtained using AS-PCR and sequencing. Sequences of the amplification fragments were aligned and compared with the sequences of known suspects or databases. When this assay was used with the T16362C and T16519C SNPs, we found it to be highly sensitive for detecting small amounts of DNA (∼30 pg) and analyzing DNA mixtures of two contributors, even at an approximately 1‰ ratio of minor and major components. An exception was tests based on the SNP G15043A, which required approximately 300 pg of a 1% DNA mixture. In simulated three contributor DNA mixtures (at rate of 1:1:1), control region fragments from each contributor were detected and interpreted. AS-PCR combined with semi-nested PCR was successfully used to identify the mtDNA control region of each contributor, providing biological evidence for excluding suspects in forensic cases, especially when biological materials were degraded or had a limited amount of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Mei Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Oh S, Kim J, Park S, Kim S, Lee K, Lee YH, Lim SK, Lee H. Prediction of Y haplogroup by polymerase chain reaction-reverse blot hybridization assay. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:297-304. [PMID: 30456526 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of Y-SNPs from crime scene samples is helpful for investigators in narrowing down suspects by predicting biogeographical ancestry. OBJECTIVE In this study, a PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) for predicting Y-chromosome haplogroups was employed to determine the major haplogroups worldwide, including AB, DE, C, C3, F, K, NO, O, O2, and O3 and evaluated. METHODS The REBA detects nine biallelic Y chromosome markers (M9, M89, M122, M145, M175, M214, M217, P31, and RPS4Y711) simultaneously using multiple probes. RESULTS The REBA for Y-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyping was performed using 40 DNA samples from Asians-14 Koreans, 10 Indonesians, six Chineses, six Thais, and four Mongolians. 40 Asian samples were identified as haplogroup O2 (40%), O3 (32.5%), C3 (17.5%), O (7.5%) and K (2.5%). These cases were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis (κ = 1.00; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION PCR-REBA is a rapid and reliable method that complements other SNP detection methods. Therefore, implementing REBA for Y-SNP testing may be a useful tool in predicting Y-chromosome haplogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Oh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmyung Lee
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Han Lee
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Keun Lim
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea.
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Applications of Probe Capture Enrichment Next Generation Sequencing for Whole Mitochondrial Genome and 426 Nuclear SNPs for Forensically Challenging Samples. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010049. [PMID: 29361782 PMCID: PMC5793200 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of next generation sequencing (NGS) for the analysis of mitochondrial (mt) DNA, short tandem repeats (STRs), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) has demonstrated great promise for challenging forensic specimens, such as degraded, limited, and mixed samples. Target enrichment using probe capture rather than PCR amplification offers advantages for analysis of degraded DNA since two intact PCR primer sites in the template DNA molecule are not required. Furthermore, NGS software programs can help remove PCR duplicates to determine initial template copy numbers of a shotgun library. Moreover, the same shotgun library prepared from a limited DNA source can be enriched for mtDNA as well as nuclear markers by hybrid capture with the relevant probe panels. Here, we demonstrate the use of this strategy in the analysis of limited and mock degraded samples using our custom probe capture panels for massively parallel sequencing of the whole mtgenome and 426 SNP markers. We also applied the mtgenome capture panel in a mixed sample and analyzed using both phylogenetic and variant frequency based bioinformatics tools to resolve the minor and major contributors. Finally, the results obtained on individual telogen hairs demonstrate the potential of probe capture NGS analysis for both mtDNA and nuclear SNPs for challenging forensic specimens.
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Brown H, Thompson R, Murphy G, Peters D, La Rue B, King J, Montgomery AH, Carroll M, Baus J, Sinha S, Wendt FR, Song B, Chakraborty R, Budowle B, Sinha SK. Development and validation of a novel multiplexed DNA analysis system, InnoTyper® 21. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 29:80-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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García O, Soto A, Yurrebaso I. Allele frequencies and other forensic parameters of the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel markers in Basques using the Ion Torrent PGM™ platform. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 28:e8-e10. [PMID: 28342798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel amplifies 90 autosomal SNPs and 34 Y- SNPs with massively parallel sequencing (MPS) using the Ion Torrent PGM™ platform. In the present study, 105 Basques were analyzed to assess this panel. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no association between them was detected. Forensic parameters were calculated as 5.74×10-36 for combined match probability and 99.99998% for combined power of exclusion. In conclusion, the HID Identity panel and the use of this new MPS technology are very promising tools for paternity testing and human identification in routine casework in the forensic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García
- Forensic Science Unit, Forensic Genetics Section, Basque Country Police, Erandio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - A Soto
- Forensic Science Unit, Forensic Genetics Section, Basque Country Police, Erandio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - I Yurrebaso
- Forensic Science Unit, Forensic Genetics Section, Basque Country Police, Erandio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Development of a control region-based mtDNA SNaPshot™ selection tool, integrated into a mini amplicon sequencing method. Sci Justice 2016; 56:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Daca-Roszak P, Pfeifer A, Żebracka-Gala J, Jarząb B, Witt M, Ziętkiewicz E. EurEAs_Gplex--A new SNaPshot assay for continental population discrimination and gender identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 20:89-100. [PMID: 26520215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assays that allow analysis of the biogeographic origin of biological samples in a standard forensic laboratory have to target a small number of highly differentiating markers. Such markers should be easy to multiplex and the assay must perform well in the degraded and scarce biological material. SNPs localized in the genome regions, which in the past were subjected to differential selective pressure in various populations, are the most widely used markers in the studies of biogeographic affiliation. SNPs reflecting biogeographic differences not related to any phenotypic traits are not sufficiently explored. The goal of our study was to identify a small set of SNPs not related to any known pigmentation/phenotype-specific genes, which would allow efficient discrimination between populations of Europe and East Asia. The selection of SNPs was based on the comparative analysis of representative European and Chinese/Japanese samples (B-lymphocyte cell lines), genotyped using the Infinium HumanOmniExpressExome microarray (Illumina). The classifier, consisting of 24 unlinked SNPs (24-SNP classifier), was selected. The performance of a 14-SNP subset of this classifier (14-SNP subclassifier) was tested using genotype data from several populations. The 14-SNP subclassifier differentiated East Asians, Europeans and Africans with ∼100% accuracy; Palestinians, representative of the Middle East, clustered with Europeans, while Amerindians and Pakistani were placed between East Asian and European populations. Based on these results, we have developed a SNaPshot assay (EurEAs_Gplex) for genotyping SNPs from the 14-SNP subclassifier, combined with an additional marker for gender identification. Forensic utility of the EurEAs_Gplex was verified using degraded and low quantity DNA samples. The performance of the EurEAs_Gplex was satisfactory when using degraded DNA; tests using low quantity DNA samples revealed a previously not described source of genotyping errors, potentially important for any SNaPshot-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daca-Roszak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - A Pfeifer
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland; Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - J Żebracka-Gala
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - B Jarząb
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - M Witt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Ziętkiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
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Schumm JW, Gutierrez-Mateo C, Tan E, Selden R. A 27-locus STR assay to meet all United States and European law enforcement agency standards. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1584-92. [PMID: 23822765 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different national and international agencies have selected specific STR sets for forensic database use. To enhance database comparison across national and international borders, a 27-locus multiplex system was developed comprising all 15 STR loci of the European standard set, the current 13 STR loci of the CODIS core, the proposed 22 STR loci of the expanded CODIS core, 4 additional commonly used STR loci, and the amelogenin locus. Development required iterative primer design to resolve primer-related artifacts, amplicon sizing, and locus-to-locus balance issues. The 19.5-min assay incorporated newly developed six-dye chemistry analyzed using a novel microfluidic electrophoresis instrument capable of simultaneous detection and discrimination of 8 or more fluorescent dyes. The 27-locus multiplex offers the potential for a new international STR standard permitting laboratories in any jurisdiction to use a single reaction to determine profiles for loci they typically generate plus an expanded common STR profiling set of global interest.
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LaRue BL, Sinha SK, Montgomery AH, Thompson R, Klaskala L, Ge J, King J, Turnbough M, Budowle B. INNULs: A novel design amplification strategy for retrotransposable elements for studying population variation. Hum Hered 2012; 74:27-35. [PMID: 23095285 DOI: 10.1159/000343050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Retrotransposable elements (REs), consisting of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), are a group of markers that can be useful for human identity testing. Until now, however, due to the inherent size difference (up to 6 kb in some instances) associated with insertion and null alleles (or INNULs), the use of REs for facilitated population studies has not been sought or practical. The size of the insertion elements (from a few hundred to several thousand bp) has proven to limit their utility as a marker because of the inefficient amplicon yield with PCR. A novel primer design now facilitates INNUL marker testing. A preliminary panel of single-locus markers was developed to evaluate the potential of typing these insertion elements. Nine INNULs (5 Alu and 4 LINEs) were typed in three major North American populations and analyzed for population genetic features. In addition, the variation of each marker among the sample populations provides insight of its potential use as individual identification or ancestral marker. METHODS INNUL markers were developed into fluorescently labeled single-loci PCR. Nine markers were developed with amplicons that were less than 180 bp in length, and, depending on the locus amplicons of the INNULs, alleles varied in size from 50 to 1 bp. This allele size is noteworthy because the insertion alleles of the 9 loci range in size from 297 to 6,195 bp. The allele distribution of the INNULs was assessed and analyzed in three major North American populations. RESULTS Upon observation of the distribution of the alleles in three major North American populations, the markers generally met Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and there was little evidence of detectable levels of linkage disequilibrium. Due to varying distributions of the alleles in the major population groups tested, some of the markers might be better suited for use as an individual identification marker, while others are better suited for bio-ancestral studies. CONCLUSIONS Using the primer design strategy described in our work, SINEs and (for the first time, to our knowledge) LINEs can be utilized as markers for studying population genetic variation that is more amenable to the limitations of the PCR technique. This study lays the foundation for future work of developing a multiplex panel of INNUL markers that can be used as a single-tube assay for human identity testing utilizing small amplicons (<180 bp), which could be useful for ancient or degraded forensic DNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby L LaRue
- Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Abstract
The recent advances in molecular biology have revolutionized all aspects of dentistry. DNA, the language of life yields information beyond our imagination, both in health or disease. DNA fingerprinting is a tool used to unravel all the mysteries associated with the oral cavity and its manifestations during diseased conditions. It is being increasingly used in analyzing various scenarios related to forensic science. The technical advances in molecular biology have propelled the analysis of the DNA into routine usage in crime laboratories for rapid and early diagnosis. DNA is an excellent means for identification of unidentified human remains. As dental pulp is surrounded by dentin and enamel, which forms dental armor, it offers the best source of DNA for reliable genetic type in forensic science. This paper summarizes the recent literature on use of this technique in identification of unidentified human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kl Girish
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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da Silva RHA, Sales-Peres A, de Oliveira RN, de Oliveira FT, Sales-Peres SHDC. Use of DNA technology in forensic dentistry. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 15:156-61. [PMID: 19089123 PMCID: PMC4327460 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572007000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The established importance of Forensic Dentistry for human identification, mainly when there is little remaining material to perform such identification (e.g., in fires, explosions, decomposing bodies or skeletonized bodies), has led dentists working with forensic investigation to become more familiar with the new molecular biology techniques. The currently available DNA tests have high reliability and are accepted as legal proofs in courts. This article presents a literature review referring to the main studies on Forensic Dentistry that involve the use of DNA for human identification, and makes an overview of the evolution of this technology in the last years, highlighting the importance of molecular biology in forensic sciences.
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Alacs EA, Georges A, FitzSimmons NN, Robertson J. DNA detective: a review of molecular approaches to wildlife forensics. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 6:180-94. [PMID: 20013321 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Illegal trade of wildlife is growing internationally and is worth more than USD$20 billion per year. DNA technologies are well suited to detect and provide evidence for cases of illicit wildlife trade yet many of the methods have not been verified for forensic applications and the diverse range of methods employed can be confusing for forensic practitioners. In this review, we describe the various genetic techniques used to provide evidence for wildlife cases and thereby exhibit the diversity of forensic questions that can be addressed using currently available genetic technologies. We emphasise that the genetic technologies to provide evidence for wildlife cases are already available, but that the research underpinning their use in forensics is lacking. Finally we advocate and encourage greater collaboration of forensic scientists with conservation geneticists to develop research programs for phylogenetic, phylogeography and population genetics studies to jointly benefit conservation and management of traded species and to provide a scientific basis for the development of forensic methods for the regulation and policing of wildlife trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Alacs
- Institute for Applied Ecology and National Centre for Forensic Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Westen AA, Matai AS, Laros JF, Meiland HC, Jasper M, de Leeuw WJ, de Knijff P, Sijen T. Tri-allelic SNP markers enable analysis of mixed and degraded DNA samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2009; 3:233-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Forensic samples that contain too little template DNA or are too degraded require alternate genetic marker analyses or approaches to what is currently used for routine casework. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) offer promise to support forensic DNA analyses because of an abundance of potential markers, amenability to automation, and potential reduction in required fragment length to only 60-80 bp. The SNP markers will serve an important role in analyzing challenging forensic samples, such as those that are very degraded, for augmenting the power of kinship analyses and family reconstructions for missing persons and unidentified human remains, as well as for providing investigative lead value in some cases without a suspect (and no genetic profile match in CODIS). The SNPs for forensic analyses can be divided into four categories: identity-testing SNPs; lineage informative SNPs; ancestry informative SNPs; and phenotype informative SNPs. In addition to discussing the applications of these different types of SNPs, this article provides some discussion on privacy issues so that society and policymakers can be more informed.
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STRs vs. SNPs: thoughts on the future of forensic DNA testing. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2007; 3:200-5. [PMID: 25869164 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-007-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Largely due to technological progress coming from the Human Genome and International HapMap Projects, the issue has been raised in recent years within the forensic DNA typing community of the potential for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers as possible replacements of the currently used short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Our human identity testing project team at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has explored numerous SNP and STR loci and assays as well as developing miniSTRs for degraded DNA samples. Based on their power of discrimination, use in deciphering mixture components, and ability to be combined in multiplex assays in order to recover information from low amounts of biological material, we believe that STRs rather than SNPs will fulfill the dominant role in human identity testing for the foreseeable future. However, SNPs may play a useful role in specialized applications such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing, Y-SNPs as lineage markers, ancestry informative markers (AIMs), the prediction of phenotypic traits, and other potential niche forensic casework applications.
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Andréasson H, Nilsson M, Styrman H, Pettersson U, Allen M. Forensic mitochondrial coding region analysis for increased discrimination using pyrosequencing technology. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2006; 1:35-43. [PMID: 19083726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is very useful when nuclear DNA analysis fails due to degradation or insufficient amounts of DNA in forensic analysis. However, mtDNA analysis has a lower discrimination power compared to what can be obtained by nuclear DNA (nDNA) analysis, potentially resulting in multiple individuals showing identical mtDNA types in the HVI/HVII region. In this study, the increase in discrimination by analysis of mitochondrial coding regions has been evaluated for identical or similar HVI/HVII sequences. A pyrosequencing-based system for coding region analysis, comprising 17 pyrosequencing reactions performed on 15 PCR fragments, was utilised. This assay was evaluated in 135 samples, resulting in an average read length of 81 nucleotides in the pyrosequencing analysis. In the sample set, a total of 52 coding region SNPs were identified, of which 18 were singletons. In a group of 60 samples with 0 or 1 control region difference from the revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS), only 12 samples could not be resolved by at least two differences using the pyrosequencing assay. Thus, the use of this pyrosequencing-based coding region assay has the potential to substantially increase the discriminatory power of mtDNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Andréasson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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COX MURRAYP. Minimal hierarchical analysis of global human Y-chromosome SNP diversity by PCR-RFLP. ANTHROPOL SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MURRAY P. COX
- Arizona Research Laboratories-Biotechnology, University of Arizona
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Budowle B, Bieber FR, Eisenberg AJ. Forensic aspects of mass disasters: Strategic considerations for DNA-based human identification. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2005; 7:230-43. [PMID: 15975517 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many mass disasters result in loss of lives. Law enforcement and/or public safety and health officials often have the responsibility for identifying the human remains found at the scene, so they can be returned to their families. The recovered human remains range from being relatively intact to highly degraded. DNA-based identity testing is a powerful tool for victim identification in that the data are not restricted to any particular one to one body landmark comparison and DNA profile comparisons can be used to associate separated remains or body parts. Even though DNA typing is straightforward, a disaster is a chaotic environment that can complicate effective identification of the remains. With some planning, or at least identification of the salient features to consider, stress can be reduced for those involved in the identification process. General guidelines are provided for developing an action plan for identification of human remains from a mass disaster by DNA analysis. These include: (1) sample collection, preservation, shipping and storage; (2) tracking and chain of custody issues; (3) laboratory facilities; (4) quality assurance and quality control practices; (5) parsing out work; (6) extraction and typing; (7) interpretation of results; (8) automation; (9) software for tracking and managing data; (10) the use of an advisory panel; (11) education and communication; and (12) privacy issues. In addition, key technologies that may facilitate the identification process are discussed, such as resin based DNA extraction, real-time PCR for quantitation of DNA, use of mini-STRs, SNP detection procedures, and software. Many of the features necessary for DNA typing of human remains from a mass disaster are the same as those for missing persons' cases. Therefore, developing a missing persons DNA identification program would also provide the basis for a mass disaster human remains DNA identification program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Budowle
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA.
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