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Novais ADS, Arantes LC, Almeida ES, Rocha RG, Lima CD, Melo LMDA, Richter EM, Munoz RAA, Pio dos Santos WT, da Silva RAB. Fast on-site screening of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in forensic samples using carbon screen-printed electrode and square wave voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kahl JMM, da Cunha KF, Rodrigues LC, Chinaglia KDO, Oliveira KD, Costa JL. Quantification of amphetamine and derivatives in oral fluid by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113928. [PMID: 33581589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy (MDMA), and their analogues (MDEA and MDA) has been increasing considerably worldwide since 2009. In this work, an analytical method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) to determine amphetamine and derivatives in oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Linearity was achieved between 20 to 5000 ng/mL (r>0.992, 1/x² weighted linear regression), with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 20 ng/mL. Imprecision (%relative standard deviation) and bias (%) were not higher than 9.1 and -12.3%, respectively. The matrix effect was lower than 14.6%, with no carryover observed up to 5000 ng/mL and no interference with 10 different oral fluid matrix sources and against 14 pharmaceuticals and other common drugs of abuse. MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in processed samples were stable up to 24 h at autosampler (10°C); and amphetamine and methamphetamine up to 18 h. The developed method was successfully applied to authentic oral fluid analyses (n = 140). The proposed method is an example of the Green Analytical Toxicology, since it reduces both the amount of solvent required in samples preparation and the quantity of solvents and reagents used in analytical-instrumental stage, as well as requires a minimal sample volume, being a cheaper, quicker and more ecological alternative to conventional methods. Obtained results showed that DLLME extraction combined with LC-MS/MS is a fast and simple method to quantify amphetamine derivatives in oral fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Martinelli Magalhães Kahl
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Kelly Francisco da Cunha
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Costalonga Rodrigues
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Kauê de Oliveira Chinaglia
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Karina Diniz Oliveira
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil.
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Murilo Alves G, Soares Castro A, McCord BR, Oliveira MF. MDMA Electrochemical Determination and Behavior at Carbon Screen‐printed Electrodes: Cheap Tools for Forensic Applications. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Murilo Alves
- Grupo de Eletroquímica, Eletroanalítica e Química Forense Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Avenida do Café s/n°, Vila Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alex Soares Castro
- Grupo de Eletroquímica, Eletroanalítica e Química Forense Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruce Royston McCord
- Chemistry Departament International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University 33199 Miami FL United States of America
| | - Marcelo Firmino Oliveira
- Grupo de Eletroquímica, Eletroanalítica e Química Forense Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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Delove Tegladza I, Qi T, Chen T, Alorku K, Tang S, Shen W, Kong D, Yuan A, Liu J, Lee HK. Direct immersion single-drop microextraction of semi-volatile organic compounds in environmental samples: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122403. [PMID: 32126428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) techniques are efficient approaches to pretreatment of aqueous samples. The main advantage of SDME lies in the miniaturization of the solvent extraction process, minimizing the hazards associated with the use of toxic organic solvents. Thus, SDME techniques are cost-effective, and represent less harm to the environment, subscribing to green analytical chemistry principles. In practice, two main approaches can be used to perform SDME - direct immersion (DI)-SDME and headspace (HS)-SDME. Even though the DI-SDME has been shown to be quite effective for extraction and enrichment of various organic compounds, applications of DI-SDME are normally more suitable for moderately polar and non-polar semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using organic solvents which are immiscible with water. In this review, we present a historical overview and current advances in DI-SDME, including the common analytical tools which are usually coupled with DI-SDME. The review also focuses on applications concerning SVOCs in environmental samples. Currents trends in DI-SDME and possible future direction of the procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Delove Tegladza
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tong Qi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kingdom Alorku
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Dezhao Kong
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200137, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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5
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Malaca S, Busardò FP, Gottardi M, Pichini S, Marchei E. Dilute and shoot ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) analysis of psychoactive drugs in oral fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 170:63-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Silva ATMD, Bessa CDPB, Borges WDS, Borges KB. Bioanalytical methods for determining ecstasy components in biological matrices: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Cela-Pérez MC, Bates F, Jiménez-Morigosa C, Lendoiro E, de Castro A, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M, López-Vilariño JM, González-Rodríguez MV. Water-compatible imprinted pills for sensitive determination of cannabinoids in urine and oral fluid. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1429:53-64. [PMID: 26718187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) methodology followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed using cylindrical shaped molecularly imprinted pills for detection of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) in urine and oral fluid (OF). The composition of the molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was optimized based on the screening results of a non-imprinted polymer library (NIP-library). Thus, acrylamide as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker were selected for the preparation of the MIP, using catechin as a mimic template. MISPE pills were incubated with 0.5 mL urine or OF sample for adsorption of analytes. For desorption, the pills were transferred to a vial with 2 mL of methanol:acetic acid (4:1) and sonicated for 15 min. The elution solvent was evaporated and reconstituted in methanol:formic acid (0.1%) 50:50 to inject in LC-MS/MS. The developed method was linear over the range from 1 to 500 ng mL(-1) in urine and from 0.75 to 500 ng mL(-1) in OF for all four analytes. Intra- and inter-day imprecision were <15%. Extraction recovery was 50-111%, process efficiency 15.4-54.5% and matrix effect ranged from -78.0 to -6.1%. Finally, the optimized and validated method was applied to 4 urine and 5 OF specimens. This is the first method for the determination of THC, THC-COOH, CBN and CBD in urine and OF using MISPE technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Concepción Cela-Pérez
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Ferdia Bates
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Cristian Jiménez-Morigosa
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana de Castro
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelines Cruz
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Rivadulla
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M López-Vilariño
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain.
| | - M Victoria González-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
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Porto SKSS, Nogueira T, Blanes L, Doble P, Sabino BD, do Lago CL, Angnes L. Analysis ofEcstasyTablets Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1622-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suely K. S. S. Porto
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão 1226 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Bruno D. Sabino
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Claudimir L. do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Turfus SC, Chu M, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. An assessment of the stability of MDMA, methamphetamine and THC in oral fluid. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2013.879204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Jamali B, Ardakani YH, Foroumadi A, Kobarfard F, Rouini MR. Determination of MDMA and Its Three Metabolites in the Rat Perfused Liver. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:357-61. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Kumazawa T, Hasegawa C, Hara K, Uchigasaki S, Lee XP, Seno H, Suzuki O, Sato K. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine designer drugs in human whole blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:726-33. [PMID: 22271670 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel method is described for the extraction of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine designer drugs, such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine, and 3,4-(methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine, from human whole blood using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction as highly selective sample clean-up technique. Whole blood samples were diluted with 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 8.6) and applied to a SupelMIP-Amphetamine molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction cartridge. The cartridge was then washed to eliminate interferences, and the amphetamines of interest were eluted with formic acid/methanol (1:100, v/v). After derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride, the analytes were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Recoveries of the seven amphetamines spiked into whole blood were 89.1-102%. The limits of quantification for each compound in 200 μL of whole blood were between 0.25 and 1.0 ng. The maximum intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were 9.96 and 13.8%, respectively. The results show that methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkyl-amine designer drugs can be efficiently extracted from crude biological samples such as whole blood by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction with good reproducibility. This extraction method will be useful for the pretreatment of human samples before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kumazawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sapse D, Champeil E, Sapse AM. Theoretical calculations applied to the study of the energetics of reactions of methamphetamine synthesis and to the characterization of reactants, products and by-products. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Es'haghi Z, Mohtaji M, Hasanzade-Meidani M, Masrournia M. The measurement of ecstasy in human hair by triple phase directly suspended droplet microextraction prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:903-8. [PMID: 20207204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New pre-concentration technique, triple phase suspended droplet microextraction (SD-LPME) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection was applied to determine ecstasy, MDMA (3,4-methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine) in hair samples. In this research MDMA in hair was digested and after treatment extracted. The effective parameters were investigated and method was evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the MDMA was enriched by factor 98.11. Linearity (r=0.9921), was obtained in the range of 10-15,000 ng mL(-1) and detection limit was 0.1 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Mashhad, Iran. zarrin
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Doménech A, Navarro P, Arán VJ, Muro B, Montoya N, García-España E. Selective electrochemical discrimination between dopamine and phenethylamine-derived psychotropic drugs using electrodes modified with an acyclic receptor containing two terminal 3-alkoxy-5-nitroindazole rings. Analyst 2010; 135:1449-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral fluid (OF) is an exciting alternative matrix for monitoring drugs of abuse in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) programs. During the last 5 years, scientific and technological advances in OF collection, point-of-collection testing devices, and screening and confirmation methods were achieved. Guidelines were proposed for workplace OF testing by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DUID testing by the European Union's Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) program, and standardization of DUID research. Although OF testing is now commonplace in many monitoring programs, the greatest current limitation is the scarcity of controlled drug administration studies available to guide interpretation. CONTENT This review outlines OF testing advantages and limitations, and the progress in OF that has occurred during the last 5 years in collection, screening, confirmation, and interpretation of cannabinoids, opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. We examine controlled drug administration studies, immunoassay and chromatographic methods, collection devices, point-of-collection testing device performance, and recent applications of OF testing. SUMMARY Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration approval of OF testing was delayed because questions about drug OF disposition were not yet resolved, and collection device performance and testing assays required improvement. Here, we document the many advances achieved in the use of OF. Additional research is needed to identify new biomarkers, determine drug detection windows, characterize OF adulteration techniques, and evaluate analyte stability. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that OF offers multiple advantages as an alternative matrix for drug monitoring and has an important role in DUID, treatment, workplace, and criminal justice programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. Bosker
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Drug oral fluid analysis was first used almost 30 years ago for the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring. Since then, oral fluid bioanalysis has become more popular, mainly in the fields of pharmacokinetics, workplace drug testing, criminal justice, driving under the influence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. In fact, oral fluid can provide a readily available and noninvasive medium, without any privacy loss by the examinee, which occurs, for instance, during the collection of urine samples. It is believed that drug concentrations in oral fluid may parallel those measured in blood. This feature makes oral fluid an alternative analytical specimen to blood, which assumes particular importance in roadside testing, the most published application of this sample. Great improvements in the development of accurate and reliable methods for sample collection, in situ detection devices (on-site drug detection kits), and highly sensitive and specific analytical methods for oral fluid testing of drugs have been observed in the last few years. However, without mass spectrometry-based analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), the desired sensitivity would not be met, due to the low amounts of sample usually available for analysis. This review will discuss a series of published papers on the applicability of oral fluid in the field of analytical, clinical and forensic toxicology, with a special focus on its advantages and drawbacks over the normally used biological specimens and the main technological advances over the last decade, which have made oral fluid analysis of drugs possible.
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Reviriego F, Navarro P, García-España E, Albelda MT, Frías JC, Domènech A, Yunta MJR, Costa R, Ortí E. Diazatetraester 1H-Pyrazole Crowns as Fluorescent Chemosensors for AMPH, METH, MDMA (Ecstasy), and Dopamine. Org Lett 2008; 10:5099-102. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801732t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Albelda
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Frías
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Domènech
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J. R. Yunta
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Costa
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, (Valencia) Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kato N, Fujita S, Ohta H, Fukuba M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Thin layer chromatography/fluorescence detection of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine and related compounds. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:1367-71. [PMID: 18798772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of six methylenedioxylatedphenethylamines, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine; N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butamine; N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-butamine; and 3,4-methylenedioxydimethylamphetamine, by thin-layer chromatography with fluorescence detection is proposed. These compounds form fluorophores on the developing plate following spraying with a reagent consisting of sodium hypochlorite, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), and sodium hydroxide, and heating for 3 min at 100 degrees C. Blue fluorescent spots were observed under ultraviolet light in a wavelength range of 250-400 nm. The detection limits for MDMA and the above related compounds were 50 ng. The proposed method was effectively applied to the detection of MDMA in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kato
- Scientific Crime Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 155-1 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0023, Japan.
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20
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Gallardo E, Queiroz JA. The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:795-821. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Pragst F. Chapter 13 High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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22
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Concheiro M, Simões SMDSS, Quintela O, de Castro A, Dias MJR, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M. Fast LC–MS/MS method for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB and PMA in urine. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 171:44-51. [PMID: 17097252 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fast method was designed for the simultaneous determination of amphetamine (A), methamphetamine (MA), PMA, MDA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB in urine. The drugs were analysed by LC (ESI)-MS/MS, after a simple liquid-liquid extraction in the presence of the deuterated analogues. Reverse phase separation on an Atlantis dC18 Intelligent Speed column was achieved in less than 4 min under gradient conditions, and the total run time was 8 min. The method was fully validated, including linearity (1-1000 ng/mL for A, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB; 2-1000 ng/mL for MDA and PMA; 1-200 ng/mL for MA; r2>0.99 for all compounds), recovery (>80%), within-day and between-day precision and accuracy (CV and MRE<12.7% for intermediate level and ULOQ, and <17.2% for LLOQ), limit of detection (0.2 ng/mL for MDMA, MDEA and MBDB; 0.5 ng/mL for A, MA and PMA; 1 ng/mL for MDA) and quantitation (1 ng/mL for A, MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB; 2 ng/mL for MDA and PMA) and relative ion intensities. No matrix effect was observed. The procedure proved to be sensitive, specific and rapid, and was applied to real forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Samyn N, Laloup M, De Boeck G. Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in oral fluid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1437-53. [PMID: 17404716 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analytical techniques have enabled the detection of drugs and drug metabolites in oral fluid specimens. Although GC-MS is still commonly used in practice, many laboratories have developed and successfully validated methods for LC-MS(-MS) that can detect a large number of compounds in the limited sample volume available. In addition, several enzyme immunoassays have been commercialized for the detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluid samples, enabling the fast screening and selection of presumably positive samples. A number of concerns are discussed, such as the variability in the volume of sample collected and its implications in terms of quantitative measurements, and the drug recoveries of the many different specimen collection systems on the market. Additional considerations that also receive attention are the importance of providing complete validation data with respect to analyte stability, matrix effect, and the choice of collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Samyn
- Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (N.I.C.C.), Federal Public Service Justice, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium.
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Peters FT, Samyn N, Kraemer T, Riedel WJ, Maurer HH. Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases. Clin Chem 2007; 53:702-10. [PMID: 17332148 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Enantioselective analysis of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) helps interpret toxicological results. Methods have been described for various matrices, but so far not for oral fluid, a matrix of increasing importance in testing for drugs of abuse, especially in the context of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID).
Methods: After dilution with 200 μL carbonate buffer (pH 9), oral fluid samples (10–50 μL) were derivatized with S-heptafluorobutyrylprolyl chloride. The resulting diastereomers were extracted into 100 μL of cyclohexane, separated by gas chromatography (HP-5MS column), and detected by mass spectrometry in the negative-ion chemical ionization mode (GC-NICI-MS). The method was validated and applied to samples from a controlled study with MDMA and from authentic DUID cases.
Results: The derivatized AM, MA, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA enantiomers were well separated from each other. The method was linear from 5–250 μg/L per enantiomer of MDA and from 25–1250 μg/L per enantiomer of AM, MA, MDMA, and MDEA. With the exception of MDEA, analytical recoveries, repeatability, and intermediate precision were within required limits. The analyte concentrations and enantiomer ratios in the application samples correlated only weakly with corresponding published plasma data.
Conclusions: This sensitive, reliable, and fast GC-NICI-MS assay enantioselectively measures AM, MA, MDA, and MDMA in oral fluid samples. Prediction of plasma concentrations and enantiomer ratios from respective oral fluid data is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Øiestad EL, Johansen U, Christophersen AS. Drug Screening of Preserved Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2007; 53:300-9. [PMID: 17158196 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.074237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Oral fluid is an alternative matrix with potential applications in road-side drug screening, work-place testing, drug treatment programs, and epidemiological surveys. Development of methods for extensive drug screening in oral fluid is warranted.
Methods: We developed a liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for drug screening of preserved oral fluid collected with the Intercept® collection device. Samples were prepared by liquid–liquid extraction with ethylacetate/heptane (4:1). LC-separation was achieved with an Atlantis dC18-column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3 μm particle). Mass detection was performed by positive ion mode electrospray LC-MS/MS and included the following drugs/metabolites: morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, buprenorphine, methadone, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, lysergic acid diethylamide, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, 3-OH-diazepam, fenazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam, oxazepam, zopiclone, zolpidem, carisoprodol, and meprobamat.
Results: Screening of 32 drugs was performed with a run time of 14 min. Within- and between-day relative CVs varied from 2.0% to 31.8% and from 3.6% to 39.1%, respectively. Extraction recoveries were >50% except for morphine (30%) and benzoylecgonine (0.2%). The concentrations of the lowest calibrator were 1 nmol/L (0.28 μg/L) to 500 nmol/L (68 μg/L), depending on the drug.
Conclusion: The method allowed rapid and sensitive oral fluid screening for the most commonly abused drugs in Norway and will be used for a road-side survey of drug use in normal traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Oslo, Norway.
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Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Cavallini A, Baccini C, Conti M, Raggi MA. Determination of amphetamines in human urine by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection using a solid-phase extraction procedure. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2322-9. [PMID: 17120816 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A precise and feasible HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (MAMPH) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) in human urine. A chromatographic run on a C8 Genesis (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column maintained at 30 degrees C lasts about 17 min, using a mobile phase composed of ACN (12%) and a pH 2.5 phosphate buffer (88%) containing 0.3% triethylamine. Mirtazapine was used as the internal standard. Good linearity was found in the 100-2000 ng/mL concentration range for AMPH and MAMPH and in the 12-2000 ng/mL concentration range for MDMA. The pretreatment of urine samples was carried out by means of a careful SPE procedure on C2 cartridges. The extraction yields were very satisfactory for all analytes, with average values greater than 97%. The leading conditions allowed the determination of AMPH, MAMPH and MDMA with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the analytes in urine of AMPH users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bugamelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Apollonio LG, Whittall IR, Pianca DJ, Kyd JM, Maher WA. Product ion mass spectra of amphetamine-type substances, designer analogues, and ketamine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2259-64. [PMID: 16810638 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) technology to separate and identify amphetamine-type substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine), common and novel designer analogues (MDA, MDMA, PMA, 4-MTA, MBDB), and ketamine using Acquity UPLC/Micromass Quattro Micro API mass spectrometer instrumentation (Waters Corporation, USA). From injection of drug reference standards, it was demonstrated that these compounds can be identified by product ion mass spectra in less than 4 min total analysis time, indicating that the technological advancements associated with UPLC/MS/MS allow it to serve as a powerful analytical tool for high-throughput testing. In addition to demonstrating the separation and response of these drug compounds under the stated UPLC/MS/MS conditions, we believe the acquired product ion spectra will be a beneficial reference to laboratories interested in incorporating the use of this technology in the routine analysis of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino G Apollonio
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia.
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