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Rodriguez JL, Almirall JR. Continuous vapor sampling of volatile organic compounds associated with explosives using capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) coupled to a portable GC–MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Determination of Diphenyl Amine (DPA) Stabilizer in Propellants – A Minireview. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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González-Méndez R, Mayhew CA. Applications of Direct Injection Soft Chemical Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Pre-blast Smokeless Powder Organic Additives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:615-624. [PMID: 30761477 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-02130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of smokeless powders is of interest from forensics and security perspectives. This article reports the detection of smokeless powder organic additives (in their pre-detonation condition), namely the stabiliser diphenylamine and its derivatives 2-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and the additives (used both as stabilisers and plasticisers) methyl centralite and ethyl centralite, by means of swab sampling followed by thermal desorption and direct injection soft chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Investigations on the product ions resulting from the reactions of the reagent ions H3O+ and O2+ with additives as a function of reduced electric field are reported. The method was comprehensively evaluated in terms of linearity, sensitivity and precision. For H3O+, the limits of detection (LoD) are in the range of 41-88 pg of additive, for which the accuracy varied between 1.5 and 3.2%, precision varied between 3.7 and 7.3% and linearity showed R2 ≥ 0.9991. For O2+, LoD are in the range of 72 to 1.4 ng, with an accuracy of between 2.8 and 4.9% and a precision between 4.5 and 8.6% and R2 ≥ 0.9914. The validated methodology was applied to the analysis of commercial pre-blast gun powders from different manufacturers. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
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4
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Hauck BC, Harden CS, McHugh VM. Current status and need for standards in ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-018-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Williamson R, Gura S, Tarifa A, Almirall JR. The coupling of capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) dynamic air sampling device with DART-MS analysis for the detection of gunshot residues. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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JW B. Organic compositional analysis of propellant powders using monolithic material sorption extraction (MSSE)-a feasibility study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Perez JJ, Watson DA, Levis RJ. Classification of Gunshot Residue Using Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Offline Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11390-11398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J. Perez
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - David A. Watson
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J. Levis
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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8
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Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial evaluation of inlet thermal desorption GC–MS analysis for organic gunshot residue collected from the hands of known shooters. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Armenta S, de la Guardia M, Abad-Fuentes A, Abad-Somovilla A, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Highly selective solid-phase extraction sorbents for chloramphenicol determination in food and urine by ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8559-8567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Chajistamatiou AS, Bakeas EB. A rapid method for the identification of nitrocellulose in high explosives and smokeless powders using GC–EI–MS. Talanta 2016; 151:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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López-López M, Merk V, García-Ruiz C, Kneipp J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of smokeless gunpowders and macroscopic gunshot residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4965-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Tarifa A, Almirall JR. Fast detection and characterization of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands of suspects by CMV-GC–MS and LIBS. Sci Justice 2015; 55:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Alinat E, Delaunay N, Archer X, Vial J, Gareil P. Multivariate optimization of the denitration reaction of nitrocelluloses for safer determination of their nitrogen content. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 250:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Alizadeh N, Farokhcheh A. Simultaneous determination of diphenylamine and nitrosodiphenylamine by photochemically induced fluorescence and synchronous fluorimetry using double scans method. Talanta 2014; 121:239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Chen KF, Wu HH, Lin CH, Lin CH. Screening of inorganic gases released from firework-rockets by a gas chromatography/whistle-accelerometer method. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:230-3. [PMID: 23891209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of an accelerometer for detecting inorganic gases in gas chromatography (GC) is described. A milli-whistle was connected to the outlet of the GC capillary and was used instead of a classical GC detector. When the GC carrier gases and the sample gases pass through the milli-whistle, a sound is produced, leading to vibrational changes, which can be recorded using an accelerometer. Inorganic gases, including SO2, N2 and CO2, which are released from traditional Chinese firework-rockets at relatively high levels as the result of burning the propellant and explosive material inside could be rapidly determined using the GC/whistle-accelerometer system. The method described herein is safe, the instrumentation is compact and has potential to be modified so as to be portable for use in the field. It also can be used in conjunction with FID (flame ionization detector) or TCD (thermal conductivity detector), in which either no response for FID (CO2, N2, NO2, SO2, etc.) or helium gas is needed for TCD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Analysis of organic gunshot residue permeation through a model skin membrane using ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-013-0138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Gunshot residue analysis and its evidential values: a review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.691546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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López-López M, Bravo J, García-Ruiz C, Torre M. Diphenylamine and derivatives as predictors of gunpowder age by means of HPLC and statistical models. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Perez JJ, Flanigan PM, Brady JJ, Levis RJ. Classification of Smokeless Powders Using Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Offline Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 85:296-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J. Perez
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Paul M. Flanigan
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - John J. Brady
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland
20783, United States
| | - Robert J. Levis
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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20
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Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Armenta S, Blanco M. Ion Mobility Spectrometry: A Comprehensive and Versatile Tool for Occupational Pharmaceutical Exposure Assessment. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4560-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300655t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Armenta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Blanco
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
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22
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López-López M, Ferrando JL, García-Ruiz C. Comparative analysis of smokeless gunpowders by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 717:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Joshi M, Rigsby K, Almirall JR. Analysis of the headspace composition of smokeless powders using GC–MS, GC-μECD and ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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25
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Hariharan CB, Baumbach JI, Vautz W. Linearized equations for the reduced ion mobilities of polar aliphatic organic compounds. Anal Chem 2010; 82:427-31. [PMID: 19961221 DOI: 10.1021/ac902459m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, ion mobility spectrometry has evolved into a powerful technique for rapid identification of analytes in very complex sample matrixes such as human breath. Every analyte detected has a characteristic ion mobility value (and a retention time when additional preseparation techniques are employed) which is used to identify the peaks in a spectrum either by comparison with reference analytes or by simultaneous mass spectrometric measurements. In this study, the mass-mobility correlations between compounds in three different homologous series are used to predict the mobilities of the other substances in the same series in a medium of synthetic air. The results show a very high accuracy (>99.5%) of the prognosis. The linear trend equations of ion mobilities, as a function of the number of carbon atoms, obtained from the different series were then generalized into one linear equation for the reduced ion mobility for the polar aliphatic compounds and is validated by comparing it with the traditional Mason-Schamp equation. To compare the empirical equation obtained from the prognosis and the Mason-Schamp equation, the collision integral term in the latter was split into two terms to linearize it. The resulting novel ion mobility equation could be the starting step to completely describe the relationship between ion collision integral and the ion mobility for polar aliphatic compounds. The splitting of the collision integral into two terms will also give new inputs to describe the various ion models and the different forces that act on the ions and the neutral gas molecules upon which the collision integral is dependent on. This prognosis method could, furthermore, be extended to all other classes of organic compounds and could serve as a useful tool for identification of unknowns in ion mobility spectra, thereby considerably reducing the time-consuming and costly reference measurements and other coupling techniques that are currently employed.
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26
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Guerra-Diaz P, Gura S, Almirall JR. Dynamic Planar Solid Phase Microextraction−Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Rapid Field Air Sampling and Analysis of Illicit Drugs and Explosives. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2826-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902785y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guerra-Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
| | - Sigalit Gura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
| | - José R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
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27
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Detection of odor signatures of smokeless powders using solid phase microextraction coupled to an ion mobility spectrometer. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 188:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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29
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Hariharan C, Ingo Baumbach J, Vautz W. Empirical prediction of reduced ion mobilities of secondary alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-009-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Martiny A, Campos APC, Sader MS, Pinto AL. SEM/EDS analysis and characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian lead-free ammunition. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 177:e9-17. [PMID: 17764860 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exposition to heavy metal-rich airborne due to fire practicing has forced to the development of heavy metal-free environmental ammunition primers all over the world. Here we characterize the GSR elements present in the Brazilian lead-free ammunition produced by Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos (CBC) and commercialized by MagTech in the U.S. and Europe under the name CleanRange centerfire cartridges. Both first and second generations of CleanRange in calibers 9 mm Luger, .40 S&W, .380 AUTO and .38 SPL were analyzed and compared to regular Brazilian CBC ammunition by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Differences in composition and morphology of GSR particles from the two generations of CleanRange were observed. The first generation ammunition (found in Europe) presented spherical particles, being strontium the only unique element detected. The second generation (found in the U.S.) produced irregular particles composed mostly by potassium, aluminum, silicon and calcium. We can conclude that identification of GSR derived from CBC second generation lead-free ammunition in suspects' hands may be impossible without the addition of a distinct metallic taggant in the primer composition by the manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martiny
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Seção de Engenharia Mecânica e de Materiais-SE/4, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22270-290, Brazil
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31
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Arce L, Menéndez M, Garrido-Delgado R, Valcárcel M. Sample-introduction systems coupled to ion-mobility spectrometry equipment for determining compounds present in gaseous, liquid and solid samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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