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Pentsou J, Vagias M, Davies T, Hoey S, Huuskonen V. Thoracolumbar Retrolaminar Block: Anatomical and Radiological Study of Injectate Pattern Distribution in Canine Cadavers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3008. [PMID: 37835614 PMCID: PMC10571983 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrolaminar block is a regional anaesthetic technique, first developed in humans, in which the local anaesthetic is deposited directly onto the dorsal aspect of the thoracic or lumbar vertebral lamina. This study aims to evaluate the distribution of landmark-guided thoracolumbar retrolaminar injections in greyhound cadavers. Thirteen injections of contrast-dye solution were performed in eight cadavers at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12), with either 20 mL (n = 8, high volume, HV) or 10 mL (n = 5, low volume, LV) per site. The spread of the injectate was evaluated through computed tomography and transverse anatomical dissection. The groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The median (range) of the extent of the spread was 4 (2-5) and 3 (2-4) intervertebral foramina in the LV and HV groups, respectively. The median (range) of the spread along the retrolaminar space was 3 (2-3) retrolaminar segments in the LV and 3 (2-4) in the HV group. Epidural and retroperitoneal spread was identified in seven cadavers. Following landmark-guided retrolaminar injections, the injectate spread both in the retrolaminar and paravertebral spaces, without any obvious association between the volume of injectate and the extent of the spread. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical efficacy of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pentsou
- Department of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michail Vagias
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Thomas Davies
- Bristol Vet Specialists, Unit 10, More Plus Central Park, Madison Way, Severn Beach, Bristol BS35 4ER, UK;
| | - Séamus Hoey
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (S.H.); (V.H.)
| | - Vilhelmiina Huuskonen
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (S.H.); (V.H.)
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Bryce AJ, Dandrieux JR, Lenard Z, Chen Y, Milne ME. Veterinary forensic radiology–Development of a cost-effective and easily performed post mortem computed tomographic angiography protocol. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Forensic imaging is a non-invasive examination process during the forensic investigation. It is mainly used in forensic pathology as an adjunct to the traditional autopsy. In the past two decades, forensic imaging has been vigorously developed by forensic experts from computed tomography (CT) to multiple augmented techniques through CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The application field of forensic imaging has also been broadened as its advantages are recognised by more forensic practitioners. In addition to the forensic pathology, this technique has been used in other forensic disciplines, including forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, forensic ballistics and wildlife forensics, etc. This article reviews the development of forensic imaging as the practice and research development in different forensic disciplines based on the relevant literature analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Faculty of Forensic Investigation Department of Criminal Justice, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ferrante B, Baroni C, Muramoto C, Ribas L, Torres L, Catão-Dias J, Pinto A. Histological effect caused by contrast solution injection for post mortem computed tomography angiography in dogs. FORENSIC IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2021.200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mazzante NMG, de Camargo BWDF, de Sanctis P, Fogaça JL, Vettorato MDC, Tremori TM, Babboni SD, Machado VMDV, Rocha NS. Post-mortem analysis of injuries by incomplete hanging in dog (Canis familiaris) through radiographs and forensic necropsy. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gastric perforation in a dog: Postmortem computed tomography and forensic autopsy findings. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jack MW, Wierenga JR, Bridges JP, Baltzer WI, Crosse KR. Feasibility of open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation through a transdiaphragmatic approach in dogs. Vet Surg 2019; 48:1042-1049. [PMID: 31120588 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and evaluate the feasibility of a transdiaphragmatic (TD) approach for open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OCCPR) as an alternative to a traditional lateral thoracotomy (LT) in a canine cadaver model. STUDY DESIGN Randomized noninferiority ex vivo study. ANIMALS Fourteen canine cadavers weighing 17.4-30.2 kg. METHODS An LT and a TD approach to the heart were performed in each cadaver. The order of procedures as well as an assignment to specific operators were randomized before starting the study. Data recorded included the time between incision and initiation of cardiac compressions; time between initiation of the first suture placement and closure of the intrapleural space; time between initiation of the first suture placement and final skin suture; trauma to pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic and neurovascular structures; distance between the caval foramen and diaphragmatic incision; the intercostal space entered during LT; and appropriate closure. RESULTS The mean time between incision and initiation of cardiac compressions for the TD approach (85 ± 35 seconds) was noninferior to the LT (84 ± 28 seconds). The pleural space was closed faster after the TD approach (531 ± 276 seconds) than after the lateral approach (817 ± 294 seconds, P = .03). Total duration of closure did not differ between techniques (P = .11). There was no difference between the complication rates of each approach. CONCLUSION The TD approach did not prolong the procedure or increase the complication rate compared with an LT. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence to support additional investigation of the TD approach for OCCPR to determine its efficacy and safety in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm W Jack
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Janelle R Wierenga
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Janis P Bridges
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendy I Baltzer
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Katherine R Crosse
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Fetzer TJ, Walker JM, Bach JF. Comparison of the efficacy of small and large-bore thoracostomy tubes for pleural space evacuation in canine cadavers. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:301-306. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara J. Fetzer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Julie M. Walker
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Jonathan F. Bach
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
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Watson E, Heng HG. FORENSIC RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING FOR VETERINARY RADIOLOGISTS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:245-258. [PMID: 28233422 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging studies are often of evidentiary value in medicolegal investigations involving animals and the role of the veterinary radiologist is to interpret those images for courts as an expert or opinion witness. With progressing interest in prosecuting animal crimes and strengthening of penalties for crimes against animals, the participation of veterinary radiologists in medicolegal investigations is expected to increase. Veterinary radiologists who are aware of radiographic and imaging signs that result in animal suffering, abuse, or neglect; knowledgeable in ways radiology and imaging may support cause of death determinations; conversant in postmortem imaging; comfortable discussing mechanisms and timing of blunt or sharp force and projectile trauma in imaging; and prepared to identify mimics of abuse can assist court participants in understanding imaging evidence. The goal of this commentary review is to familiarize veterinary radiologists with the forensic radiology and imaging literature and with the advantages and disadvantages of various imaging modalities utilized in forensic investigations. Another goal is to provide background information for future research studies in veterinary forensic radiology and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Watson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Forensic Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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Abstract
Investigation of animal-related crime, and therefore submission of forensic cases to veterinary pathology facilities, is increasing, yet many veterinary pathologists are unfamiliar and often uncomfortable with involvement in the forensic necropsy. This article discusses various aspects of the forensic necropsy without specific attention to any particular species group or crime. General advice is given on procedures, documentation, and recording of the examination, and the article indicates how these features may differ from those used in investigation of natural disease. It also discusses evidence management, including recordkeeping, identification of evidence, labeling of photographs, and use of standard operating procedures and protocols. Various written and visual methods for documentation of the forensic necropsy are covered, and adjunctive topics such as sample collection, assessment, and description of wounds and taphonomy are included. Cause, mechanism, and manner of death are defined, and guidance to the use of these terms is given. The aim of this article is to offer guidance on procedural aspects of the forensic necropsy that will help those developing their forensic services, contribute to standardization of the provision of forensic veterinary pathology, and build the confidence of the "uncomfortable" forensic veterinary pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Brooks Brownlie
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - R Munro
- Royal Veterinary College, London and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A thorough understanding of the physical and chemical changes that occur in the body after death is critical for accurate interpretation of gross and microscopic pathology at autopsy. Furthermore, knowledge of the postmortem processes and the factors that affect them will aid in the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). The estimation of the PMI is important in many human and animal death investigations. Despite many decades of research, accuracy in estimation of the time of death has not significantly improved, and no single method can be reliably used to accurately estimate the time of death. Great care should be taken when formulating such an estimate, for it is dependent on multiple circumstantial and environmental factors, and the accuracy and precision of the estimate decrease as the PMI increases. The majority of the research in the field has been conducted on human bodies, but many relevant conclusions may be drawn regarding the expected postmortem changes in animals and the estimation of the PMI. The veterinary pathologist must use great caution when attempting to extrapolate data and apply formulas designed for use in humans. Methods reviewed include gross changes, microscopic changes, temperature-based methods, postmortem chemistry, molecular methods, microbial assay, ocular changes, radiography, entomology, and others. Although only several of these methods are currently practical for use in the workup of cases, it is expected that future research will result in improved techniques with enhanced accuracy in the estimation of the PMI, which will benefit both human and veterinary forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Brooks
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Munro R, Munro HMC. Some challenges in forensic veterinary pathology: a review. J Comp Pathol 2012; 149:57-73. [PMID: 23153727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Forensic veterinary pathology is a diverse discipline that is in an early phase of its development. Common challenges include estimation of the age of skin wounds and bruises, the diagnosis of drowning and estimation of the time since death. However, many details of the pathological findings related to these various aspects await validation. The 'multispecies' nature of veterinary pathology, combined with the preponderance of published observations originating from animal experimentation, rather than casework, poses two challenges. Firstly, extrapolation of results between species may jeopardize the reliability (and credibility) of the forensic opinion. Secondly, experimental studies may not truly reflect the spectrum of changes seen in actual cases (e.g. extent of injuries, infection, age and health of victim). With regard to drowning, diagnosis based on post-mortem findings remains problematical. Methods for estimation of the time since death (also known as the post-mortem interval) continue to be a major focus of study, with fresh avenues such as post-mortem diagnostic imaging offering interesting possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munro
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
This report describes the use of computed tomography (CT) in a nondomestic species. Postmortem CT was performed on a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a diagnosis of oral osteomyelitis was made. CT examination revealed bony remodeling of the right mandible, an intraosseous lesion of the right temporal bone, muscle necrosis around the right mandible, and the absence of the right, first, upper molar tooth. Cardiac and intrahepatic gas and a distended intestine due to postmortem gas accumulation were also seen. All the lesions identified with CT were also identified by conventional necropsy, except the cardiac and intrahepatic gases. Virtopsy may be a useful procedure for the noninvasive identification of cause of death and as a guide for necropsy in animals.
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