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Ramamoorthy S, Garg S, Mishra B, Radotra BD, Saikia UN. Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) Expression in Autopsy Tissues: Organ-Specific Patterns and Clinical Significance. Cureus 2023; 15:e37138. [PMID: 37153286 PMCID: PMC10159945 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) homologs have been identified in many species, and their proteins appeared to be highly conserved in evolution. While most of the human studies are about pathological conditions, the animal studies were more about the physiological and developmental functions of receptors. The expression of CAR is developmentally regulated, and its tissue localization is complex. Hence, we planned to study CAR expression in five different human organs at autopsy in different age groups. CAR expression was analyzed in the pituitary, heart, liver, pancreas, and kidney by immunohistochemistry, and CAR mRNA expression in the heart and pituitary by real-time PCR. In the current study, CAR expression was strong in cells of the anterior pituitary, hepatocytes, and bile ducts in the liver, acini, and pancreas and distal convoluted tubule/collecting duct in the kidney, with uniform expression in all age groups. We have noted high CAR expression in fetuses and infantile hearts, which get reduced drastically in adults due to its presumed developmental role in intrauterine life studied in animal models. In addition, the receptor was expressed in glomerular podocytes around the period of fetus viability (37 weeks) but not in early fetuses and adults. We have hypothesized that this intermittent expression could be responsible for the intercellular contact normally formed between the podocytes during the developmental phase. Pancreatic islets also showed increased expression after the emergence of the viability period but not in early fetuses and adults, which might be related to an increase in fetal insulin secretion at that particular age group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumit Garg
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Bishan Dass Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
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CXADR: From an Essential Structural Component to a Vital Signaling Mediator in Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021288. [PMID: 36674801 PMCID: PMC9865082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is a transmembrane component of cell junctions that is crucial for cardiac and testicular functions via its homophilic and heterophilic interaction. CXADR is expressed in both Sertoli cells and germ cells and is localized mainly at the interface between Sertoli-Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cells. Knockout of CXADR in mouse Sertoli cells specifically impairs male reproductive functions, including a compromised blood-testis barrier, apoptosis of germ cells, and premature loss of spermatids. Apart from serving as an important component for cell junctions, recent progress has showed the potential roles of CXADR as a signaling mediator in spermatogenesis. This review summarizes current research progress related to the regulation and role of CXADR in spermatogenesis as well as in pathological conditions. We hope this review provides some future directions and a blueprint to promote the further study on the roles of CXADR.
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Gupalo EM, Buryachkovskaya LI, Chumachenko PV, Mironova NA, Narusov OY, Tereschenko SN, Golitsyn SP, Othman M. Implication of Inflammation on Coxsackie Virus and Adenovirus Receptor Expression on Cardiomyocytes and the Role of Platelets in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022; 60:107452. [PMID: 35850451 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2022.107452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackie Virus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR or CAR) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We aimed to examine the relationship of CAR expression on platelets and cardiomyocytes with virus persistence, local and systemic inflammation and platelet activity in patients with DCM. METHODS Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) samples of 38 patients (mean age 39.5±11.3 years, 20 male) with DCM were analyzed for CAR expression, local inflammation grade by immunohistochemistry and virus persistence by real-time PCR. Platelet morphology was analyzed in all patients and 30 healthy subjects (HS) using scanning electron microscopy, platelet activity by light transmission aggregation, and CAR persistence by immunofluorescence. Platelets of 20 patients were analyzed for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1-2 by immunofluorescence. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and Interleukin-6 were assessed using ELISA in all studied subjects. RESULTS CAR expression in EMB samples was related to the heart failure functional class and the level of IL-6. Platelets from DCM patients showed enhanced spontaneous and ADP induced aggregation. Platelets' CAR expression was >4 fold higher in DCM than HS and was observed predominantly at sites of intercellular communications in microaggregates and leukocyte-platelet aggregates. CAR-positive patients showed significantly higher TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels in CAR-negative patients. Platelets of 6 (30%) DCM patients revealed the mature cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses particles. CONCLUSION Tight junction protein CAR may serve as a docking pin creating a new type of contact structure that could be responsible for signaling between neighboring cells in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Gupalo
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Petr V Chumachenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Mironova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Yu Narusov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei N Tereschenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei P Golitsyn
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queens's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Baccalaureate Nursing, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, ON, Canada; Clinical Patology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Human Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor is a putative target of neutrophil elastase-mediated shedding. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3213-3223. [PMID: 35122600 PMCID: PMC8924087 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background During viral-induced myocarditis, immune cells migrate towards the site of infection and secrete proteases, which in turn can act as sheddases by cleaving extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins. We were interested in the shedding of the Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) that acts as an entry receptor for both eponymous viruses, which cause myocarditis. CAR shedding by secreted immune proteases could result in a favourable outcome of myocarditis as CAR’s extracellular domain would be removed from the cardiomyocytes’ surface leading to decreased susceptibility to ongoing viral infections. Methods and results In this work, matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteinases were screened for their proteolytic activity towards human CAR. Whereas matrix metalloproteinases, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G did not cleave human recombinant CAR or only within long incubation times, neutrophil elastase showed a distinct cleavage pattern of CAR’s extracellular domain that was time- and dose-dependent. Neutrophil elastase cleaves CAR at its membrane-proximal immunoglobulin domain as we determined by nanoLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, neutrophil elastase treatment of cells reduced CAR surface levels as seen by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Conclusions With this study, we show that CAR might be a target for shedding by neutrophil elastase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07153-2.
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Favere K, Bosman M, Klingel K, Heymans S, Van Linthout S, Delputte PL, De Sutter J, Heidbuchel H, Guns PJ. Toll-Like Receptors: Are They Taking a Toll on the Heart in Viral Myocarditis? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061003. [PMID: 34072044 PMCID: PMC8227433 DOI: 10.3390/v13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with viral infections being the most common aetiology. Its complex biology remains poorly understood and its clinical management is one of the most challenging in the field of cardiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, are increasingly known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. Their central role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the inflammatory reaction that ensues, indeed makes them prime candidates to profoundly affect every stage of the disease process. This review describes the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and scrutinises the role of TLRs in every phase. We conclude with directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Favere
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthias Bosman
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Johan De Sutter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
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Sharma V, Perry DJ, Eghtesady P. Role of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in cardiac development and pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:535-545. [PMID: 33369284 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell surface transmembrane protein originally recognized for its role as a binding site for coxsackie- and adeno-viruses. As such, it is believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of myocarditis. Other studies have suggested that CAR also plays an important role in embryonic development, which is not surprising given the strong expression of the receptor in heart, brain, liver, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, and various epithelia during development. A number of studies have looked at downregulation and upregulation of CAR and have confirmed the central role of CAR during critical periods of development. These studies all demonstrated embryonic lethality with variable phenotypes: electrophysiological abnormalities, cardiac structural deformations, and extracardiac abnormalities, such as lymphatic malformations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature about CAR and formulate some questions for future studies, with an emphasis on the role of CAR during embryonic heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Naturally occurring variants in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor have no impact on virus internalisation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:401-405. [PMID: 32334832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homophilic cell-cell contacts and susceptibility to both human pathogenic viruses through its membrane-distal immunoglobulin domain. In the present study, we screened five missense variants of the human CAR gene for their influence on adenovector or Coxsackievirus entry into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The CAR variants facilitated virus internalisation to a similar extent as wild type CAR. This underlines CAR's presumed invariance and essential physiological role in embryogenesis.
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Excoffon KJDA. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor: virological and biological beauty. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1828-1837. [PMID: 32298477 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is an essential multifunctional cellular protein that is only beginning to be understood. CAR serves as a receptor for many adenoviruses, human group B coxsackieviruses, swine vesicular disease virus, and possibly other viruses. While named for its function as a viral receptor, CAR is also involved in cell adhesion, immune cell activation, synaptic transmission, and signaling. Knockout mouse models were first to identify some of these biological functions; however, tissue-specific model systems have shed light on the complexity of different CAR isoforms and their specific activities. Many of these functions are mediated by the large number of interacting proteins described so far, and several new putative interactions have recently been discovered. As antiviral and gene therapy strategies that target CAR continue to emerge, future work poised to understand the biological implications of manipulating CAR in vivo is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J D A Excoffon
- Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.,Spirovant Sciences, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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García-Becerril GE, Cruz-Montalvo AE, De La Cruz MA, Ares MA, Moreno-Ruiz LA, García-Chequer AJ, Maldonado-Bernal C, Gómez-Jiménez LM, Flores-García CA, Garrido-Garduño MH, Cárdenas-Mondragón MG. Differential expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor in endomyocardial tissue of patients with myocarditis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2189-2198. [PMID: 31257515 PMCID: PMC6691199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that the expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is implicated in the pathophysiology of myocarditis. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between active and borderline myocarditis and CAR expression in endomyocardial tissues, and analyze the association between CAR expression and treatment response. An analytic, cross-sectional, retrospective study was performed in 26 patients with myocarditis and 10 control subjects without heart disease. Myocardial biopsies were obtained and CAR transcription was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The association between CAR mRNA levels and the response to immunosuppressive or conventional therapy (treatment responders, n=17; non-responders, n=9) or with the type of histological myocarditis (active myocarditis, n=16; borderline myocarditis, n=10) was analyzed. CAR transcription levels were significantly lower (P=0.012) in patients with myocarditis compared with controls, and a significant decrease was observed (P=0.023) in CAR mRNA levels among patients with borderline myocarditis compared with the no myocarditis group. Patients responding to therapy exhibited higher CAR mRNA levels (P=0.036) compared with patients not responding to treatment, as evaluated based on clinical and echocardiographic criteria (immunosuppressive therapy, n=8; conventional therapy, n=1). Myocarditis in non-responders was associated with fewer clinical manifestations and lower CAR mRNA levels. A significant difference was only found regarding the use of oral steroids in patients with active myocarditis who responded to treatment (P=0.02), with no difference in borderline myocarditis. In conclusion, the transcriptional level of CAR is low in the endomyocardial tissue of patients with myocarditis, and it is lower in borderline myocarditis and in non-responder patients. These findings may enable early identification of patients who may benefit from treatment and timely determination of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E García-Becerril
- Clínica de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Aníbal E Cruz-Montalvo
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovasculares, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Miguel A De La Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría 'Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freund', Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría 'Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freund', Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis A Moreno-Ruiz
- Servicio de Hospitalización Adultos, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Adda J García-Chequer
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Hemato‑Oncología e Investigación del Hospital Infantil de México, 'Federico Gómez', Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, 'Federico Gómez', Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luz M Gómez-Jiménez
- Servicio de Patología UMAE Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Cesar A Flores-García
- Servicio de Patología, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Martín H Garrido-Garduño
- Clínica de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - María G Cárdenas-Mondragón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría 'Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freund', Centro Médico Nacional Siglo‑XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Kozhevnikov ML, Shipulin VM, Sukhodolo IV. [The virus-immune hypothesis for cardiac dilatation]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:79-83. [PMID: 29260750 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017891179-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper gives an update on the pathogenetic role of viral infection and immune mechanisms in the development of cardiac dilatation at the cellular, ultrastructural, and molecular levels. Particular attention is given to the discussion of the possible role of herpesvirus infection in the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte damage with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection through immunoinflammatory responses. Data on the protective and damaging action of a number of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of viral myocarditis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kozhevnikov
- Virion Research-and-Production Association, Branch, Microgen Research-and-Production Association, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V M Shipulin
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - I V Sukhodolo
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
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Mangini S, Higuchi MDL, Kawakami JT, Reis MM, Ikegami RN, Palomino SAP, Pomerantzeff PMA, Fiorelli AI, Marcondes-Braga FG, Bacal F, Ferreira SMA, Issa VS, Souza GEC, Chizzola PR, Bocchi EA. Infectious agents and inflammation in donated hearts and dilated cardiomyopathies related to cardiovascular diseases, Chagas' heart disease, primary and secondary dilated cardiomyopathies. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:55-62. [PMID: 25442238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental conflicting data have questioned the relationship between infectious agents, inflammation and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of infectious agents and inflammation in endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) specimens from patients with idiopathic DCM, explanted hearts from different etiologies, including Chagas' disease, compared to donated hearts. METHODS From 2008 to 2011, myocardial samples from 29 heart donors and 55 patients with DCMs from different etiologies were studied (32 idiopathic, 9 chagasic, 6 ischemic and 8 other specific etiologies). Inflammation was investigated by immunohistochemistry and infectious agents by immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, in situ hybridization and electron microscopy. RESULTS There were no differences regarding the presence of macrophages, expression of HLA class II and ICAM-I in donors and DCM. Inflammation in Chagas' disease was predominant. By immunohistochemistry, in donors, there was a higher expression of antigens of enterovirus and Borrelia, hepatitis B and C in DCMs. By molecular biology, in all groups, the positivity was elevated to microorganisms, including co-infections, with a higher positivity to adenovirus and HHV6 in donors towards DCMs. This study was the first to demonstrate the presence of virus in the heart tissue of chagasic DCM. CONCLUSIONS The presence of inflammation and infectious agents is frequent in donated hearts, in the myocardium of patients with idiopathic DCM, myocardial dysfunction related to cardiovascular diseases, and primary and secondary cardiomyopathies, including Chagas' disease. The role of co-infection in Chagas' heart disease physiopathology deserves to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrigo Mangini
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Tiyeko Kawakami
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Martins Reis
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nishiyama Ikegami
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alfredo Inácio Fiorelli
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Bacal
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Sarli Issa
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Roberto Chizzola
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Krivega M, Geens M, Van de Velde H. CAR expression in human embryos and hESC illustrates its role in pluripotency and tight junctions. Reproduction 2014; 148:531-44. [PMID: 25118298 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor, CXADR (CAR), is present during embryogenesis and is involved in tissue regeneration, cancer and intercellular adhesion. We investigated the expression of CAR in human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells (hESC) to identify its role in early embryogenesis and differentiation. CAR protein was ubiquitously present during preimplantation development. It was localised in the nucleus of uncommitted cells, from the cleavage stage up to the precursor epiblast, and corresponded with the presence of soluble CXADR3/7 splice variant. CAR was displayed on the membrane, involving in the formation of tight junction at compaction and blastocyst stages in both outer and inner cells, and CAR corresponded with the full-length CAR-containing transmembrane domain. In trophectodermal cells of hatched blastocysts, CAR was reduced in the membrane and concentrated in the nucleus, which correlated with the switch in RNA expression to the CXADR4/7 and CXADR2/7 splice variants. The cells in the outer layer of hESC colonies contained CAR on the membrane and all the cells of the colony had CAR in the nucleus, corresponding with the transmembrane CXADR and CXADR4/7. Upon differentiation of hESC into cells representing the three germ layers and trophoblast lineage, the expression of CXADR was downregulated. We concluded that CXADR is differentially expressed during human preimplantation development. We described various CAR expressions: i) soluble CXADR marking undifferentiated blastomeres; ii) transmembrane CAR related with epithelial-like cell types, such as the trophectoderm (TE) and the outer layer of hESC colonies; and iii) soluble CAR present in TE nuclei after hatching. The functions of these distinct forms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krivega
- Research Group Reproduction and GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumCentre for Reproductive Medicine (CRG)UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumCentre for Reproductive Medicine (CRG)UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Van de Velde
- Research Group Reproduction and GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumCentre for Reproductive Medicine (CRG)UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium Research Group Reproduction and GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumCentre for Reproductive Medicine (CRG)UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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The Ig CAM CAR is Implicated in Cardiac Development and Modulates Electrical Conduction in the Mature Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Schreiber J, Langhorst H, Jüttner R, Rathjen FG. The IgCAMs CAR, BT-IgSF, and CLMP: Structure, Function, and Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:21-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Su L, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Regulation of the blood-testis barrier by coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C843-53. [PMID: 22875787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) divides the seminiferous epithelium into the basal and the adluminal compartment. It restricts paracellular diffusion of molecules between Sertoli cells, confers cell polarity, and creates a unique microenvironment in the adluminal compartment for spermatid development. However, it undergoes restructuring during the epithelial cycle so that preleptotene spermatocytes differentiated from type B spermatogonia residing in the basal compartment can traverse the BTB at stage VIII of the cycle, while the immunological barrier is maintained. Herein, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), a tight junction (TJ) integral membrane protein in the testis and multiple epithelia and endothelia, was found to act as a regulatory protein at the BTB, besides serving as a structural adhesion protein. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CAR in a Sertoli cell epithelium with an established TJ-permeability barrier that mimicked the BTB in vivo resulted in a disruption of the TJ barrier and an increase in endocytosis of the TJ-protein occludin. Furthermore, such an enhancement in occludin endocytosis was accompanied by a downregulation of Thr-phosphorylation in occludin and an increase in the association of endocytosed occludin with early endosome antigen-1. These findings were confirmed by overexpressing CAR in Sertoli cells, which was found to "tighten" the Sertoli cell TJ barrier, promoting BTB function. These findings support the emerging concept that CAR is not only a structural protein, it is involved in conferring the phosphorylation status of other adhesion proteins at the BTB (e.g., occludin) possibly mediated via its structural interactions with nonreceptor protein kinases, thereby modulating endocytic vesicle-mediated protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Su
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065, USA
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