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Oh HS, Baek IS, Kang MG, Park SH. Spatio-Temporal Influence on the Distribution of Forensically Relevant Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. INSECTS 2024; 15:536. [PMID: 39057269 PMCID: PMC11277049 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The study of blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) biodiversity and distribution is crucial for forensic investigations. Abiotic and biotic factors, such as season and habitat type, have a significant impact on blowfly populations. However, only a few forensic entomology studies have been conducted in South Korea, particularly in the Gyeongsangnam-do region. To address this, an extensive year-long survey was conducted to analyze the compositions, habitat preferences, distribution, and seasonal abundance of forensically relevant blowflies in urban and forested habitats of Gyeongsangnam-do, with sampling conducted twice a month using mouse carcass-baited traps set for 48 h each time. A total of 3470 adult blowflies were recorded, encompassing five genera and 13 species, with a noted absence of specimens during the winter months. The predominant species was Lucilia porphyrina, accounting for 37.2% of the total sample, followed by Chrysomya pinguis (27.6%), Lucilia sericata (7.6%), and Lucilia illustris (7.1%). The species composition was consistent across all surveyed regions; however, seasonal variation in species diversity was evident, with a peak in spring and a decline in summer. Notably, certain species exhibited clear preferences for either urban (Calliphora calliphoroides and L. sericata) or forested habitats (L. porphyrina and Ch. pinguis). This pioneering study elucidates the diverse blowfly communities in Gyeongsangnam-do, highlighting significant seasonal and habitat-dependent variations. These findings enrich our understanding of blowfly ecology in this region, offering valuable insights for forensic applications and underscoring the necessity for ongoing entomological surveillance and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kosin University, Wachi-ro 194, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49104, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.O.); (I.-S.B.); (M.-G.K.)
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2
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Durango-Manrique Y, López-Rubio A, Gómez GF. Molecular differentiation analysis of ten putative species of Fannia (Diptera: Fanniidae) collected in carrion-baited traps from Colombia. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38794959 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The genus Fannia is the most representative of the Fannidae family of true flies with worldwide distribution. Some species are attracted to decomposing materials and live vertebrate animals, which makes them important in forensics, medical and veterinary fields. However, identifying Fannia species can be difficult due to the high similarity in the external morphology of females and limited descriptions and morphological keys. Herein, molecular markers could provide a complementary tool for species identification. However, molecular identification has still limited application since databases contain few data for neotropical species of Fannia. This study assessed the potential of two molecular markers, the COI-3' region and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), to differentiate 10 putative species of the genus Fannia from Colombia using distance-based and tree-based approaches. The partial ITS2 and/or COI-3' regions allowed molecular diagnosis of six species, while pairs of species Fannia colazorrensis + F. dodgei and F. laclara + F. aburrae are conflicting. Although these results might suggest that conflicting pair species are conspecific, consistent morphological differences between males do not support this hypothesis. The lack of differentiation at the nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers for the conflicting species may be due to incomplete evolutionary lineage separation, hybridization, or introgression events. In addition, sexual selection on male morphological traits before species-specific differences in molecular markers emerge may partially explain the results. Our study provides a valuable dataset to identify and confirm some Fannia species molecularly. Further, they could be used to associate females and immature stages with their conspecifics as a baseline to deep into their biology, ecology, distribution and potential applications in forensic and medico-veterinary entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Durango-Manrique
- Grupo Bioforense, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Forenses, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés López-Rubio
- Grupo Bioforense, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Forenses, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Giovan F Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede de La Paz, Dirección Académica, Escuela de Pregrados, La Paz, Colombia
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3
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Williams KA, Smit A, Neves L, Snyman LP. Evaluating the morphological and molecular challenges in identifying the afrotropical Atylotus species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Acta Trop 2022; 226:106262. [PMID: 34871565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Afrotropical fly genus, Atylotus has previously shown little differentiation into species groups using the barcode gene COI. This study analysed all available Atylotus COI sequences from GenBank and BOLD to determine if COI is suitable for delimiting species of this genus. Morphological assessments of the different Afrotropical species were done to determine if these species have been accurately identified in recent publications. The results show that COI does not separate the species of this genus into species clades and these species are often misidentified in the literature. This is of concern as species of this genus are known vectors of pathogens and misidentifications have serious implications for management practices. Additional genes need to be used in future molecular studies to differentiate species.
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4
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Zhai X, Yang M, Zhang W, Tuerxun A, Mo Y. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-based identification of some forensically important calliphoridae (diptera) in Luoyang of China. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Kotzé Z, Aimar S, Amendt J, Anderson GS, Bourguignon L, Hall MJ, Tomberlin JK. The Forensic Entomology Case Report-A Global Perspective. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040283. [PMID: 33805963 PMCID: PMC8064325 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forensic practitioners analyzing entomological evidence are faced with numerous challenges when presenting their findings to law practitioners, particularly in terms of terminology used to describe insect age, what this means for colonization time of remains, and the limitations to estimates made. Due to varying legal requirements in different countries, there is no standard format for the entomological case report prepared, nor any guidelines as to the sections that are required, optional or unnecessary in a case report. The authors herein propose sections that should be considered when drafting an entomological case report. The criteria under which entomological evidence is analyzed are discussed, as well as the limitations for each criterion. The concept of a global, standardized entomological case report is impossible to achieve due to national legislative differences, but the authors here propose a basic template which can be adapted and changed according to the needs of the practitioner. Furthermore, while the discussion is fairly detailed, capturing all differences between nations could not be accomplished, and those initiating casework for the first time are encouraged to engage other practicing forensic entomologists or professional associations within their own nation or region, to ensure a complete report is generated that meets lab or national requirements, prior to generating a finalized report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanthé Kotzé
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvain Aimar
- Forensics Fauna and Flora Unit, Forensic Sciences Laboratory of the French Gendarmerie, 95000 Pontoise, France;
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Gail S. Anderson
- Centre for Forensic Research, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Luc Bourguignon
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology, 1120 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Martin J.R. Hall
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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6
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Khang TF, Mohd Puaad NAD, Teh SH, Mohamed Z. Random forests for predicting species identity of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) using geometric morphometric data: Proof of concept. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:960-970. [PMID: 33438785 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wing shape variation has been shown to be useful for delineating forensically important fly species in two Diptera families: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae. Compared to DNA-based identification, the cost of geometric morphometric data acquisition and analysis is relatively much lower because the tools required are basic, and stable softwares are available. However, to date, an explicit demonstration of using wing geometric morphometric data for species identity prediction in these two families remains lacking. Here, geometric morphometric data from 19 homologous landmarks on the left wing of males from seven species of Calliphoridae (n = 55), and eight species of Sarcophagidae (n = 40) were obtained and processed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Allometric effect was removed by regressing centroid size (in log10 ) against the Procrustes coordinates. Subsequently, principal component analysis of the allometry-adjusted Procrustes variables was done, with the first 15 principal components used to train a random forests model for species prediction. Using a real test sample consisting of 33 male fly specimens collected around a human corpse at a crime scene, the estimated percentage of concordance between species identities predicted using the random forests model and those inferred using DNA-based identification was about 80.6% (approximate 95% confidence interval = [68.9%, 92.2%]). In contrast, baseline concordance using naive majority class prediction was 36.4%. The results provide proof of concept that geometric morphometric data has good potential to complement morphological and DNA-based identification of blow flies and flesh flies in forensic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung Fei Khang
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Data Analytics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Zulqarnain Mohamed
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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López-García J, Angell C, Martín-Vega D. Wing morphometrics for the identification of Nearctic and Palaearctic Piophilidae (Diptera) of forensic relevance. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110192. [PMID: 32113176 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Piophilidae (Diptera) are a family comprising about 80 species, several of them of high economic and forensic relevance. An unequivocal species identification is crucial for designing effective control measures or to provide reliable estimations of the minimum post mortem interval. However, the identification may sometimes not be possible, either because the diagnostic morphological characters are not easily observable or very fragile, or because of a poor DNA quality and/or unavailability of reference molecular signatures. In the recent years, the use of wing morphometric techniques has emerged as a powerful tool for the identification of different families of forensically important Diptera. The present study applies, for the first time, this technique to the identification of 11 Piophilidae species of forensic relevance in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, as well as to the discrimination of sexes, distinct geographical populations and, in the case of the dimorphic species Prochyliza nigrimana (Meigen), seasonal morphs. Wing shape variation was analysed using 14 landmarks located at wing vein junctions and a cross-variation analysis was used to test the reliability of identifications. The present results demonstrate that wing shape can be used to identify most species with relatively high success, whereas cross-validation analyses indicated that discrimination between sexes, populations or morphs was less effective, even if significant differences were observed in every comparison. We conclude that wing morphometrics can be a powerful identification tool that might be used in combination with other methods in order to achieve accurate and reliable species identifications-independently of the sex, geographic origin or colour variation of the samples-even with those piophilid species that have been object of frequent misidentifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime López-García
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christopher Angell
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel Martín-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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8
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Fuentes-López A, Ruiz C, Galián J, Romera E. Molecular identification of forensically important fly species in Spain using COI barcodes. Sci Justice 2019; 60:293-302. [PMID: 32381246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Species identification with DNA barcodes has been proven to be effective on different organisms and, particularly, has become a routinely used and quite accurate tool in forensic entomology to study necrophagous Diptera species. In this study, we analysed 215 specimens belonging to 42 species of 17 genera, from 9 different Diptera families. Flies were collected in 39 Spanish localities of the Iberian Peninsula sampled across three years in the four seasons. Intraspecific variation ranged from 0 to 2.46% whereas interspecific variation fluctuated from 3.07 to 14.59%, measuring 651 pb of the cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) gene. Neighbour-Joining analysis was carried out to investigate the molecular identification capabilities of the barcoding region, recovering almost all species as distinct monophyletic groups. The species groupings were generally consistent with morphological and molecular identifications. This work, which is the first with this intensive and extensive sampling in this area, shows that the COI barcode is an appropriate marker for unambiguous identification of forensically important Diptera in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fuentes-López
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ruiz
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - José Galián
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Romera
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Gemmellaro MD, Hamilton GC, Ware JL. Review of Molecular Identification Techniques for Forensically Important Diptera. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:887-902. [PMID: 31173634 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The medico-legal section of forensic entomology focuses on the analysis of insects associated with a corpse. Such insects are identified, and their life history characteristics are evaluated to provide information related to the corpse, such as postmortem interval and time of colonization. Forensically important insects are commonly identified using dichotomous keys, which rely on morphological characteristics. Morphological identifications can pose a challenge as local keys are not always available and can be difficult to use, especially when identifying juvenile stages. If a specimen is damaged, certain keys cannot be used for identification. In contrast, molecular identification can be a better instrument to identify forensically important insects, regardless of life stage or specimen completeness. Despite more than 20 yr since the first use of molecular data for the identification of forensic insects, there is little overlap in gene selection or phylogenetic methodology among studies, and this inconsistency reduces efficiency. Several methods such as genetic distance, reciprocal monophyly, or character-based methods have been implemented in forensic identification studies. It can be difficult to compare the results of studies that employ these different methods. Here we present a comprehensive review of the published results for the molecular identification of Diptera of forensic interest, with an emphasis on evaluating variation among studies in gene selection and phylogenetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica L Ware
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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10
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Arias-Robledo G, Stark T, Wall RL, Stevens JR. The toad fly Lucilia bufonivora: its evolutionary status and molecular identification. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:131-139. [PMID: 30091469 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The blow fly genus Lucilia is composed largely of saprophages and facultative myasis agents, including the economically important species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). Only one species is generally recognized as an obligate agent of myiasis, Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, and this is an obligate parasite of toads. Lucilia silvarum (Meigen), a sister species, behaves mainly as a carrion breeder; however, it has also been reported as a facultative parasite of amphibians. Morphologically, these species are almost identical, and historically this has led to misidentification, taxonomic ambiguity and a paucity of studies of L. bufonivora. In this study, dipterous larvae were analysed from toad myiasis cases from the U.K., The Netherlands and Switzerland, together with adult specimens of fly species implicated in amphibian parasitism: L. bufonivora, L. silvarum and Lucilia elongata Shannon (from North America). Partial sequences of two genes, cox1 and ef1α, were amplified. Seven additional blow fly species were analysed as outgroups. Bayesian inference trees of cox1, ef1α and a combined-gene dataset were constructed. All larvae isolated from toads were identified as L. bufonivora and no specimens of L. silvarum were implicated in amphibian myiasis. This study confirms L. silvarum and L. bufonivora as distinct sister species and provides unambiguous molecular identification of L. bufonivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arias-Robledo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - T Stark
- Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation the Netherlands (RAVON), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R L Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - J R Stevens
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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11
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Wing measurement can be used to identify European blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of forensic importance. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 296:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Bortolini S, Giordani G, Tuccia F, Maistrello L, Vanin S. Do longer sequences improve the accuracy of identification of forensically important Calliphoridae species? PeerJ 2018; 6:e5962. [PMID: 30588393 PMCID: PMC6301277 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Species identification is a crucial step in forensic entomology. In several cases the calculation of the larval age allows the estimation of the minimum Post-Mortem Interval (mPMI). A correct identification of the species is the first step for a correct mPMI estimation. To overcome the difficulties due to the morphological identification especially of the immature stages, a molecular approach can be applied. However, difficulties in separation of closely related species are still an unsolved problem. Sequences of 4 different genes (COI, ND5, EF-1α, PER) of 13 different fly species collected during forensic experiments (Calliphora vicina, Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Lucilia caesar, Chrysomya albiceps, Phormia regina, Cynomya mortuorum, Sarcophaga sp., Hydrotaea sp., Fannia scalaris, Piophila sp., Megaselia scalaris) were evaluated for their capability to identify correctly the species. Three concatenated sequences were obtained combining the four genes in order to verify if longer sequences increase the probability of a correct identification. The obtained results showed that this rule does not work for the species L. caesar and L. illustris. Future works on other DNA regions are suggested to solve this taxonomic issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bortolini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordani
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiola Tuccia
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Maistrello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Vanin
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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Sukontason KL, Bhoopat T, Wannasan A, Sontigun N, Sanit S, Amendt J, Samerjai C, Sukontason K. Chrysomya chani Kurahashi (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a blow fly species of forensic importance: morphological characters of the third larval instar and a case report from Thailand. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 3:83-93. [PMID: 30483655 PMCID: PMC6197134 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1428078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blow flies are worldwide the most important insects from a forensic point of view. In Thailand, aside from the two most common species, Chrysomya megacephala (F.) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Chrysomya chani Kurahashi was also found to be of forensic importance. We present a case of a human female cadaver in its bloated stage of decomposition, discovered at Pachangnoi Subdistrict, northern Thailand. Entomological sampling during the autopsy displayed an assemblage of numerous dipteran larvae. Macroscopic observations showed the coexistence of third instar larvae of the three blow flies C. megacephala, Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton, an unknown blow fly species and one muscid, Hydrotaea sp. The minimum post-mortem interval was estimated to be six days, based on the developmental rate of C. megacephala. The ID of the unknown larva, which is the focus of this report, was revealed later as C. chani by DNA sequencing, using a 1205 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). The occurrence of C. chani on a human body revealed the need to analyse and describe the morphology of its immature stage, to enable forensic entomologists to identify this fly species in future cases. The morphological examination of the third instar was performed, revealing peculiar characteristics: protuberant tubercles encircling abdominal segments; 9–11 lobes on the anterior spiracle; six prominent pairs of tubercles along the peripheral rim of the eighth abdominal segment; a heavily sclerotized complete peritreme of the posterior spiracles. A key to differentiate the third instar of blow flies of forensic importance in Thailand is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabkaew L Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanin Bhoopat
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Wannasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sangob Sanit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology/Entomology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chutharat Samerjai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kom Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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14
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Shayya S, Debruyne R, Nel A, Azar D. Forensically Relevant Blow Flies in Lebanon Survey and Identification Using Molecular Markers (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1113-1123. [PMID: 29762744 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calliphoridae are among the first insects associated to decomposing animal remains. We have collected 1,841 specimens of three calliphorid genera: Calliphora, Lucilia, and Chrysomya, from different Lebanese localities as a first step in implementing a database of insects of forensic relevance for the country. Blow-flies are crucial for the estimation of the postmortem interval. DNA-based identification is a rapid and accurate method, often used for morphologically similar species, especially for immatures or incomplete specimens. In this study, we test the suitability of three genetic markers to identify adults and immature stages of calliphorids, viz., mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode, a region including partial sequences of mitochondrial Cyt-b-tRNAser-ND1, and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Forty Lebanese specimens of various developmental stages (egg, larva, wandering third instar, pupa, newly emerged adult, and mature adult) were identified among the three calliphorid genera: Calliphora, Lucilia, and Chrysomya, and compared with published sequences to confirm their specific assignation. Phylogenetic analyses showed the robustness of ITS2 and COI to identify calliphorids at species level. Nevertheless, ITS2 failed to discriminate Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) from Lucilia illustris (Meigen) (Diptera, Calliphoridae), and COI had a similar issue with Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Thus, these two markers are complementary. This work contributes new nucleotide sequences for Lebanon. It is a first step in implementing a molecular database of forensic relevant insects for the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Shayya
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP, Entomologie, Paris, France
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, National Council of Scientific Research - Lebanon (CNRS-L)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Fanar - Matn, Lebanon
| | - Régis Debruyne
- Service de Systématique Moléculaire, UMS 2700 - CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP, Paris, France
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP, Entomologie, Paris, France
| | - Dany Azar
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Fanar - Matn, Lebanon
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15
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Feddern N, Amendt J, Schyma C, Jackowski C, Tschui J. A preliminary study about the spatiotemporal distribution of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the area of Bern, Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Schoofs KR, Krzeminska Ahmadzai U, Goodwin W. Analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two forensically important blowfly species: Lucilia caesar and Lucilia illustris. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:1114-1116. [PMID: 33644383 PMCID: PMC7871984 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1457991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Blowfly species of the family Calliphoridae can be used in forensic investigations to estimate the minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Lucilia caesar and Lucilia illustris (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are closely related and phenotypically similar, making reliable identification difficult. To identify potential genetic markers to distinguish these species, five complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced: three for L. caesar (KM657111–KM657113) and two for L. illustris (KM657109, KM657110). The ND6 gene contained the most species-specific SNPs (1.71%), followed by the ND5 gene (1.68%) and the COI gene (1.56%), identifying ND6 and ND5 as valuable loci for differentiating L. caesar and L. illustris specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Schoofs
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - William Goodwin
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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17
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Park JH, Kim YH, Ham CS, Shin SE, Lee HJ, Ko KS, Choi J, Son GH, Park SH. Molecular identification of forensically important calliphoridae and sarcophagidae species using ITS2 nucleotide sequences. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Picard CJ, Wells JD, Ullyot A, Rognes K. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis supports the valid separate species status of Lucilia caesar and L. illustris (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Res 2017; 3:60-64. [PMID: 30483652 PMCID: PMC6197086 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1398286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common DNA-based species determination methods fail to distinguish some blow flies in the forensically and medically important genus Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy. This is a practical problem, and it has also been interpreted as casting doubt on the validity of some morphologically defined species. An example is Lucilia illustris and L. caesar, which co-occur in Europe whilst only L. illustris has been collected in North America. Reports that these species shared both mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, along with claims that diagnostic morphological characters are difficult to interpret, were used to question their separate species status. We report here that amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles strongly support the validity of both species based on both assignment and phylogenetic analysis, and that traditional identification criteria based on male and female genital morphology are more reliable than has been claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Picard
- Department of Biology & Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wells
- Department of Biological Sciences & International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Biology & Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Knut Rognes
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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19
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Yusseff-Vanegas SZ, Agnarsson I. DNA-barcoding of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Caribbean Region. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3516. [PMID: 28761780 PMCID: PMC5531032 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of forensically important insects, such as flies in the family Calliphoridae, is a crucial step for them to be used as evidence in legal investigations. Traditional identification based on morphology has been effective, but has some limitations when it comes to identifying immature stages of certain species. DNA-barcoding, using COI, has demonstrated potential for rapid and accurate identification of Calliphoridae, however, this gene does not reliably distinguish among some recently diverged species, raising questions about its use for delimitation of species of forensic importance. To facilitate DNA based identification of Calliphoridae in the Caribbean we developed a vouchered reference collection from across the region, and a DNA sequence database, and further added the nuclear ITS2 as a second marker to increase accuracy of identification through barcoding. We morphologically identified freshly collected specimens, did phylogenetic analyses and employed several species delimitation methods for a total of 468 individuals representing 19 described species. Our results show that combination of COI + ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses, and better agreement with morphological data, than the mitochondrial barcodes alone. All of our results from independent and concatenated trees and most of the species delimitation methods yield considerably higher diversity estimates than the distance based approach and morphology. Molecular data support at least 24 distinct clades within Calliphoridae in this study, recovering substantial geographic variation for Lucilia eximia, Lucilia retroversa, Lucilia rica and Chloroprocta idioidea, probably indicating several cryptic species. In sum, our study demonstrates the importance of employing a second nuclear marker for barcoding analyses and species delimitation of calliphorids, and the power of molecular data in combination with a complete reference database to enable identification of taxonomically and geographically diverse insects of forensic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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20
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Connecting the Dots: From an Easy Method to Computerized Species Determination. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8020052. [PMID: 28524106 PMCID: PMC5492066 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differences in growth rate of forensically important dipteran larvae make species determination an essential requisite for an accurate estimation of time since colonization of the body. Interspecific morphological similarities, however, complicate species determination. Muscle attachment site (MAS) patterns on the inside of the cuticula of fly larvae are species specific and grow proportionally with the animal. The patterns can therefore be used for species identification, as well as age estimation in forensically important dipteran larvae. Additionally, in species where determination has proven to be difficult—even when employing genetic methods—this easy and cheap method can be successfully applied. The method was validated for a number of Calliphoridae, as well as Sarcophagidae; for Piophilidae species, however, the method proved to be inapt. The aim of this article is to assess the utility of the MAS method for applications in forensic entomology. Furthermore, the authors are currently engineering automation for pattern acquisition in order to expand the scope of the method. Automation is also required for the fast and reasonable application of MAS for species determination. Using filters on digital microscope pictures and cross-correlating them within their frequency range allows for a calculation of the correlation coefficients. Such pattern recognition permits an automatic comparison of one larva with a database of MAS reference patterns in order to find the correct, or at least the most likely, species. This facilitates species determination in immature stages of forensically important flies and economizes time investment, as rearing to adult flies will no longer be required.
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21
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Sontigun N, Sukontason KL, Zajac BK, Zehner R, Sukontason K, Wannasan A, Amendt J. Wing morphometrics as a tool in species identification of forensically important blow flies of Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:229. [PMID: 28486970 PMCID: PMC5424331 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Correct species identification of blow flies is a crucial step for understanding their biology, which can be used not only for designing fly control programs, but also to determine the minimum time since death. Identification techniques are usually based on morphological and molecular characters. However, the use of classical morphology requires experienced entomologists for correct identification; while molecular techniques rely on a sound laboratory expertise and remain ambiguous for certain taxa. Landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of insect wings has been extensively applied in species identification. However, few wing morphometric analyses of blow fly species have been published. Methods We applied a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of wings for species identification of 12 medically and forensically important blow fly species of Thailand. Nineteen landmarks of each right wing of 372 specimens were digitised. Variation in wing size and wing shape was analysed and evaluated for allometric effects. The latter confirmed the influence of size on the shape differences between species and sexes. Wing shape variation among genera and species were analysed using canonical variates analysis followed by a cross-validation test. Results Wing size was not suitable for species discrimination, whereas wing shape can be a useful tool to separate taxa on both, genus and species level depending on the analysed taxa. It appeared to be highly reliable, especially for classifying Chrysomya species, but less robust for a species discrimination in the genera Lucilia and Hemipyrellia. Allometry did not affect species separation but had an impact on sexual shape dimorphism. Conclusions A landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of wings is a useful additional method for species discrimination. It is a simple, reliable and inexpensive method, but it can be time-consuming locating the landmarks for a large scale study and requires non-damaged wings for analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2163-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sontigun
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kabkaew L Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Barbara K Zajac
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology/Entomology, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Zehner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology/Entomology, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kom Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Wannasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology/Entomology, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Williams KA, Lamb J, Villet MH. Phylogenetic radiation of the greenbottle flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Luciliinae). Zookeys 2016; 568:59-86. [PMID: 27103874 PMCID: PMC4829670 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.568.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The subfamily Luciliinae is diverse and geographically widespread. Its four currently recognised genera (Dyscritomyia Grimshaw, 1901, Hemipyrellia Townsend, 1918, Hypopygiopsis Townsend 1916 and Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) contain species that range from saprophages to obligate parasites, but their pattern of phylogenetic diversification is unclear. The 28S rRNA, COI and Period genes of 14 species of Lucilia and Hemipyrellia were partially sequenced and analysed together with sequences of 11 further species from public databases. The molecular data confirmed molecular paraphyly in three species-pairs in Lucilia that hamper barcode identifications of those six species. Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina were confirmed as mutual sister species. The placements of Dyscritomyia and Hypopygiopsis were ambiguous, since both made Lucilia paraphyletic in some analyses. Recognising Hemipyrellia as a genus consistently left Lucilia s.l. paraphyletic, and the occasionally-recognised (sub)genus Phaenicia was consistently paraphyletic, so these taxa should be synonymised with Lucilia to maintain monophyly. Analysis of a matrix of 14 morphological characters scored for adults of all genera and for most of the species included in the molecular analysis confirmed several of these findings. The different degrees of parasitism were phylogenetically clustered within this genus but did not form a graded series of evolutionary stages, and there was no particular relationship between feeding habits and biogeography. Because of the ubiquity of hybridization, introgression and incomplete lineage sorting in blow flies, we recommend that using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers should be a procedural standard for medico-criminal forensic identifications of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A. Williams
- Entomology Department, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
- Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Martin H. Villet
- Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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23
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Zhang C, Fu X, Xie K, Yan W, Guo Y. MtDNA Analysis for Genetic Identification of Forensically Important Sarcophagid Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in China. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1225-1233. [PMID: 26336270 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA-based technologies have been increasingly used in species determination of forensically important sarcophagids, as they are often not morphologically distinct, especially for the immature specimens. The mitochondrial genome has been broadly used for species-level identifications. Although Chinese sarcophagid sequences of short fragments (200-600 bp) had been deposited in GenBank, the barcode region and the complete cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and COII sequences are still unavailable. In this study, 78 sarcophagid fly specimens, representing 17 Chinese sarcophagid species, were collected from 29 locations in 18 Chinese provinces. Sequence data of the mitochondrial COI and COII of the most important Chinese flesh fly taxa associated with cadavers were presented for first time, which serve as reference standards for Chinese species determination. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the COI and COII sequences were useful for identifying most sarcophagid species. The results of this research will be conductive for implementation of the Chinese Sarcophagidae in forensic entomology. However, the application of mitochondrial DNA as species identifier requires great circumspection and additional markers and methods should be studied to ensure accuracy of identification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Fu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Weitao Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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24
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GilArriortua M, Saloña-Bordas MI, Cainé LM, Pinheiro F, M de Pancorbo M. Technical Note: "Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA approaches for reliable identification of Lucilia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) species of forensic interest from Southern Europe". Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:393-397. [PMID: 26544633 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In forensic entomology, rapid and unambiguous identification of blowfly species is a critical prerequisite for accurately estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). The conventional diagnosis of cadaveric entomofauna based on external characters is hampered by the morphological similarities between species, especially in immature stages. Genetic analysis has been shown to allow precise and reliable diagnosis and delimitation of insect species. Nevertheless, the taxonomy of some species remains unresolved. This study was focused on improving the effectiveness and accuracy of analysis based on the widely used cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode region (COI barcode, 658 bp), complemented by other mitochondrial and nuclear regions, such as cytochrome b (Cyt-b, 307 bp) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2, 310-331 bp), for the identification of Southern European blowflies. We analyzed a total of 209 specimens, collected from 38 human corpses, belonging to three Calliphoridae genera and seven species: Chrysomya (Ch. albiceps), Calliphora (C. vicina and C. vomitoria), and Lucilia (L. sericata, L. ampullacea, L. caesar and L. illustris). These species are the most common PMI indicators in Portugal. The results revealed that unambiguous separation of species of the Lucilia genus requires different loci from the barcode region. Furthermore, we conclude that the ITS2 (310-331 bp) molecular marker is a promising diagnostic tool because its inter-specific discriminatory power enables unequivocal and consistent distinctions to be made, even between closely related species (L. caesar-L. illustris). This work also contributes new genetic data that may be of interest in performing species diagnosis for Southern European blowflies. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, we provide the first records of the Cyt-b (307 bp) locus for L. illustris and the ITS2 (310-331 bp) region for Iberian Peninsula Lucilia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite GilArriortua
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marta I Saloña-Bordas
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura M Cainé
- Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-316 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinheiro
- Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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25
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Niederegger S, Szpila K, Mall G. Muscle attachment site (MAS) patterns for species determination in European species of Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Parasitol Res 2014; 114:851-9. [PMID: 25500717 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Species identification is generally assessed to be more difficult in larval stages than in adult forms. Especially closely related species such as Lucilia caesar and Lucilia illustris are difficult to identify. The aim of this study was to simplify species determination in Lucilia larvae for entomological and forensic purposes. Muscle attachment site (MAS) patterns were previously found to be a good tool for species determination in blowfly larvae. Here, distinctive MAS patterns are presented for European Lucilia ampullacea, L. caesar, L. illustris, L. richardsi, L. sericata, and L. silvarum. A joint pattern for the genus Lucilia is provided for a quick classification of a larva to the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Niederegger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Thueringen, Germany,
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26
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Zhang C, Fu X, Zhu Z, Xie K, Guo Y. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Helicophagella melanura (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:3905-3906. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.987258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China and
| | - Xiaoliang Fu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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27
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Muscle attachment sites of Phormia regina (Meigen). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4313-4. [PMID: 25300418 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An error was found in a previous publication on muscle attachment sites in forensically important blowfly larvae from 2012. The patterns we assigned to Lucilia illustris factually belong to Phormia regina.
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28
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Haarto A, Ståhls G. When mtDNA COI is misleading: congruent signal of ITS2 molecular marker and morphology for North European Melanostoma Schiner, 1860 (Diptera, Syrphidae). Zookeys 2014:93-134. [PMID: 25152670 PMCID: PMC4141176 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.431.7207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The northern European taxa of genus Melanostoma Schiner, 1860 (Syrphidae, Diptera) are revised. A longstanding question concerning the number of Melanostoma taxa occurring in northern Europe prompted us to contrast and compare their morphological and molecular variability. Particular uncertainty concerned the putative existence of a sibling species of Melanostoma mellinum, and the identity of the taxon Melanostoma dubium in northern Europe due to existence of morphologically similar dark forms of M. mellinum in the northern parts of its distributional range. Partial sequences of two DNA markers, the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-3') and the nuclear second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) were analysed separately under parsimony. The obtained COI-3'gene fragment showed taxon-specific haplotypes and haplotypes that were shared among the taxa. The ITS2 sequences presented genotypes unique to each species, and congruence with our independently established taxonomic entities. Based on congruent signal of the ITS2 sequences and study of morphological characters we establish the presence of four taxa in northern Europe: Melanostoma mellium (= M. dubium nec auctt., syn. n.), M. certum sp. n. (= M. dubium auctt.), M. mellarium stat. n. (= M. mellinum auctt. partim) and M. scalare. Lectotype designations were made for Musca mellina, Syrphus mellarius and Melanostoma mellinum var. melanatus. THE FOLLOWING SYNONYMIES WERE ESTABLISHED Melanostoma mellarium = Melanostoma melanatum syn. n.; Melanostoma mellinum = Scaeva dubia syn. n., Melanostoma tschernovi syn. n., and Melanostoma clausseni syn. n. Morphological circumscriptions of the taxa and an identification key are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Haarto
- Zoological Museum, Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Gunilla Ståhls
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, PO Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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29
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GilArriortua M, Saloña Bordas MI, Köhnemann S, Pfeiffer H, de Pancorbo MM. Molecular differentiation of Central European blowfly species (Diptera, Calliphoridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:274-282. [PMID: 25123930 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A challenging step in medical, veterinary and forensic entomology casework is the rapid and accurate identification of insects to estimate the period of insect activity (PIA), which usually approximates the post-mortem interval (PMI). The morphological identification of insect evidence is hampered by species similarities, especially at the early larval stages. However, DNA-based species identification is more accurate and reliable. In this study, we improved the suitability and efficacy of the standard mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode region of 658 bp combined with an additional region of 616 bp of the same gene. We also tested the usefulness of other mitochondrial and nuclear loci, such as the non-coding region included in mitochondrial Cyt-b-tRNA(ser)-ND1 (495-496 bp) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (310-337 bp). We classified a total of 54 specimens from five blowfly species belonging to three Calliphoridae genera commonly found in Central Europe: Phormia (P. regina), Calliphora (C. vicina) and Lucilia (L. sericata, L. ampullacea and L. caesar). Additionally included were the Cyt-b (307 bp) sequences for P. regina species and GenBank recorded information about the studied loci for select species. The results revealed the robustness of COI (616 bp) and ITS2 (310-337 bp) as diagnostic tools to be added to the widely established COI barcode (658 bp). Their higher discriminatory power allows for more precise and reliable identifications, even within more complex genera (Lucilia). This work also contributes new nucleotide sequences that are useful for accurate species diagnosis and new sequence data of Calliphoridae interspecific variability in the European Westphalia region (Germany).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite GilArriortua
- Dpto. de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marta I Saloña Bordas
- Dpto. de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Stephan Köhnemann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Münster University, Röngenstrasse 23, 48129 Münster, Germany
| | - Heidi Pfeiffer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Münster University, Röngenstrasse 23, 48129 Münster, Germany
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Farinha A, Dourado CG, Centeio N, Oliveira AR, Dias D, Rebelo MT. Small bait traps as accurate predictors of dipteran early colonizers in forensic studies. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:77. [PMID: 25373224 PMCID: PMC4212845 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect carrion communities vary among habitats and over time. Concerning the dipteran early colonizers of carrion, the use of small bait traps should be accurate because the odors emitted from meat baits should contain many of the volatile organic compounds emitted from the freshly dead mammals. In addition, this kind of trap is easy to replicate and set in position in a given habitat. In the present study, small bait preferences of early Diptera carrion colonizers were examined in an urban biotope. Specifically, three baits were compared (pork muscle, pork liver, and fish flavored cat food) in respect to the number of specimens and species captured and the presence or absence of oviposition at high and low environmental temperatures. A total of 2371 specimens were trapped, primarily belonging to three insect orders, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Diptera was the predominant order, with blowflies (Calliphoridae) being the most representative family, followed by filth flies (Muscidae). The pork muscle bait was responsible for the highest number of captures and the highest diversity. The community of Diptera collected with the most efficient bait, pork muscle, was compared with the carrion communities reported in the literature from the Iberian Peninsula. Similar taxonomic species composition was found regarding Calliphoridae species. A specimen from all species morphologically identified were also identified at a molecular level using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcode region, and the sequences were submitted to online databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Farinha
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina G Dourado
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neiva Centeio
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deodália Dias
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
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Sonet G, Jordaens K, Braet Y, Bourguignon L, Dupont E, Backeljau T, De Meyer M, Desmyter S. Utility of GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) for the identification of forensically important Diptera from Belgium and France. Zookeys 2013:307-28. [PMID: 24453564 PMCID: PMC3890684 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.365.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fly larvae living on dead corpses can be used to estimate post-mortem intervals. The identification of these flies is decisive in forensic casework and can be facilitated by using DNA barcodes provided that a representative and comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes is available. We constructed a local (Belgium and France) reference library of 85 sequences of the COI DNA barcode fragment (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene), from 16 fly species of forensic interest (Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae). This library was then used to evaluate the ability of two public libraries (GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data Systems – BOLD) to identify specimens from Belgian and French forensic cases. The public libraries indeed allow a correct identification of most specimens. Yet, some of the identifications remain ambiguous and some forensically important fly species are not, or insufficiently, represented in the reference libraries. Several search options offered by GenBank and BOLD can be used to further improve the identifications obtained from both libraries using DNA barcodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gontran Sonet
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (JEMU), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kurt Jordaens
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of Biology (JEMU), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium ; University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Braet
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bourguignon
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eréna Dupont
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (JEMU), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium ; University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc De Meyer
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of Biology (JEMU), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Stijn Desmyter
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
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Jordaens K, Sonet G, Braet Y, De Meyer M, Backeljau T, Goovaerts F, Bourguignon L, Desmyter S. DNA barcoding and the differentiation between North American and West European Phormia regina (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Chrysomyinae). Zookeys 2013; 365:149-74. [PMID: 24453556 PMCID: PMC3890676 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.365.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phormia regina (the black fly) is a common Holarctic blow fly species which serves as a primary indicator taxon to estimate minimal post mortem intervals. It is also a major research model in physiological and neurological studies on insect feeding. Previous studies have shown a sequence divergence of up to 4.3% in the mitochondrial COI gene between W European and N American P. regina populations. Here, we DNA barcoded P. regina specimens from six N American and 17 W European populations and confirmed a mean sequence divergence of ca. 4% between the populations of the two continents, while sequence divergence within each continent was a ten-fold lower. Comparable mean mtDNA sequence divergences were observed for COII (3.7%) and cyt b (5.3%), but mean divergence was lower for 16S (0.4-0.6%). Intercontinental divergence at nuclear DNA was very low (≤ 0.1% for both 28S and ITS2), and we did not detect any morphological differentiation between N American and W European specimens. Therefore, we consider the strong differentiation at COI, COII and cyt b as intraspecific mtDNA sequence divergence that should be taken into account when using P. regina in forensic casework or experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Jordaens
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of Biology (JEMU), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gontran Sonet
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (JEMU), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Braet
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc De Meyer
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of Biology (JEMU), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (JEMU), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frankie Goovaerts
- University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Bourguignon
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Desmyter
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
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Using the developmental gene bicoid to identify species of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: calliphoridae). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:538051. [PMID: 23586044 PMCID: PMC3613069 DOI: 10.1155/2013/538051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Identifying species of insects used to estimate postmortem interval (PMI) is a major subject in forensic entomology. Because forensic insect specimens are morphologically uniform and are obtained at various developmental stages, DNA markers are greatly needed. To develop new autosomal DNA markers to identify species, partial genomic sequences of the bicoid (bcd) genes, containing the homeobox and its flanking sequences, from 12 blowfly species (Aldrichina grahami, Calliphora vicina, Calliphora lata, Triceratopyga calliphoroides, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya pinguis, Phormia regina, Lucilia ampullacea, Lucilia caesar, Lucilia illustris, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and Lucilia sericata; Calliphoridae: Diptera) were determined and analyzed. This study first sequenced the ten blowfly species other than C. vicina and L. sericata. Based on the bcd sequences of these 12 blowfly species, a phylogenetic tree was constructed that discriminates the subfamilies of Calliphoridae (Luciliinae, Chrysomyinae, and Calliphorinae) and most blowfly species. Even partial genomic sequences of about 500 bp can distinguish most blowfly species. The short intron 2 and coding sequences downstream of the bcd homeobox in exon 3 could be utilized to develop DNA markers for forensic applications. These gene sequences are important in the evolution of insect developmental biology and are potentially useful for identifying insect species in forensic science.
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Park SH, Shin SE. Molecular Species Identification of Forensically Important Flies in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7580/kjlm.2013.37.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hwan Park
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Eon Shin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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