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Bonicelli A, Cheung W, Hughes S, Wescott DJ, Procopio N. Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Maceration Procedures on Bone Metabolome and Lipidome. Metabolites 2022; 12:1020. [PMID: 36355103 PMCID: PMC9693520 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of post-mortem changes is a crucial component of forensic investigation. Human forensic taphonomic facilities (HFTFs) are the only institutions allowing the design and execution of controlled human decomposition experiments. When bodies are skeletonized, bones are normally stored in skeletal collections and used for anthropological studies. However, HFTFs apply chemical and/or thermal treatments to the remains prior bone long-term storage. These treatments are believed to alter heavily the original biochemical and molecular signature of bone material. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of these procedures on the bone metabolome and lipidome by using an animal bone model. Three intact bovine tibiae were processed using three protocols routinely applied at HFTFs, and their three counterparts were used as non-treated controls. Bone powder samples were subjected to biphasic extraction and both metabolites and lipids were analysed via liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Results showed severe reductions in the abundances of both metabolites and lipids, and the presence of contamination introduced by cleaning agents. Despite the preliminary nature of the study, we demonstrated that the biochemical profile of bone is heavily affected by the maceration procedures. Ideally, these treatments should be avoided, or replaced by minimally invasive procedures agreed across HFTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonicelli
- The Forensic Science Unit, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - William Cheung
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sheree Hughes
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 773402525, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wescott
- Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Noemi Procopio
- The Forensic Science Unit, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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2
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The biochemistry of the vitreous humour in estimating the post-mortem interval-a review of the literature, and use in forensic practice in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022:10.1007/s12024-022-00539-5. [PMID: 36271219 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The K+ and hypoxanthine (Hx) concentrations of the vitreous humour (VH) rise gradually after death, providing a means of estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). The correlation between these analytes and the PMI is good since the vitreous chamber is partially isolated from autolytic events occurring elsewhere; the [K +] and [Hx] recorded is thus the result of changes within the eye. The present work provides a systematic review, following PRISMA recommendations, of 36 articles (3 reviews and 33 retrospective cohort studies) discussing the many procedures and regression models that have been developed for improving PMI estimates involving VH analytes. The results of a descriptive study are also provided, highlighting the causes and distribution of mortality as registered in medico-legal autopsies performed in 2019 in Galicia (northwestern Spain), and revealing the use of these PMI estimation methods in real forensic practice. Great heterogeneity was detected in the collection of VH samples, the treatments to which they were subjected before examination, and in their conservation and analysis. A lack of reproducibility in the analytical methods employed to estimate [K +] and [Hx] was noted, as well as an absence of external validation for most of the regression formulae used to determine the PMI from analyte values. The use of methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography, focal electrophoresis, or thermogravimetric/chemometric procedures might solve the problems encountered with traditional analytical techniques, offering reliable results more quickly and effectively (even when samples are contaminated). This study recommends using flexible multiple regression models that combine physical and chemical variables, and that population databases be constructed so that models can be properly validated.
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3
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Ave MT, Ordóñez-Mayán L, Camiña M, Febrero-Bande M, Muñoz-Barús JI. Estimation of the post-mortem interval: Effect of storage conditions on the determination of vitreous humour [K +]. Sci Justice 2021; 61:597-602. [PMID: 34482940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a reliable estimate of the post-mortem interval (PMI) has been a long-running challenge in forensic medicine. Several more or less successful techniques for making such estimates have been developed, but in recent years important advances have been made thanks to the detailed study of the relationship between the PMI and the analytes - in particular K+ - of the vitreous humour (VH). The extraction and pre-treatment of VH samples has been standardized, the influence of certain environmental factors on analytical results has been quantified, and some of the circumstances under which techniques become unreliable have been identified. The present work examines how the conditions to which VH samples are subject in routine practice may alter the results of their analysis. Exposure to light and ambient temperature was found to alter the values returned in determinations of VH [K+], [Na+] and [Cl-], while exposure to several freezing/thawing cycles (even with final heating) led to no significant modifications in determinations of VH [K+] and [Na+]. It is recommended that if analysis has to be delayed, VH should be frozen for storage in a refrigerator before bringing to room temperature for processing. It is also recommended that samples not be exposed to ambient light and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro T Ave
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía Ordóñez-Mayán
- Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Camiña
- Department of Fisiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Febrero-Bande
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Muñoz-Barús
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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4
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Ioelu L, Garland J, Palmiere C, Ondruschka B, Da Broi U, Glenn C, Kesha K, Stables S, Tse R, Morrow P. Use of vitreous humor electrolytes in estimating postmortem interval in infant population (<1 year). AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1901989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilani Ioelu
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack Garland
- Forensic and Analytical Science Service, NSW Health Pathology, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cristian Palmiere
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ugo Da Broi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Charley Glenn
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Northern Forensic Pathology Service of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kilak Kesha
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Northern Forensic Pathology Service of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Stables
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Northern Forensic Pathology Service of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rexson Tse
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Northern Forensic Pathology Service of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Morrow
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Northern Forensic Pathology Service of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Pesko BK, Weidt S, McLaughlin M, Wescott DJ, Torrance H, Burgess K, Burchmore R. Postmortomics: The Potential of Untargeted Metabolomics to Highlight Markers for Time Since Death. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:649-659. [PMID: 33095683 PMCID: PMC7687049 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The success of forensic investigations involving fatalities very often depends on the establishment of the correct timeline of events. Currently used methods for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) are mostly dependent on the professional and tacit experience of the investigator, and often with poor reliability in the absence of robust biological markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of metabolomic approaches to highlight molecular markers for PMI. Rat and human muscle tissues, collected at various times postmortem, were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Levels of certain metabolites (skatole, xanthine, n-acetylneuraminate, 1-methylnicotinamide, choline phosphate, and uracil) as well as most proteinogenic amino acids increased steadily postmortem. Threonine, tyrosine, and lysine show the most predictable evolution over the postmortem period, and may thus have potential for possible PMI markers in the future. This study demonstrates how a biomarker discovery approach can be extended to forensic investigations using untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumila K Pesko
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wescott
- Department of Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State (FACTS), Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Hazel Torrance
- Forensic Medicine and Science Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Thanatochemistry at the crime scene: a microfluidic paper-based device for ammonium analysis in the vitreous humor. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:150-156. [PMID: 31493805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the on-site approaches for inferring of the post-mortem interval are still based on observative data from the direct body inspection, whereas, objective and quantitative analyses, such as potassium in the vitreous humor, are require laboratory instrumentation and skilled personnel. The present paper presents a simple and low cost analytical method suitable for use at the crime scene for inferring the time since death. The method uses a microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD) for the determination of ammonium in the vitreous humor (VH) based on the selective interaction between the ammonium and the Nessler's reagent. The color change was measured in terms of "RGB distance" by using a simple and free smartphone application. The optimized device showed a limit of detection of 0.4 mmol L-1, with between days precision less than 9.3% expressed as relative standard deviation, and accuracy between days from 94.5% to 104.5%. The selectivity of the Nessler's reaction was tested towards the main vitreous humor compounds, and no significant interferences were found. This paper-based analytical device was successfully used for the determination of ammonium ion in VH samples from forensic autopsies. The results obtained with the proposed method, although for a limited number of cases (n = 25), showed a close correlation with the data obtained with an instrumental analysis based on capillary electrophoresis. Moreover, in order to make the evaluation of results as simple as possible, a direct correlation between the color intensity, expressed as RGB distance, and the post-mortem interval was studied and a significant correlation was found (R2 > 0.78). In conclusion, the present preliminary study showes that the proposed device could be an additional tool to the traditional methods for a more accurate, although still presumptive, estimation of the time of death directly at the crime scene.
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7
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Srettabunjong S, Thongphap W, Chittamma A. Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatinine in Postmortem Blood, Vitreous Humor, and Synovial Fluid: A Comparative and Correlation Study,. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:128-133. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supawon Srettabunjong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10700 Thailand
| | - Wantawanop Thongphap
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10700 Thailand
| | - Anchalee Chittamma
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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8
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Madea B, Ortmann J, Doberentz E. Estimation of the time since death-Even methods with a low precision may be helpful in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109879. [PMID: 31378398 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gold standard for the estimation of the time since death in the early postmortem period is the temperature based nomogram method together with time of death dependent criteria of postmortem lividity, rigor mortis and supravital reactions. There is also a huge literature on chemical methods proposed for estimating the time since death which however play obviously no role in forensic practice. Especially the rise of vitreous potassium has been studied intensively. Also immunohistochemical methods have been proposed for estimating the time since death but obviously not yet applied in casework. We present a case where a woman was found murdered 8 days after having been seen last alive. Due to lack of putrefactive changes postmortem interval was thought to be not more than 2 days. However, immunohistochemical stainings and vitreous potassium concentration revealed that time since death was more than 6 days and the woman was obviously murdered immediately after she was seen lastly alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Ortmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Doberentz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Garland J, Olds K, Rousseau G, Palmiere C, Ondruschka B, Kesha K, Glenn C, Morrow P, Stables S, Tse R. Using vitreous humour and cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes in estimating post-mortem interval - an exploratory study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1642956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Garland
- Forensic and Analytical Science Service, NSW Health Pathology, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Kelly Olds
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Guillaume Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Cristian Palmiere
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - K. Kesha
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charley Glenn
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P. Morrow
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S. Stables
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R. Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Go A, Shim G, Park J, Hwang J, Nam M, Jeong H, Chung H. Analysis of hypoxanthine and lactic acid levels in vitreous humor for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) using LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Locci E, Stocchero M, Noto A, Chighine A, Natali L, Napoli PE, Caria R, De-Giorgio F, Nioi M, d'Aloja E. A 1H NMR metabolomic approach for the estimation of the time since death using aqueous humour: an animal model. Metabolomics 2019; 15:76. [PMID: 31069551 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The estimation of the time since death, or post-mortem interval (PMI), still remains a main conundrum in forensic science. Several approaches have been so far proposed from either a qualitative or a quantitative point of view, but they still lack reliability and robustness. Recently, metabolomics has shown to be a potential tool to investigate the time-related post-mortem metabolite modifications in animal models. OBJECTIVES Here we propose, for the first time, the use of a 1H NMR metabolomic approach for the estimation of PMI from aqueous humour (AH) in an ovine model. METHODS AH samples were collected at different times after death (from 118 to 1429 min). 1H NMR experiments were performed and spectral data analysed by multivariate statistical tools. RESULTS A multivariate calibration model was built to estimate PMI on the basis of the metabolite content of the samples. The model was validated with an independent test set, obtaining a prediction error of 59 min for PMI < 500 min, 104 min for PMI from 500 to 1000 min, and 118 min for PMI > 1000 min. Moreover, the metabolomic approach suggested a picture of the mechanisms underlying the post-mortem biological modifications, highlighting the role played by taurine, choline, and succinate. CONCLUSION The time-related modifications of the 1H NMR AH metabolomic profile seem to be encouraging in addressing the issue of a reproducible and robust model to be employed for the estimation of the time since death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Locci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Matteo Stocchero
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Chighine
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Natali
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Caria
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Nioi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto d'Aloja
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Cordeiro C, Ordóñez-Mayán L, Lendoiro E, Febrero-Bande M, Vieira DN, Muñoz-Barús JI. A reliable method for estimating the postmortem interval from the biochemistry of the vitreous humor, temperature and body weight. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 295:157-168. [PMID: 30611119 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The estimation of the time elapsed since death is of paramount importance in the field of forensic sciences and criminal investigation, owing, among other factors, to the possible legal repercussions. Over the past few years various formulae have been developed to calculate this interval using a combination of different statistical methods and the concentrations of substances found in the vitreous humor. Corrective factors, such as ambient temperature, cause of death or age, which can modify the concentration of these substances and therefore the estimation of the postmortem interval, have been incorporated into models. In this paper five simple and reliable models to estimate PMI based the on the analysis of potassium, hypoxanthine and urea in the vitreous humor are presented. Corrective factors, such as body weight, rectal temperature and ambient temperature, which can influence the estimation of this interval have been incorporated into the formulae. Finally, the R2 and the mean squared error have been calculated for each model in order to select the best of the five. A free software program which calculates the PMI from the model and parameters used is available from the authors. It provides quick and reliable results as well as the error committed and R2 for each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cordeiro
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Centre Branch, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Forensic Medicine, Ethics and Medical Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CENCIFOR (Centre of Forensic Sciences) - Foundation for Science and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lucía Ordóñez-Mayán
- Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel Febrero-Bande
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ethics and Medical Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Development of a low cost gas diffusion device for ammonia detection in the vitreous humor and its preliminary application for estimation of the time since death. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 295:150-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Srettabunjong S, Thongphap W, Chittamma A. Comparative and Correlation Studies of Biochemical Substances in Vitreous Humor and Synovial Fluid. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:778-785. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supawon Srettabunjong
- Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10700 Thailand
| | - Wantawanop Thongphap
- Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10700 Thailand
| | - Anchalee Chittamma
- Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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15
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Abstract
Chemical speciation approaches is an inherent part of metallomics, once metals/metalloids and organic structures need to be currently evaluated for attaining metallomics studies. Then, this chapter focuses on the applications of the chemical speciation applied to the human health risk, food and human diet, drugs, forensic, nanoscience, and geological metallomics, also pointing out the advances in such area. Some aspects regarding sample preparation is commented along this chapter, and some strategies for maintaining the integrity of the metallomics information are also emphasized.
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16
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Paper-based microfluidic devices on the crime scene: A simple tool for rapid estimation of post-mortem interval using vitreous humour. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 974:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Li C, Ma D, Deng K, Chen Y, Huang P, Wang Z. Application of MALDI-TOF MS for Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Rat Muscle Samples. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1345-1350. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Li
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
- Department of Forensic Pathology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Dong Ma
- Department of Forensic Pathology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Kaifei Deng
- Department of Forensic Pathology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
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18
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Hunter MC, Pozhitkov AE, Noble PA. Accurate predictions of postmortem interval using linear regression analyses of gene meter expression data. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 275:90-101. [PMID: 28329724 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In criminal and civil investigations, postmortem interval is used as evidence to help sort out circumstances at the time of human death. Many biological, chemical, and physical indicators can be used to determine the postmortem interval - but most are not accurate. Here, we sought to validate an experimental design to accurately predict the time of death by analyzing the expression of hundreds of upregulated genes in two model organisms, the zebrafish and mouse. In a previous study, the death of healthy adults was conducted under strictly controlled conditions to minimize the effects of confounding factors such as lifestyle and temperature. A total of 74,179 microarray probes were calibrated using the Gene Meter approach and the transcriptional profiles of 1063 genes that significantly increased in abundance were assembled into a time series spanning from life to 48 or 96h postmortem. In this study, the experimental design involved splitting the transcription profiles into training and testing datasets, randomly selecting groups of profiles, determining the modeling parameters of the genes to postmortem time using over- and/or perfectly-defined linear regression analyses, and calculating the fit (R2) and slope of predicted versus actual postmortem times. This design was repeated several thousand to million times to find the top predictive groups of gene transcription profiles. A group of eleven zebrafish genes yielded R2 of 1 and a slope of 0.99, while a group of seven mouse liver genes yielded a R2 of 0.98 and a slope of 0.97, and seven mouse brain genes yielded a R2 of 0.95 and a slope of 0.87. In all cases, groups of gene transcripts yielded better postmortem time predictions than individual gene transcripts. The significance of this study is two-fold: selected groups of gene transcripts provide accurate prediction of postmortem time, and the successfully validated experimental design can now be used to accurately predict postmortem time in cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colby Hunter
- Ph.D. Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
| | - Alex E Pozhitkov
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Peter A Noble
- Ph.D. Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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Duan RW, Song J, Li YP, Xing CG. A novel LC-MS/MS method for mepivacaine determination and pharmacokinetic study in a single-dose two-period crossover in healthy subjects. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1605-1611. [PMID: 27976931 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1267013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Wang Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Gen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Li C, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Lin H, Zhang J, Huang P, Wang Z. Research progress in the estimation of the postmortem interval by Chinese forensic scholars. Forensic Sci Res 2016; 1:3-13. [PMID: 30483604 PMCID: PMC6197124 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2016.1229377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of time since death or the postmortem interval (PMI) is one of the most important and frequently asked questions in forensic medicine. Medicolegal scholars and forensic pathologists around the world have studied the estimation of PMI extensively in the past, and many novel methods and advanced technologies have now been applied in the field. For several centuries, Chinese forensic examiners have also worked on the estimation of the PMI, and there are a large number of excellent studies published in Chinese rather than in English, and these are not easily accessible or known internationally. Therefore we have conducted a review of relevant studies published by Chinese forensic scholars in the last few decades. The scope of this review is to provide a concise summary of the current progress in the estimation of PMI by Chinese forensic researchers using molecular biology, spectroscopic technology, entomological methods, energy changes, thanatochemistry and other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Li
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinming Zhang
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hancheng Lin
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Ortmann J, Markwerth P, Madea B. Precision of estimating the time since death by vitreous potassium-Comparison of 5 different equations. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 269:1-7. [PMID: 27855300 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The precision of death time estimation by vitreous potassium using 5 different formulas is compared on a random sample of 600 cases. Mean differences, standard deviations and 95% limits of confidence between real and extrapolated time since death were calculated. The best results were obtained using equations with "mean" slopes of about 0,17 or 0,19mmol/l per hour. Equations with a steeper or flatter slope reveal already great mean deviations between real and extrapolated time since death and do not allow a reliable death time estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ortmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Markwerth
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Belsey SL, Flanagan RJ. Postmortem biochemistry: Current applications. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 41:49-57. [PMID: 27131037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The results of biochemical analyses in specimens obtained postmortem may aid death investigation when diabetic and alcoholic ketoacidosis is suspected, when death may have been the result of drowning, anaphylaxis, or involved a prolonged stress response such as hypothermia, and in the diagnosis of disease processes such as inflammation, early myocardial infarction, or sepsis. There is often cross-over with different disciplines, in particular with clinical and forensic toxicology, since some endogenous substances such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and insulin can be used as poisons. The interpretation of results is often complicated because of the likelihood of postmortem change in analyte concentration or activity, and proper interpretation must take into account all the available evidence. The unpredictability of postmortem changes means that use of biochemical measurements in time of death estimation has little value. The use of vitreous humour is beneficial for many analytes as the eye is in a physically protected environment, this medium may be less affected by autolysis or microbial metabolism than blood, and the assays can be performed with due precaution using standard clinical chemistry analysers. However, interpretation of results may not be straightforward because (i) defined reference ranges in life are often lacking, (ii) there is a dearth of knowledge regarding, for example, the speed of equilibration of many analytes between blood, vitreous humour, and other fluids that may be sampled, and (iii) the effects of post-mortem change are difficult to quantify because of the lack of control data. A major limitation is that postmortem vitreous glucose measurements are of no help in diagnosing antemortem hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Belsey
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - R J Flanagan
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK; Toxicology Unit, Dept of Pathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
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McCleskey BC, Dye DW, Davis GG. Review of Postmortem Interval Estimation Using Vitreous Humor: Past, Present, and Future. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:12-18. [PMID: 31239869 DOI: 10.23907/2016.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, forensic scientists have sought a means of estimating the postmortem interval using laboratory analyses. The best known of these attempts uses a linear regression formula based on the increasing concentration of potassium ions in vitreous humor following death. Like all laboratory analyses, the determination of a potassium concentration is subject to pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical errors. Any error is magnified when entered into a regression formula that itself is subject to statistical variation, typically with a 95% confidence interval. Estimating the postmortem interval based solely on the concentration of potassium in vitreous humor proved too simplistic for accurate modeling of the myriad factors that influence postmortem changes. Research continues, using more complicated algorithms involving multivariate ion and chemical analyses and genomic sequencing of the postmortem biome. However refined estimates of the postmortem interval based on laboratory analysis become, sound medical practice will still require the integration of scene findings and information concerning the last time that a given decedent was known to be alive with the results of postmortem examination and laboratory analyses into a medical opinion concerning the postmortem interval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Dye
- Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner Office, University of Alabama at Birmingham - Pathology
| | - Gregory G Davis
- Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner's Office and University of Alabama at Birmingham- Pathology
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Williams T, Soni S, White J, Can G, Javan GT. Evaluation of DNA degradation using flow cytometry: promising tool for postmortem interval determination. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2016; 36:104-10. [PMID: 25893913 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, there have been numerous formulas proposed for use in determining the postmortem interval (PMI); however, no method is all encompassing and absolute. Even so, very little research has been undertaken to determine if there is a viable correlation between the rate of DNA degradation and PMI, which can be calculated from analysis by flow cytometry. In this study, we analyzed the rate of DNA degradation of spleen and brain tissues from 15 cadavers over a 96-hour period of time at 2 temperature conditions, that is, 21°C (room temperature) and 4°C (refrigerator) to mimic summer and winter weather, respectively. The resulting data were used to form a pattern that correlates DNA degradation to cell death occurrence. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the significance of the relationship between PMI and DNA degradation. Moreover, in search of alternative reliable organs of interest for PMI estimation, the results demonstrate that the brain has lesser DNA degradation as compared with the spleen. Thus, the current study suggests that the brain can be an organ of choice for PMI studies, but more research is underway in this aspect.
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Pleural fluid accumulation detectable on paediatric post-mortem imaging: a possible marker of interval since death? Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1003-1010. [PMID: 26846767 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this preliminary study is to evaluate whether pleural fluid accumulates following death in a predictable manner, in particular whether such collections are related to post-mortem interval. METHODS Images acquired by post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) were both subjectively and objectively assessed for extent of pleural fluid accumulation. Total thoracic volume and pleural fluid volume were calculated using segmentation functions on OSIRIX software. The percentage of pleural fluid as a percentage of thoracic volume was calculated, to account for variation in subject size. The cause of death as per the final autopsy report and the interval from death to imaging were also recorded. RESULTS Twelve perinatal deaths/stillbirths (mean gestation 38 weeks, range 24-48 weeks, male/female 5:7) and 11 childhood deaths (mean age 1 year, range 1 day-4 years, male/female 3:8) were assessed. The mean interval from death to imaging for all cases was 7.5 days (range 1-23 days). Pleural fluid was present in almost all cases, and the mean percentage pleural effusion as a proportion of thoracic volume was 3.3 % (range 0.2-9.5 %). There was a significant correlation between the post-mortem interval and the amount of pleural fluid in childhood deaths (p < 0.05) but no significant relationship for perinatal deaths. CONCLUSION The accumulation of pleural fluid detectable on PMMR in children is related to post-mortem interval. If this holds for a larger population, it may therefore be a useful marker for estimating time of death. A similar relationship was not found for perinatal deaths and stillbirths, the reasons for which remain uncertain.
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Cordeiro C, Seoane R, Camba A, Lendoiro E, Rodríguez-Calvo MS, Vieira DN, Muñoz-Barús JI. The Application of Flow Cytometry as a Rapid and Sensitive Screening Method to Detect Contamination of Vitreous Humor Samples and Avoid Miscalculation of the Postmortem Interval. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1346-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cordeiro
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - Centre Branch; Coimbra 3000-213 Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra 3004-504 Portugal
- CENCIFOR (Centre of Forensic Sciences) - Foundation for Science and Technology; Coimbra 3004-504 Portugal
| | - Rafael Seoane
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15892 Spain
| | - Ana Camba
- Institute of Forensic Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Institute of Forensic Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
| | - María S. Rodríguez-Calvo
- Institute of Forensic Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Science; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15892 Spain
| | - Duarte N. Vieira
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra 3004-504 Portugal
- CENCIFOR (Centre of Forensic Sciences) - Foundation for Science and Technology; Coimbra 3004-504 Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã 6200-506 Portugal
| | - José I. Muñoz-Barús
- Institute of Forensic Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Science; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15892 Spain
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Costa I, Carvalho F, Magalhães T, Guedes de Pinho P, Silvestre R, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Promising blood-derived biomarkers for estimation of the postmortem interval. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:1443-1452. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A linear correlation between blood putrefaction time and biochemical parameter concentrations was obtained. Two mathematical models that may have predictive value for estimation of thepostmorteminterval were developed. The obtained results might be complementary procedures for the methodologies already used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Costa
- IINFACTS – Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies
- Department of Sciences
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)
- CESPU
- CRL
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Laboratory of Toxicology
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Porto
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Laboratory of Toxicology
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Porto
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS – Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies
- Department of Sciences
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)
- CESPU
- CRL
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28
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High variation in hypoxanthine determination after analytical treatment of vitreous humor samples. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014; 10:627-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Santos Júnior JC, Mollo Filho PC, Felice Guidugli RB, Eberlin MN, Pessôa GDS, da Silva EG, Arruda MAZ, Höehr NF. Metals and (metallo)proteins identification in vitreous humor focusing on post-mortem biochemistry. Metallomics 2014; 6:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00373f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of metals and (metallo)proteins in vitreous humor samples at different post-mortem intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Santos Júnior
- Department of Clinical Pathology
- School of Medical Sciences. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-881 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro Carlos Mollo Filho
- Team of Forensic Medicine West
- Medico-Legal Institute
- Police Technical Scientific Superintendence – SPTC
- , Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13085-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Souza Pessôa
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Gomes da Silva
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Group of Spectrometry
- Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM)
- Institute of Chemistry. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13084-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nelci Fenalti Höehr
- Department of Clinical Pathology
- School of Medical Sciences. State University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-881 Campinas, Brazil
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