1
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Gallart-Mateu D, Gallardo A, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. A green methodology for the determination of cocaine in camouflaged samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1969-1978. [PMID: 37051732 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A methodology based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and the dry film attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DF-ATR-FTIR) measurement of extracts has been developed for a fast evaluation of non-conventional ("exotic") solid-sized cocaine samples. The method provides quantitative results in less than three minutes with a limit of detection in the solid sample of 1.6 μg g-1 of cocaine with a variation coefficient lower than 7%. Results found for seized samples of different natures were compared with those obtained by a reference gas chromatography method and the greenness of the whole proposed procedure was evaluated and compared using the analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical greenness metric (AGREE). The green evaluation of the proposed methodology provided green scores by considering different evaluation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Munoz Building, 50th Dr Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Gallardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Munoz Building, 50th Dr Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Munoz Building, 50th Dr Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Munoz Building, 50th Dr Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Overview of cocaine identification by vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 342:111540. [PMID: 36565684 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-destructive forensic methods for cocaine identification is of outstanding importance, given the amount of samples seized. Techniques such as ATR-FTIR, Raman, and NIR spectroscopy have become alternatives to circumvent this problem, as they allow fast, cheap analysis, and enable the reanalysis of samples. When combined with chemometrics, these spectroscopic methods can be used to determine and quantify cocaine samples, meaning that the limitations of existing techniques can be overcome. This review article covers spectroscopic techniques for identifying cocaine in different forms and matrices, such as food and textiles, which are materials used for smuggling. The chemometric identification of cocaine in oral fluid and water is also discussed. In addition, vibrational spectroscopy techniques using portable equipment are described. This work seeks to evaluate the main chemometric applications of spectroscopic data and to find new perspectives on the identification of cocaine using chemometrics.
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3
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The importance of wavelength selection in on-scene identification of drugs of abuse with portable near-infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Popovic A, Morelato M, Baechler S, De Grazia A, Tahtouh M, Roux C, Beavis A. Understanding Australian methylamphetamine drug markets through relational, temporal and spatial analyses. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:481-495. [PMID: 34655507 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the area of illicit drugs, forensic case data have proven effective at detecting links between seizures and providing greater insights into illicit drug markets. This research explored the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to several chemical profiles of Australian methylamphetamine seizures. The main aim was to create and deliver a method that would expand the use of illicit drug profiling for strategic intelligence purposes, contributing to the fight against illicit drug trafficking. The use of comparison metrics and clustering analysis to determine links between existing illicit drug specimens and subsequent new specimens was evaluated and automated. Relational, temporal and spatial analyses were subsequently used to gain an insight into illicit drug markets. Relational analysis identified clusters of seizures central to the network. Temporal analysis then provided insights into the behaviour of distribution markets, specifically the emergence and extinction of certain clusters of seizures over time. Spatial analysis aided the understanding of the inter-jurisdictional nature of illicit drug markets. These analyses allowed for the generation of strategic intelligence relating to when and where the Australian methylamphetamine illicit drug market was the most active. Additionally, the strategic level trends identified clusters of seizures that were worth investigating further. These clusters were explored through a case study, which exploited additional chemical profiling data to provide drug market knowledge at an operational level. In turn, the intelligence produced at various levels could allow relevant law enforcement agencies to take necessary measures in disrupting markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Baechler
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian De Grazia
- Specialist Operations Forensics, Australian Federal Police, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Tahtouh
- Specialist Operations Forensics, Australian Federal Police, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Beavis
- Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Samuel AZ, Mukojima R, Horii S, Ando M, Egashira S, Nakashima T, Iwatsuki M, Takeyama H. On Selecting a Suitable Spectral Matching Method for Automated Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2060-2065. [PMID: 33521445 PMCID: PMC7841937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra are molecular structure-specific and hence are employed in applications requiring chemical identification. The advent of efficient handheld and smartphone-based Raman instruments is promoting widespread applications of the technique, which often involve less trained end users. Software modules that enable spectral library searches based on spectral pattern matching is an essential part of such applications. The Raman spectrum recorded by end users will naturally have varying levels of signal to noise (SN), baseline fluctuations, etc., depending on the sample environment. Further, in biological, forensic, food, pharmaceuticals, etc., fields where a vast amount of Raman spectral data is generated, careful removal of background is often impossible. In other words, a 100% match between the library spectrum and user input cannot be often guaranteed or expected. Often, such influences are discounted upon developing mathematical methods for general applications. In this manuscript, we carefully examine how such effects would determine the results of spectral similarity-based library search. We show that several popular mathematical spectral matching approaches give incorrect results under the influence of small changes in the baseline and/or the noise. We also discuss the points to be carefully considered while generating a spectral library. We believe our results will be a guiding note for developing applications of Raman spectroscopy that uses a standard spectral library and mathematical spectral matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Zachariah Samuel
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukojima
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shumpei Horii
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda
University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Soshi Egashira
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Research
Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Computational
Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology-Waseda
University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Institute
for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute
for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and
Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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6
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Providing illicit drugs results in five seconds using ultra-portable NIR technology: An opportunity for forensic laboratories to cope with the trend toward the decentralization of forensic capabilities. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 317:110498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Eliaerts J, Meert N, Van Durme F, Dardenne P, Charles S, De Wael K, Samyn N. Challenges for cocaine detection in smuggling samples. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 319:110534. [PMID: 33360243 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Screening of seized cocaine powders is routinely performed by means of colour tests. An alternative fast screening technique is Mid-InfraRed (MIR) spectroscopy. In the context of smuggling cases, however, drugs are often processed to circumvent detection. In this study, the current screening techniques (cocaine colour test and MIR spectroscopy using libraries and chemometrics) were applied to five smuggling cases. For each case, all samples were first screened with a cocaine colour test and MIR analysis, followed by confirmation analyses with GC-MS and GC-FID to identify and quantify cocaine and cutting agents. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses were performed for additional characterization. All smuggling samples tested negative, both on-site as in the laboratory, for cocaine with the cocaine colour test. Four smuggling cases consisted of coloured samples. Consequently the colour test result was influenced because discolouration of the test showed almost the same colour as the colour of the powders (brown, green, red or black). In contrast, the (coloured) powders could be measured with MIR, but the MIR spectra showed no hit for cocaine using a reference library search. Moreover, cocaine was not detected in four out of the five cases after application of a chemometric classification model. GC-MS analysis, the golden standard for identification, resulted in a positive identification of cocaine in all cases. These samples contained cocaine ranging between 0.8w% and 35w%. Taking into account the results of the screening, the chromatographic and the SEM-EDX analyses, it could be presumed that cocaine was masked. False negative screening results were caused by chemically modified cocaine and/or cocaine mixed with coloured powders. In additional experiments, a sample extraction step prior to the screening techniques was performed. Two sample preparation methods (acetone and ethyl acetate) were tested and resulted in a positive screening of cocaine with the colour test and/or MIR spectroscopy. It can be concluded that the outcome of screening techniques such as colour tests and MIR spectroscopy is only presumptive and should always be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eliaerts
- Department of Drugs and Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium; AXES Research Group, Chemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - N Meert
- Department of Drugs and Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Van Durme
- Department of Drugs and Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Dardenne
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S Charles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Chemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - N Samyn
- Department of Drugs and Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Popovic A, Morelato M, Roux C, Beavis A. Review of the most common chemometric techniques in illicit drug profiling. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Hespanhol MC, Pasquini C, Maldaner AO. Evaluation of a low-cost portable near-infrared spectrophotometer for in situ cocaine profiling. Talanta 2019; 200:553-561. [PMID: 31036222 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a low-cost (∼US$ 1000) portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer for in situ characterization of seized cocaine samples was evaluated. A set of 240 samples of cocaine seized in several regions and cities across Brazil by its federal police was employed in this study. These samples were previously analyzed by chromatography at the Forensic Chemistry Laboratory of the National Institute of Criminalistics in Brasília-DF for the contents of several constituents to chemically characterize the samples. A low-cost NanoNIR spectrophotometer (Texas instruments) was used to acquire the NIR spectra of the samples in the range 900-1700 nm. The spectra set was treated by the second derivative to construct and validate multivariate regression (Partial Least Square - PLS) and classification (software independent modeling of class analogy - SIMCA) models aiming to characterize the samples. Consequently, an informative toll for objective decision making could be used by the police agents to produce immediate answers to forensic questions raised at the point of seizing. Among those questions the most relevant are: does the seized sample contain cocaine? what is the cocaine form? what is its content? is the sample adulterated and/or diluted? what is the content of adulterant? is the sample significantly adulterated and/or diluted? what is the degree of oxidation of the cocaine? The results of this work allow to propose a NIR/chemometrics based analytical protocol providing fast answers to these questions with satisfactory confidence level for the purpose of reliably screen the seized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hespanhol
- Group of Analysis and Education for Sustainability (GAES), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Celio Pasquini
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 290, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Adriano O Maldaner
- National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, Brasília, DF, 70610-200, Brazil
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10
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Preliminary results on direct quantitative determination of cocaine in impregnated materials by infrared spectroscopy. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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da Silva AF, Grobério TS, Zacca JJ, Maldaner AO, Braga JW. Cocaine and adulterants analysis in seized drug samples by infrared spectroscopy and MCR-ALS. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Liu CM, Han Y, Min SG, Jia W, Meng X, Liu PP. Rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of methamphetamine, ketamine, heroin, and cocaine by near-infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:162-168. [PMID: 30053735 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and nondestructive near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) methods have been developed for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of methamphetamine, ketamine, heroin, and cocaine in seized samples. This is the first systematic report regarding a qualitative and quantitative procedure of applying NIR for drug analysis. A total of 282 calibration samples and 836 prediction samples were used for the building and validating of qualitative and quantitative models. Two qualitative analysis modeling methods for soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) and supporting vector machine (SVM) were compared. From its excellent performance in rejecting false positive results, SIMCA was chosen. The drug concentrations in the calibration and validation sample sets were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on the use of first-order derivative spectral data after standard normal variate (SNV) transformation correction, in the wavelength range from 10,000 to 4000cm-1, four partial least squares quantitative-analysis models were built. The coefficients of determination for all calibration models were >99.3, and the RMSEC, RMSECV, and RMSEP were all less than 1.6, 2.9, and 3.6%, respectively. The results obtained here indicated that NIR with chemometric methods was accurate for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug samples. This methodology provided a potentially useful alternative to time-consuming gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Mei Liu
- National Narcotics Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu Han
- National Narcotics Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Geng Min
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- National Narcotics Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Meng
- National Narcotics Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- National Narcotics Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
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13
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Mazivila SJ. Trends of non-destructive analytical methods for identification of biodiesel feedstock in diesel-biodiesel blend according to European Commission Directive 2012/0288/EC and detecting diesel-biodiesel blend adulteration: A brief review. Talanta 2018; 180:239-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Anzanello MJ, Yamashita G, Marcelo M, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Mariotti K, Ferrão MF. A genetic algorithm-based framework for wavelength selection on sample categorization. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1172-1181. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel J. Anzanello
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Yamashita
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marcelo
- Chemistry Institut; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Flávio S. Fogliatto
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Ortiz
- Rio Grande do Sul Technical and Scientifical Division; Brazilian Federal Police; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Kristiane Mariotti
- Department of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Marco F. Ferrão
- Chemistry Institut; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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15
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Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Miyamoto K, Kasuya F, Inoue H. Development of a Library Search-Based Screening System for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Ecstasy Tablets Using a Portable Near-Infrared Spectrometer. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1208-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kazuna Miyamoto
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kobegakuin University; 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe Hyogo 650-8586 Japan
| | - Fumiyo Kasuya
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kobegakuin University; 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe Hyogo 650-8586 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
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16
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Mainali D, Seelenbinder J. Automated Fast Screening Method for Cocaine Identification in Seized Drug Samples Using a Portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Instrument. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:916-922. [PMID: 27006022 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816638305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quick and presumptive identification of seized drug samples without destroying evidence is necessary for law enforcement officials to control the trafficking and abuse of drugs. This work reports an automated screening method to detect the presence of cocaine in seized samples using portable Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. The method is based on the identification of well-defined characteristic vibrational frequencies related to the functional group of the cocaine molecule and is fully automated through the use of an expert system. Traditionally, analysts look for key functional group bands in the infrared spectra and characterization of the molecules present is dependent on user interpretation. This implies the need for user expertise, especially in samples that likely are mixtures. As such, this approach is biased and also not suitable for non-experts. The method proposed in this work uses the well-established "center of gravity" peak picking mathematical algorithm and combines it with the conditional reporting feature in MicroLab software to provide an automated method that can be successfully employed by users with varied experience levels. The method reports the confidence level of cocaine present only when a certain number of cocaine related peaks are identified by the automated method. Unlike library search and chemometric methods that are dependent on the library database or the training set samples used to build the calibration model, the proposed method is relatively independent of adulterants and diluents present in the seized mixture. This automated method in combination with a portable FT-IR spectrometer provides law enforcement officials, criminal investigators, or forensic experts a quick field-based prescreening capability for the presence of cocaine in seized drug samples.
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17
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Balbino MA, de Oliveira LS, Eleotério IC, Oiye EN, Ribeiro MF, McCord BR, Ipolito AJ, de Oliveira MF. The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ9-THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Balbino
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Laura S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Izabel C. Eleotério
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Erica N. Oiye
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Maria F.M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Chemistry Department; International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL
| | - Antonio J. Ipolito
- Superintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo; Núcleo de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ribeirão Preto; 14015-040 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Marcelo F. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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18
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Muro CK, Doty KC, Bueno J, Halámková L, Lednev IK. Vibrational Spectroscopy: Recent Developments to Revolutionize Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2014; 87:306-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire K. Muro
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kyle C. Doty
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Justin Bueno
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Lenka Halámková
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Miyamoto K, Kasuya F, Inoue H. Application of a portable near infrared spectrometer for presumptive identification of psychoactive drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:162-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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