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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Millbern Z, Vinueza NR. The characterization of disperse dyes in polyester fibers using DART mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2291-2298. [PMID: 36059113 PMCID: PMC9826145 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Textile fibers alone are highly prevalent in our environment, and not only are there a wide variety of fibers, but generally, consumer textiles are colored. Given the variety of crime locations where dyes are encountered and the potential circumstances, a rapid, preparation free analysis of samples is highly beneficial. This study has characterized a collection of commercially available textiles dyes by verifying the chemical structure, collecting reference spectra, and developing a method to analyze dyed fibers via Direct Analysis in Real-Time (DART) mass spectrometry. A methodology for direct analysis of pieces of fabric and single thread samples of polyester fibers dyed with disperse dyes was developed. The presence of 31 target dyes on fibers whose structures were previously established via high-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed. Dyed fabrics containing mixtures of dyes in varying concentrations were also evaluated to determine whether each dye in the composition could be detected. The DART-MS methodology was sensitive and positively characterized disperse dyes in polyester fibers, allowing for blind identification of mixtures with the assistance of a high-resolution mass spectrometry database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nelson R. Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Lepot L, Lunstroot K, De Wael K. Interpol review of fibres and textiles 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2021; 2:481-488. [PMID: 33385143 PMCID: PMC7770456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in fibres and textiles from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lepot
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC-INCC), Belgium
| | - Kyra Lunstroot
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC-INCC), Belgium
| | - Kris De Wael
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC-INCC), Belgium
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Terán JE, Millbern Z, Shao D, Sui X, Liu Y, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Characterization of synthetic dyes for environmental and forensic assessments: A chromatography and mass spectrometry approach. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:387-402. [PMID: 33047882 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Dyes have become common substances since they are employed in mostly all objects surrounding our daily activities such as clothing and upholstery. Based on the usage and disposal of these objects, the transfer of the dyes to other media such as soil and water increases their prevalence in our environment. However, this prevalence could help to solve crimes and pollution problems if detection techniques are proper. For that reason, the detection and characterization of dyes in complex matrices is important to determine the possible events leading to their deposition (natural degradation, attempts of removal, possible match with evidence, among others). Currently, there are several chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches used for the identification of these organic molecules and their derivatives with high specificity and accuracy. This review presents current chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods that are used for the detection and characterization of disperse, acid, basic, and reactive dyes, and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Terán
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinyi Sui
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Liang J, Frazier J, Benefield V, Chong NS, Zhang M. Forensic Fiber Analysis by Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1925-1933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resourcing and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Jared Frazier
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Virginia Benefield
- Forensic Science Program, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Ngee Sing Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Forensic Science Program, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Forensic Science Program, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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