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Jenne A, Soong R, Downey K, Biswas RG, Decker V, Busse F, Goerling B, Haber A, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Brewing alcohol 101: An undergraduate experiment utilizing benchtop NMR for quantification and process monitoring. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:429-438. [PMID: 38230451 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a renewed interest in benchtop NMR. Given their lower cost of ownership, smaller footprint, and ease of use, they are especially suited as an educational tool. Here, a new experiment targeted at upper-year undergraduates and first-year graduate students follows the conversion of D-glucose into ethanol at low-field. First, high and low-field data on D-glucose are compared and students learn both the Hz and ppm scales and how J-coupling is field-independent. The students then acquire their own quantitative NMR datasets and perform the quantification using an Electronic Reference To Access In Vivo Concentration (ERETIC) technique. To our knowledge ERETIC is not currently taught at the undergraduate level, but has an advantage in that internal standards are not required; ideal for following processes or with future use in flow-based benchtop monitoring. Using this quantitative data, students can relate a simple chemical process (fermentation) back to more complex topics such as reaction kinetics, bridging the gaps between analytical and physical chemistry. When asked to reflect on the experiment, students had an overwhelmingly positive experience, citing agreement with learning objectives, ease of understanding the protocol, and enjoyment. Each of the respondents recommended this experiment as a learning tool for others. This experiment has been outlined for other instructors to utilize in their own courses across institutions, with the hope that a continued expansion of low-field NMR will increase accessibility and learning opportunities at the undergraduate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Deng H, Tang S, Yang F, Chen D, Bian Z, Wang Y, Tang G, Lee HK. Recent advances in the analysis of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols: Sample preparation and chromatographic characterization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464495. [PMID: 37952386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage has risen dramatically worldwide in recent years. It has been publicized as a safer alternative to the conventional combustible cigarette. This, however, has not yet been supported by robust toxicological research evidence. Analysis of the chemical compositions of e-liquids and generated aerosols is an important step in evaluating the toxicity effects of e-cigarettes. Currently, a broad spectrum of analytical methods have been employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. The aim of this article is to review the advances in the chromatographic characterization of chemical composition of the latter in the recent five years. In addition, sample preparation methods for e-liquids and aerosols are surveyed and discussed. A study of the relevant literature indicates that, expectedly, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with a variety of detection systems, particularly mass spectrometry, have been the main analytical techniques used in this field. Sample preparation procedures primarily include headspace sampling, dilute-and-shoot approach, liquid-liquid extraction and sorbent-based extraction for e-liquids and for aerosols (the latter usually with laboratory-built collection devices). Some challenges of current e-cigarette analytical research, and an overview on prospective work are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Tobacco Quality Inspection & Supervision, Kunming 650106, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Kim J, Yum H, Kang S, Lee N, Song J, Park Y, Choe S, Park M. Comprehensive evaluation of drug cases in Seoul and its metropolitan areas - 2022. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111877. [PMID: 37989071 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to prepare a response strategy for future drug analyses, the number and results of drug cases handled by the Seoul Institute of National Forensic Service were comprehensively evaluated, with a focus on Seoul and its metropolitan areas. In 2022, the Seoul Institute received approximately 12,150 requests for drug testing related to drug abuse and possession, and the urine samples were tested for approximately 16,000 drug species. The most frequently requested test was for cannabis (Δ-9-THC and Δ-8-THC), followed by methamphetamine, MDMA, ketamine, and synthetic cannabinoids. ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA and propyl butylone were newly emerging substances in 2022. These results were consistent with the main drug detection findings of the confiscated materials. During this period, 24 cases of drug-related deaths were reported, of which 6 were suspected to be the result of acute overdose poisoning caused by methamphetamine, MDMA, fentanyl, and heroin. In addition to the controlled substances regulated by the Narcotics Control Act, new psychoactive substances are being found to be circulating, and various measures are required to address this issue. This study is expected to improve future drug analyses methods and assist in establishing drug policies, and responding to future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyesun Yum
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seojin Kang
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Lee
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - June Song
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yuran Park
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Choe
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, the Republic of Korea
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Norman C, Webling K, Kyslychenko O, Reid R, Krotulski AJ, Farrell R, Deventer MH, Liu H, Connolly MJ, Guillou C, Vinckier IMJ, Logan BK, NicDaéid N, McKenzie C, Stove CP, Gréen H. Detection in seized samples, analytical characterization, and in vitro metabolism of the newly emerged 5-bromo-indazole-3-carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38037247 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and new structural scaffolds have emerged on the recreational drug market since the enactment of Chinese SCRA analog controls in 2021. This study reports the first SCRAs to be detected with a bromide at the 5 position (5'Br) on the phenyl ring of the indazole core and without a tail moiety. ADB-5'Br-INACA (ADMB-5'Br-INACA) and MDMB-5'Br-INACA were detected in seized samples from Scottish prisons, Belgian customs, and US forensic casework. The brominated analog with a tail moiety, ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA (ADMB-5'Br-BUTINACA), was also detected in Scottish prisons and US forensic casework. The metabolites of these compounds and the predicted compound MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA were identified through incubation with primary human hepatocytes to aid in their toxicological identification. The bromide on the indazole remains intact on metabolites, allowing these compounds to be easily distinguished in toxicological samples from their non-brominated analogs. Glucuronidation was more common for tail-less analogs than their butyl tail-containing counterparts. Forensic toxicologists are advised to update their analytical methods with the characteristic ions for these compounds, as well as their anticipated urinary markers: amide hydrolysis and monoOH at tert-butyl metabolites (after β-glucuronidase treatment) for ADB-5'Br-INACA; monoOH at tert-butyl and amide hydrolysis metabolites for ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA; and ester hydrolysis metabolites with additional metabolites for MDMB-5'Br-INACA and MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA. Toxicologists should remain vigilant to the emergence of new SCRAs with halogenation of the indazole core and tail-less analogs, which have already started to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Norman
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kristin Webling
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Oleksandra Kyslychenko
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Reid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alex J Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Farrell
- Indianapolis-Marion County Forensic Services Agency, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marie H Deventer
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Claude Guillou
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Barry K Logan
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
- Toxicology Department, NMS Labs, Horsham, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Niamh NicDaéid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Chiron AS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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