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Sánchez-López E, Espina M, Doktorovova S, Souto EB, García ML. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part I - Barriers and determining factors in ocular delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 110:70-75. [PMID: 27789358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is still a challenge for researchers in the field of pharmaceutical technology due to anatomical and physiological eye characteristics. The tissue barriers (such as cornea, conjunctiva, blood aqueous barrier, and blood-retinal barrier) limit the access of drugs to their targets. Taking into account the short retention time in the precorneal area of classical ocular dosage forms (e.g. solutions, suspensions or ointments) which are rapidly eliminated by tears and eyelid movement, only less than five percent of the administered drug attains intraocular structures. With the aim to overcome ocular barriers, drug delivery systems, able to increase ocular bioavailability reducing side effects, are recognized as promising alternative. In this review, the main barriers and strategies to increase drug transport in ocular delivery are comprehensively discussed, highlighting the factors involved in ocular transport of SLN and NLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Doktorovova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M L García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Lin PY, Liu HJ, Chang CD, Chang CI, Hsu JL, Liao MH, Lee JW, Shih WL. Avian reovirus S1133-induced DNA damage signaling and subsequent apoptosis in cultured cells and in chickens. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1917-29. [PMID: 21779911 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, intracellular signaling in ARV S1133-mediated apoptosis was investigated. A microarray was used to examine the gene expression profiles of cells upon ARV S1133 infection and ARV-encoded pro-apoptotic protein σC overexpression. The analysis indicated that in the set of DNA-damage-responsive genes, DDIT-3 and GADD45α were both upregulated by viral infection and σC overexpression. Further investigation demonstrated that both treatments caused DNA breaks, which increased the expression and/or phosphorylation of DNA damage response proteins. ROS and lipid peroxidation levels were increased, and ARV S1133 and σC caused apoptosis mediated by DNA damage signaling. ROS scavenger NAC, caffeine and an ATM-specific inhibitor significantly reduced ARV S1133- and σC-induced DNA breaks, DDIT-3 and GADD45α expression, H2AX phosphorylation, and apoptosis. Overexpression of DDIT-3 and GADD45α enhanced the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by ARV S1133 and σC. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of the DNA-damage-signaling pathway in ARV S1133- and σC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yuan Lin
- Graduate Institute and Department of Life Science, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Vieira HL, Cunha L, Goldmacher VS, Alves PM. The effect of the cell death suppressor vMIA on the production of a recombinant protein in the adenovirus-293 expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 64:179-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant antioxidant ubiquitous in nearly all cell types. Deficiency of GSH has been linked to ocular disease and viral infection. Other established vital roles of GSH include detoxification and immunoprotection. Endogenous GSH plays a protagonist's role in safeguarding active transport processes compartmentalized at the interface between conjunctival mucosa and the tear film. Optimal electrokinetic transport across the conjunctival epithelium requires the mucosal presence of GSH. Glutathione is the most abundant known endogenous antioxidant molecule in tear fluid, mainly derived from conjunctival secretion. Conjunctival GSH transport, a major kinetic component of GSH turnover, occurs through multiple functionally distinct mechanisms. Cell membrane potential regulates conjunctival GSH efflux, while conjunctival GSH uptake requires extracellular Na(+). Significant modulation of GSH, its constituent amino acids, and functions of associated transporters occurs in the conjunctival epithelium with viral inflammatory disease. Topical conjunctival delivery of GSH, its metabolic precursors, or pharmacologic stimulation of endogenous conjunctival GSH secretion carry potential in alleviating viral-inflammatory conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovhannes J Gukasyan
- department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9224, USA
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Gukasyan HJ, Lee VHL, Simityan H, Kim KJ, Kannan R. Thermodynamic stoichiometry of Na+-coupled glutathione transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:1223-7. [PMID: 17218987 DOI: 10.1139/y06-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambiguity exists with respect to mechanisms of glutathione (GSH) transport and the molecular identity of GSH transporters. Empirical and theoretical limitations have hindered functional and molecular characterizations. Published literature referring to the isolation and molecular identification of Na+-coupled GSH transporters that mediate the cellular uptake of GSH is highly debated. Whereas a number of functional and kinetic reports of this putative symport mechanism exist, the hypothetical transmembrane Na+-coupled GSH transporter protein or the genetic message encoding it has not been isolated. Theoretical thermodynamic calculations to support the concept of secondary active GSH transport and to rationalize accounts of physical-kinetic measurements describing Na+-coupled cellular GSH uptake were performed. The adequacy of requisite energy and stoichiometric conservation of the separate electrical and chemical components of a Na+gradient in maintaining a high cellular accumulation gradient for GSH was examined through a purely phenomenological perspective. Dependent on the biological context, the energetic coupling between Na+and GSH cotransport may occur at ratios from 1:1 to 3:1. Molecular identification of specific transporters responsible for cellular Na+-coupled GSH uptake will facilitate determination of their relative contribution to the overall plasma membrane resting potential. In tissues with a high GSH concentration relative to their extracellular millieu, particularly in pathologies of cystic fibrosis and dry eye syndromes, large energy coupling ratios in cotransport of Na+and GSH may be expected. Na+-coupled GSH transport may play an important role in disease onset and (or) progression, or treatment modalities thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovhannes J Gukasyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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