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Crompton ME, Gaessler LF, Tawiah PO, Polzer L, Camfield SK, Jacobson GD, Naudszus MK, Johnson C, Meurer K, Bennis M, Roseberry B, Sultana S, Dahl JU. Expression of RcrB confers resistance to hypochlorous acid in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0006423. [PMID: 37791752 PMCID: PMC10601744 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00064-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To eradicate bacterial pathogens, neutrophils are recruited to the sites of infection, where they engulf and kill microbes through the production of reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS/RCS). The most prominent RCS is the antimicrobial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which rapidly reacts with various amino acid side chains, including those containing sulfur and primary/tertiary amines, causing significant macromolecular damage. Pathogens like uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections, have developed sophisticated defense systems to protect themselves from HOCl. We recently identified the RcrR regulon as a novel HOCl defense strategy in UPEC. Expression of the rcrARB operon is controlled by the HOCl-sensing transcriptional repressor RcrR, which is oxidatively inactivated by HOCl resulting in the expression of its target genes, including rcrB. The rcrB gene encodes a hypothetical membrane protein, deletion of which substantially increases UPEC's susceptibility to HOCl. However, the mechanism behind protection by RcrB is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether (i) its mode of action requires additional help, (ii) rcrARB expression is induced by physiologically relevant oxidants other than HOCl, and (iii) expression of this defense system is limited to specific media and/or cultivation conditions. We provide evidence that RcrB expression is sufficient to protect E. coli from HOCl. Furthermore, RcrB expression is induced by and protects from several RCS but not from ROS. RcrB plays a protective role for RCS-stressed planktonic cells under various growth and cultivation conditions but appears to be irrelevant for UPEC's biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Bacterial infections pose an increasing threat to human health, exacerbating the demand for alternative treatments. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), are confronted by neutrophilic attacks in the bladder, and must therefore be equipped with powerful defense systems to fend off the toxic effects of reactive chlorine species. How UPEC deal with the negative consequences of the oxidative burst in the neutrophil phagosome remains unclear. Our study sheds light on the requirements for the expression and protective effects of RcrB, which we recently identified as UPEC's most potent defense system toward hypochlorous acid (HOCl) stress and phagocytosis. Thus, this novel HOCl stress defense system could potentially serve as an attractive drug target to increase the body's own capacity to fight UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Crompton
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Luca F. Gaessler
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick O. Tawiah
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Polzer
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Sydney K. Camfield
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Grady D. Jacobson
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Maren K. Naudszus
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Colton Johnson
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Kennadi Meurer
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Mehdi Bennis
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Brendan Roseberry
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadia Sultana
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Jan-Ulrik Dahl
- Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
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Crompton ME, Gaessler LF, Tawiah PO, Pfirsching L, Camfield SK, Johnson C, Meurer K, Bennis M, Roseberry B, Sultana S, Dahl JU. Expression of RcrB confers resistance to hypochlorous acid in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543251. [PMID: 37398214 PMCID: PMC10312555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
To eradicate bacterial pathogens, neutrophils are recruited to the sites of infection, where they engulf and kill microbes through the production of reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS/RCS). The most prominent RCS is antimicrobial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which rapidly reacts with various amino acids side chains, including those containing sulfur and primary/tertiary amines, causing significant macromolecular damage. Pathogens like uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), have developed sophisticated defense systems to protect themselves from HOCl. We recently identified the RcrR regulon as a novel HOCl defense strategy in UPEC. The regulon is controlled by the HOCl-sensing transcriptional repressor RcrR, which is oxidatively inactivated by HOCl resulting in the expression of its target genes, including rcrB . rcrB encodes the putative membrane protein RcrB, deletion of which substantially increases UPEC's susceptibility to HOCl. However, many questions regarding RcrB's role remain open including whether (i) the protein's mode of action requires additional help, (ii) rcrARB expression is induced by physiologically relevant oxidants other than HOCl, and (iii) expression of this defense system is limited to specific media and/or cultivation conditions. Here, we provide evidence that RcrB expression is sufficient to E. coli 's protection from HOCl and induced by and protects from several RCS but not from ROS. RcrB plays a protective role for RCS-stressed planktonic cells under various growth and cultivation conditions but appears to be irrelevant for UPEC's biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Bacterial infections pose an increasing threat to human health exacerbating the demand for alternative treatment options. UPEC, the most common etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), are confronted by neutrophilic attacks in the bladder, and must therefore be well equipped with powerful defense systems to fend off the toxic effects of RCS. How UPEC deal with the negative consequences of the oxidative burst in the neutrophil phagosome remains unclear. Our study sheds light on the requirements for the expression and protective effects of RcrB, which we recently identified as UPEC's most potent defense system towards HOCl-stress and phagocytosis. Thus, this novel HOCl-stress defense system could potentially serve as an attractive drug target to increase the body's own capacity to fight UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Crompton
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Luca F. Gaessler
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Patrick O. Tawiah
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Lisa Pfirsching
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Sydney K. Camfield
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Colton Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Kennadi Meurer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Mehdi Bennis
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Brendan Roseberry
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Sadia Sultana
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Jan-Ulrik Dahl
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, IL, USA
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Wang Y, Chuang CY, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Activation and Inhibition of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) by HOCl, Myeloperoxidase and Chloramines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081616. [PMID: 36009335 PMCID: PMC9405048 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9, gelatinase B) plays a key role in the degradation of extracellular-matrix (ECM) proteins in both normal physiology and multiple pathologies, including those linked with inflammation. MMP9 is excreted as an inactive proform (proMMP9) by multiple cells, and particularly neutrophils. The proenzyme undergoes subsequent processing to active forms, either enzymatically (e.g., via plasmin and stromelysin-1/MMP3), or via the oxidation of a cysteine residue in the prodomain (the “cysteine-switch”). Activated leukocytes, including neutrophils, generate O2− and H2O2 and release myeloperoxidase (MPO), which catalyzes hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formation. Here, we examine the reactivity of HOCl and a range of low-molecular-mass and protein chloramines with the pro- and activated forms of MMP9. HOCl and an enzymatic MPO/H2O2/Cl− system were able to generate active MMP9, as determined by fluorescence-activity assays and gel zymography. The inactivation of active MMP9 also occurred at high HOCl concentrations. Low (nM—low μM) concentrations of chloramines formed by the reaction of HOCl with amino acids (taurine, lysine, histidine), serum albumin, ECM proteins (laminin and fibronectin) and basement membrane extracts (but not HEPES chloramines) also activate proMMP9. This activation is diminished by the competitive HOCl-reactive species, methionine. These data indicate that HOCl-mediated oxidation and MMP-mediated ECM degradation are synergistic and interdependent. As previous studies have shown that modified ECM proteins can also stimulate the cellular expression of MMP proteins, these processes may contribute to a vicious cycle of increasing ECM degradation during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jiang S, Fuentes-Lemus E, Davies MJ. Oxidant-mediated modification and cross-linking of beta-2-microglobulin. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 187:59-71. [PMID: 35609861 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is synthesized by all nucleated cells and forms part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-1 present on cell surfaces, which presents peptide fragments to cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes, or by association with CD1, antigenic lipids to natural killer T-cells. Knockout of B2M results in loss of these functions and severe combined immunodeficiency. Plasma levels of this protein are low in healthy serum, but are elevated up to 50-fold in some pathologies including chronic kidney disease and multiple myeloma, where it has both diagnostic and prognostic value. High levels of the protein are associated with amyloid formation, with such deposits containing significant levels of modified or truncated protein. In the current study we examine the chemical and structural changes induced of B2M generated by both inflammatory oxidants (HOCl and ONOOH), and photo-oxidation (1O2) which is linked with immunosuppression. Oxidation results in oligomer formation, with this occurring most readily with HOCl and 1O2, and a loss of native protein conformation. LC-MS analysis provided evidence for nitrated (from ONOOH), chlorinated (from HOCl) and oxidized residues (all oxidants) with damage detected at Tyr, Trp, and Met residues, together with cleavage of the disulfide (cystine) bond. An intermolecular di-tyrosine crosslink is also formed between Tyr10 and Tyr63. The pattern of these modifications is oxidant specific, with ONOOH inducing a greater range of modifications than HOCl. Comparison of the sites of modification with regions identified as amyloidogenic indicate significant co-localization, consistent with the hypothesis that oxidation may contribute, and predispose B2M, to amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Han Y, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Reaction Mechanisms of Histidine and Carnosine with Hypochlorous Acid Along with Chlorination Reactivity of N-Chlorinated Intermediates: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:750-759. [PMID: 35436107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released from activated leukocytes not only plays a significant role in the human immune system but is also implicated in numerous diseases including atherosclerosis and some cancers due to its inappropriate production. Histidine (His) and carnosine (Car), as a respective mediator and protective agent of HOCl damage, have attracted considerable attention; however, their detailed reaction mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, using a His residue with two peptide bond groups (HisRes) as a model, the reaction mechanisms of HisRes and Car including NεH and NδH tautomers with HOCl along with the chlorination reactivity of N-chlorinated intermediates were investigated by quantum chemical methods. The obtained results indicate that in the imidazole side chain, the pyridine-like N is the most reactive site rather than the pyrrole-like N, and the kinetic order of all of the possible reaction sites in HisRes follows pyridine-like N > imidazole Cδ ≫ imidazole Cε > pyrrole-like N, while that in Car is pyridine-like N ≫ imidazole Cδ ≫ amide N. As for N-chlorinated intermediates at imidazole, although the unprotonated form has a low chlorination reactivity as expected, it can still chlorinate tyrosine. Especially, the protonated form exhibits similar ability to HOCl, causing secondary damage in vivo. N-Chlorinated Car features higher internal chlorine migration ability than its intermolecular transchlorination, preventing further HOCl-induced damage. Additionally, a generally overlooked nucleophilic Cl- shift is also found in N-chlorinated Car/HisRes, indicating that nucleophilic sites in biomolecules also need to be considered. The outcomes of this study are expected to expand our understanding of secondary damage and protective mechanisms involved in HOCl in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Zhai R, Chen H, Shan Z. Exploration of collagen cavitation based on peptide electrolysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17080. [PMID: 34429475 PMCID: PMC8384864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical modification of animal skin is a new material preparation method and new direction of research exploration. In this study, under the action of the electric field using NaCl as the supporting electrolyte, the effect of electrolysis on Glycyl-glycine(GlyGl), gelatin(Gel) and Three-dimensional rawhide collagen(3DC) were determined. The amino group of GlyGl is quickly eliminated within the anode region by electrolysis isolated by an anion exchange membrane. Using the same method, it was found that the molecular weight of Gel and the isoelectric point of the Gel decreased, and the viscosity and transparency of the Gel solution obviously changed. The electrolytic dissolution and structural changes of 3DC were further investigated. The results of TOC and TN showed that the organic matter in 3DC was dissolved by electrolysis, and the tissue cavitation was obvious. A new approach for the preparation of collagen-based multi-pore biomaterials by electrochemical method was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Zhihua Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Role of myeloperoxidase and oxidant formation in the extracellular environment in inflammation-induced tissue damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:633-651. [PMID: 34246778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The heme peroxidase family generates a battery of oxidants both for synthetic purposes, and in the innate immune defence against pathogens. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the most promiscuous family member, generating powerful oxidizing species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Whilst HOCl formation is important in pathogen removal, this species is also implicated in host tissue damage and multiple inflammatory diseases. Significant oxidant formation and damage occurs extracellularly as a result of MPO release via phagolysosomal leakage, cell lysis, extracellular trap formation, and inappropriate trafficking. MPO binds strongly to extracellular biomolecules including polyanionic glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, proteins, and DNA. This localizes MPO and subsequent damage, at least partly, to specific sites and species, including extracellular matrix (ECM) components and plasma proteins/lipoproteins. Biopolymer-bound MPO retains, or has enhanced, catalytic activity, though evidence is also available for non-catalytic effects. These interactions, particularly at cell surfaces and with the ECM/glycocalyx induce cellular dysfunction and altered gene expression. MPO binds with higher affinity to some damaged ECM components, rationalizing its accumulation at sites of inflammation. MPO-damaged biomolecules and fragments act as chemo-attractants and cell activators, and can modulate gene and protein expression in naïve cells, consistent with an increasing cycle of MPO adhesion, activity, damage, and altered cell function at sites of leukocyte infiltration and activation, with subsequent tissue damage and dysfunction. MPO levels are used clinically both diagnostically and prognostically, and there is increasing interest in strategies to prevent MPO-mediated damage; therapeutic aspects are not discussed as these have been reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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Myeloperoxidase: Mechanisms, reactions and inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Karimi M, Crossett B, Cordwell SJ, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Characterization of disulfide (cystine) oxidation by HOCl in a model peptide: Evidence for oxygen addition, disulfide bond cleavage and adduct formation with thiols. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:62-74. [PMID: 32370994 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key role in stabilizing proteins by cross-linking secondary structures. Whilst many disulfides are effectively unreactive, it is increasingly clear that some disulfides are redox active, participate in enzymatic reactions and/or regulate protein function by allosteric mechanisms. Previously (Karimi et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38752) we have shown that some disulfides react rapidly with biological oxidants due to favourable interactions with available lone-pairs of electrons. Here we present data from kinetic, mechanistic and product studies for HOCl-mediated oxidation of a protected nine-amino acid model peptide containing a N- to C-terminal disulfide bond. This peptide reacts with HOCl with k2 1.8 × 106 M-1 s-1, similar to other highly-reactive disulfide-containing compounds. With low oxidant excesses, oxidation yields multiple oxidation products from the disulfide, with reaction predominating at the N-terminal Cys to give sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids, and disulfide bond cleavage. Limited oxidation occurs, with higher oxidant excesses, at Trp and His residues to give mono- and di- (for Trp) oxygenated products. Site-specific backbone cleavage also occurs between Arg and Trp, probably via initial side-chain modification. Treatment of the previously-oxidised peptide with thiols (GSH, N-Ac-Cys), results in adduction of the thiol to the oxidised peptide, with this occurring at the original disulfide bond. This gives an open-chain peptide, and a new mixed disulfide containing GSH or N-Ac-Cys as determined by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond oxidation may therefore markedly alter the structure, activity and function of disulfide-containing proteins, and provides a potential mechanism for protein glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Zacharias T, Flouda K, Jepps TA, Gammelgaard B, Schiesser CH, Davies MJ. Effects of a novel selenium substituted-sugar (1,4-anhydro-4-seleno-d-talitol, SeTal) on human coronary artery cell lines and mouse aortic rings. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Detection, identification, and quantification of oxidative protein modifications. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19683-19708. [PMID: 31672919 PMCID: PMC6926449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of biological molecules to oxidants is inevitable and therefore commonplace. Oxidative stress in cells arises from both external agents and endogenous processes that generate reactive species, either purposely (e.g. during pathogen killing or enzymatic reactions) or accidentally (e.g. exposure to radiation, pollutants, drugs, or chemicals). As proteins are highly abundant and react rapidly with many oxidants, they are highly susceptible to, and major targets of, oxidative damage. This can result in changes to protein structure, function, and turnover and to loss or (occasional) gain of activity. Accumulation of oxidatively-modified proteins, due to either increased generation or decreased removal, has been associated with both aging and multiple diseases. Different oxidants generate a broad, and sometimes characteristic, spectrum of post-translational modifications. The kinetics (rates) of damage formation also vary dramatically. There is a pressing need for reliable and robust methods that can detect, identify, and quantify the products formed on amino acids, peptides, and proteins, especially in complex systems. This review summarizes several advances in our understanding of this complex chemistry and highlights methods that are available to detect oxidative modifications-at the amino acid, peptide, or protein level-and their nature, quantity, and position within a peptide sequence. Although considerable progress has been made in the development and application of new techniques, it is clear that further development is required to fully assess the relative importance of protein oxidation and to determine whether an oxidation is a cause, or merely a consequence, of injurious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Xue J, Shi Y, Li C, Song H. Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active ingredients, potential targets, and signaling pathways in compound Lian-Ge granules for treatment of diabetes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6431-6440. [PMID: 30362298 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Compound Lian-Ge granules (CLGGs) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation with good hypoglycemic effect and health function. This study was to predict its active ingredients, potential targets, signaling pathways, and investigate its mechanism of "ingredient-targets-pathways." METHODS Pharmacodynamics studies on diabetic rats showed that CLGGs had an obvious hypoglycemic effect. On this basis, 27 hypoglycemic active ingredients were screened out. Their targets were confirmed by comparing with these hypoglycemic targets in PharmMapper and DrugBank databases via reversed pharmacophore matching approach. The relationships between ingredients and targets were revealed by comparing data in the String database. A network of "ingredient-target-passageway" was constructed. RESULTS Studies showed that CLGGs had 24 active ingredients, ie, berberine, puerarin, danshinolic acid A, and sinigrin, etc. These ingredients involved nine targets, ie, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, insulin-degrading enzyme, ɑ-amylase, and so on, and 111 metabolic pathways, eg, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Using network pharmacology methods, this study predicted the hypoglycemic active ingredients in CLGGs and revealed their targets, and provided a clue for further exploration of the hypoglycemic mechanism of CLGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Xue
- Department of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongli Shi
- Department of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Experimental Education Center of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huijie Song
- Department of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Li L, Xu Z, Wimmer A, Tian Q, Wang X. New Insights into the Stability of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Surface Water: Dissolution through Hypochlorite Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7920-7927. [PMID: 28608678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2SNPs) are considered to be stable in the environment due to the extreme low solubility of Ag2S (Ksp: 6.3 × 10-50). Little is known about the stability of Ag2SNPs in surface water disinfected with aqueous chlorine, one of the globally most used disinfectants. Our results suggested that both uncoated and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Ag2SNPs (100 μg/L) underwent dissolution in surface water disinfected with aqueous chlorine at a dose of 4 mg/L, showing the highest dissolved silver ion concentrations of 22.3 and 10.5 μg/L within 45 min, respectively. The natural organic matter (NOM) and dissolved oxygen (DO) posed effects on the Ag2SNPs dissolution by chlorine; NOM accelerated Ag2SNPs dissolution while DO reduced the rate and extent of Ag2SNPs dissolution. We further demonstrated that Ag2SNPs dissolution was primarily attributed to active oxidative substances including hydroxyl radical and H2O2 originating from the hypochlorite oxidation. Additionally, water containing Ag2SNPs disinfected with hypochlorite showed stronger interference on the zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryo hatching than Ag2SNPs and hypochlorite on their own. This work documented that Ag2SNPs could undergo dissolution in surface water through hypochlorite oxidation, posing potential risks to aquatic organisms, and therefore showed new insights into the stability of Ag2SNPs in natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiangyu Li
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Andreas Wimmer
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Qinghua Tian
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, China
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14
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Benavides J, Barrias P, Piro N, Arenas A, Orrego A, Pino E, Villegas L, Dorta E, Aspée A, López-Alarcón C. Reaction of tetracycline with biologically relevant chloramines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 178:171-180. [PMID: 28187315 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection triggers inflammatory processes with the consequent production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), monochloramine (NH2Cl), and protein-derived chloramines. As the therapy for eradicating H. pylori is partially based on the use of tetracycline, we studied the kinetic of its consumption elicited by HOCl, NH2Cl, N-chloro-n-butylamine (NHCl-But, used as a lysine-derived chloramine model), and lysozyme-derived chloramines. In the micromolar concentration range, tetracycline reacted rapidly with HOCl, generating in the first few seconds intermediates of short half-life. In contrast, a slow tetracycline consumption was observed in the presence of high NH2Cl and NHCl-But concentrations (millimolar range). Similar chlorinated products of tetracycline were identified by mass spectrometry, in the presence of HOCl and NH2Cl. These results evidenced that tautomers of tetracycline are pivotal intermediates in all reactions. In spite of the low reactivity of chloramines towards tetracycline, it is evident that, in the concentration range where they are produced in a H. pylori infection (millimolar range), the reactions lead to oxidation and/or chlorination of tetracycline. This kind of reactions, which were also observed triggered by lysozyme-derived chloramines, could limit the efficiency of the tetracycline-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benavides
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C.P. 782 0436, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Barrias
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Piro
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C.P. 782 0436, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Arenas
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C.P. 782 0436, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Orrego
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Pino
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Villegas
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Dorta
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C.P. 782 0436, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Aspée
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C.P. 782 0436, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Dong A, Wang YJ, Gao Y, Gao T, Gao G. Chemical Insights into Antibacterial N-Halamines. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4806-4862. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alideertu Dong
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jie Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Yangyang Gao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Gao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Garg S, Rong H, Miller CJ, Waite TD. Oxidative Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles by Chlorine: Implications to Silver Nanoparticle Fate and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3890-3896. [PMID: 26986484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by chlorine is investigated in this work, with results showing that AgNPs are oxidized in the presence of chlorine at a much faster rate than observed in the presence of dioxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation of AgNPs by chlorine occurs in air-saturated solution in stoichiometric amounts with 2 mol of AgNPs oxidized for each mole of chlorine added. Dioxygen plays an important role in OCl(-)-mediated AgNP oxidation, especially at lower OCl(-) concentrations, with the mechanism shifting from stoichiometric oxidation of AgNPs by OCl(-) in the presence of dioxygen to catalytic removal of OCl(-) by AgNPs in the absence of dioxygen. These results suggest that the presence of chlorine will mitigate AgNP toxicity by forming less-reactive AgCl(s) following AgNP oxidation, although the disinfection efficiency of OCl(-) may not be significantly impacted by the presence of AgNPs because a chlorine-containing species is formed on OCl(-) decay that has significant oxidizing capacity. Our results further suggest that the antibacterial efficacy of nanosilver particles embedded on fabrics may be negated when treated with detergents containing strong oxidants, such as chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Garg
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hongyan Rong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Miller
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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17
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Dickerhof N, Schindler L, Bernhagen J, Kettle AJ, Hampton MB. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is rendered enzymatically inactive by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants but retains its immunomodulatory function. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:498-511. [PMID: 26453918 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important player in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Elevated plasma MIF is found in sepsis, arthritis, cystic fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Immunomodulatory activities of MIF include the ability to promote survival and recruitment of inflammatory cells and to amplify pro-inflammatory cytokine production. MIF has an unusual nucleophilic N-terminal proline with catalytic tautomerase activity. It remains unclear whether tautomerase activity is required for MIF function, but small molecules that inhibit tautomerase activity also inhibit the pro-inflammatory activities of MIF. A prominent feature of the acute inflammatory response is neutrophil activation and production of reactive oxygen species, including myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived hypochlorous acid and hypothiocyanous acid. We hypothesized that MPO-derived oxidants would oxidize the N-terminal proline of MIF and alter its biological activity. MIF was exposed to hypochlorous acid and hypothiocyanous acid and the oxidative modifications on MIF were examined by LC-MS/MS. Imine formation and carbamylation was observed on the N-terminal proline in response to MPO-dependent generation of hypochlorous and hypothiocyanous acid, respectively. These modifications led to a complete loss of tautomerase activity. However, modified MIF still increased CXCL-8/IL-8 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and blocked neutrophil apoptosis, indicating that tautomerase activity is not essential for these biological functions. Pre-treatment of MIF with hypochlorous acid protected the protein from covalent modification by the MIF inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP). Therefore, oxidant generation at inflammatory sites may protect MIF from inactivation by more disruptive electrophiles, including drugs designed to target the tautomerase activity of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa Schindler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Trujillo M, Alvarez B, Radi R. One- and two-electron oxidation of thiols: mechanisms, kinetics and biological fates. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:150-71. [PMID: 26329537 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1089988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of biothiols participates not only in the defense against oxidative damage but also in enzymatic catalytic mechanisms and signal transduction processes. Thiols are versatile reductants that react with oxidizing species by one- and two-electron mechanisms, leading to thiyl radicals and sulfenic acids, respectively. These intermediates, depending on the conditions, participate in further reactions that converge on different stable products. Through this review, we will describe the biologically relevant species that are able to perform these oxidations and we will analyze the mechanisms and kinetics of the one- and two-electron reactions. The processes undergone by typical low-molecular-weight thiols as well as the particularities of specific thiol proteins will be described, including the molecular determinants proposed to account for the extraordinary reactivities of peroxidatic thiols. Finally, the main fates of the thiyl radical and sulfenic acid intermediates will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Trujillo
- a Departamento de Bioquímica , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay .,b Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay , and
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- b Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay , and.,c Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- a Departamento de Bioquímica , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay .,b Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay , and
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19
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Casas AI, Dao VTV, Daiber A, Maghzal GJ, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Leach S, Cuadrado A, Jaquet V, Seredenina T, Krause KH, López MG, Stocker R, Ghezzi P, Schmidt HHHW. Reactive Oxygen-Related Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Emerging Clinical Indications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1171-85. [PMID: 26583264 PMCID: PMC4657512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with different disease states. Most attempts to validate and exploit these associations by chronic antioxidant therapies have provided disappointing results. Hence, the clinical relevance of ROS is still largely unclear. RECENT ADVANCES We are now beginning to understand the reasons for these failures, which reside in the many important physiological roles of ROS in cell signaling. To exploit ROS therapeutically, it would be essential to define and treat the disease-relevant ROS at the right moment and leave physiological ROS formation intact. This breakthrough seems now within reach. CRITICAL ISSUES Rather than antioxidants, a new generation of protein targets for classical pharmacological agents includes ROS-forming or toxifying enzymes or proteins that are oxidatively damaged and can be functionally repaired. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Linking these target proteins in future to specific disease states and providing in each case proof of principle will be essential for translating the oxidative stress concept into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casas
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V Thao-Vi Dao
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2 2nd Medical Department, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Italy .,5 Neuroscience Institute , CNR, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Leach
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 7 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl H Krause
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela G López
- 9 Teofilo Hernando Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine. Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Stocker
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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20
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Carroll L, Pattison DI, Fu S, Schiesser CH, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Reactivity of selenium-containing compounds with myeloperoxidase-derived chlorinating oxidants: Second-order rate constants and implications for biological damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:279-288. [PMID: 25841785 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and N-chloramines are produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO) as part of the immune response to destroy invading pathogens. However, MPO also plays a detrimental role in inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, as inappropriate production of oxidants, including HOCl and N-chloramines, causes damage to host tissue. Low molecular mass thiol compounds, including glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met), have demonstrated efficacy in scavenging MPO-derived oxidants, which prevents oxidative damage in vitro and ex vivo. Selenium species typically have greater reactivity toward oxidants compared to the analogous sulfur compounds, and are known to be efficient scavengers of HOCl and other hypohalous acids produced by MPO. In this study, we examined the efficacy of a number of sulfur and selenium compounds to scavenge a range of biologically relevant N-chloramines and oxidants produced by both isolated MPO and activated neutrophils and characterized the resulting selenium-derived oxidation products in each case. A dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of each N-chloramine was observed on addition of the sulfur compounds (cysteine, methionine) and selenium compounds (selenomethionine, methylselenocysteine, 1,4-anhydro-4-seleno-L-talitol, 1,5-anhydro-5-selenogulitol) studied. In general, selenomethionine was the most reactive with N-chloramines (k2 0.8-3.4×10(3)M(-1) s(-1)) with 1,5-anhydro-5-selenogulitol and 1,4-anhydro-4-seleno-L-talitol (k2 1.1-6.8×10(2)M(-1) s(-1)) showing lower reactivity. This resulted in the formation of the respective selenoxides as the primary oxidation products. The selenium compounds demonstrated greater ability to remove protein N-chloramines compared to the analogous sulfur compounds. These reactions may have implications for preventing cellular damage in vivo, particularly under chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carl H Schiesser
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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21
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Roemeling MD, Williams J, Beckman JS, Hurst JK. Imidazole catalyzes chlorination by unreactive primary chloramines. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:167-78. [PMID: 25660996 PMCID: PMC4387080 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid and simple chloramines (RNHCl) are stable biologically derived chlorinating agents. In general, the chlorination potential of HOCl is much greater than that of RNHCl, allowing it to oxidize or chlorinate a much wider variety of reaction partners. However, in this study we demonstrate by kinetic analysis that the reactivity of RNHCl can be dramatically promoted by imidazole and histidyl model compounds via intermediary formation of the corresponding imidazole chloramines. Two biologically relevant reactions were investigated--loss of imidazole-catalyzed chlorinating capacity and phenolic ring chlorination using fluorescein and the tyrosine analog, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA). HOCl reacted stoichiometrically with imidazole, N-acetylhistidine (NAH), or imidazoleacetic acid to generate the corresponding imidazole chloramines which subsequently decomposed. Chloramine (NH2Cl) also underwent a markedly accelerated loss in chlorinating capacity when NAH was present, although in this case N-α-acetylhistidine chloramine (NAHCl) did not accumulate, indicating that the catalytic intermediate must be highly reactive. Mixing HOCl with 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) led to very rapid loss in chlorinating capacity via formation of a highly reactive chlorinium ion (MeImCl(+)) intermediate; this behavior suggests that the reactive forms of the analogous imidazole chloramines are their conjugate acids, e.g., the imidazolechlorinium ion (HImCl(+)). HOCl-generated imidazole chloramine (ImCl) reacted rapidly with fluorescein in a specific acid-catalyzed second-order reaction to give 3'-monochloro and 3',5'-dichloro products. Equilibrium constants for the transchlorination reactions HOCl + HIm = H2O + ImCl and NH2Cl + HIm = NH3 + ImCl were estimated from the dependence of the rate constants on [HIm]/[HOCl] and literature data. Acid catalysis again suggests that the actual chlorinating agent is HImCl(+); consistent with this interpretation, MeIm markedly catalyzed fluorescein chlorination by HOCl. Time-dependent imidazole-catalyzed HPA chlorination by NH2Cl was also demonstrated by product analyses. Quantitative assessment of the data suggests that physiological levels of histidyl groups will react with primary chloramines to generate a flux of imidazole chloramine sufficient to catalyze biological chlorination via HImCl(+), particularly in environments that generate high concentrations of HOCl such as the neutrophil phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo D Roemeling
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | - Jared Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA; Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | - James K Hurst
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA.
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22
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Szabó M, Baranyai Z, Somsák L, Fábián I. Decomposition of N-Chloroglycine in Alkaline Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Mechanism. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1282-91. [PMID: 25849302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Szabó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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23
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Rayner BS, Love DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:240-255. [PMID: 24632382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an important heme enzyme released by activated leukocytes that catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with halide and pseudo-halide ions to form various hypohalous acids. Hypohalous acids are chemical oxidants that have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties and, as such, play key roles in the human immune system. However, increasing evidence supports an alternative role for myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants in the development of disease. Excessive production of hypohalous acids, particularly during chronic inflammation, leads to the initiation and accumulation of cellular damage that has been implicated in many human pathologies including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, inflammatory cancers, and kidney disease. This has sparked a significant interest in developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant-induced mammalian cell damage. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the cellular reactivity of hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, the major oxidants produced by myeloperoxidase under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Rayner
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic T Love
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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24
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Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Redox reactions and microbial killing in the neutrophil phagosome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:642-60. [PMID: 22881869 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE When neutrophils kill microorganisms, they ingest them into phagosomes and bombard them with a burst of reactive oxygen species. RECENT ADVANCES This review focuses on what oxidants are produced and how they kill. The neutrophil NADPH oxidase is activated and shuttles electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm to oxygen in the phagosomal lumen. Superoxide is generated in the narrow space between the ingested organism and the phagosomal membrane and kinetic modeling indicates that it reaches a concentration of around 20 μM. Degranulation leads to a very high protein concentration with up to millimolar myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO has many substrates, but its main phagosomal reactions should be to dismutate superoxide and, provided adequate chloride, catalyze efficient conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Studies with specific probes have shown that HOCl is produced in the phagosome and reacts with ingested bacteria. The amount generated should be high enough to kill. However, much of the HOCl reacts with phagosomal proteins. Generation of chloramines may contribute to killing, but the full consequences of this are not yet clear. CRITICAL ISSUES Isolated neutrophils kill most of the ingested microorganisms rapidly by an MPO-dependent mechanism that is almost certainly due to HOCl. However, individuals with MPO deficiency rarely have problems with infection. A possible explanation is that HOCl provides a frontline response that kills most of the microorganisms, with survivors killed by nonoxidative processes. The latter may deal adequately with low-level infection but with high exposure, more efficient HOCl-dependent killing is required. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better quantification of HOCl and other oxidants in the phagosome should clarify their roles in antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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N-chloramines, a promising class of well-tolerated topical anti-infectives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1107-14. [PMID: 23295936 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02132-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health crisis. To address the development of bacterial resistance, the use of antibiotics has to be minimized for nonsystemic applications in humans, as well as in animals and plants. Possible substitutes with low potential for developing resistance are active chlorine compounds that have been in clinical use for over 180 years. These agents are characterized by pronounced differences in their chlorinating and/or oxidizing activity, with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the strongest and organic chloramines as the weakest members. Bacterial killing in clinical practice is often associated with unwanted side effects such as chlorine consumption, tissue irritation, and pain, increasing proportionally with the chlorinating/oxidizing potency. Since the chloramines are able to effectively kill pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa), their application as anti-infectives is advisable, all the more so as they exhibit additional beneficial properties such as destruction of toxins, degradation of biofilms, and anticoagulative and anti-inflammatory activities. Within the ample field of chloramines, the stable N-chloro derivatives of β-aminosulfonic acids are most therapeutically advanced. Being available as sodium salts, they distinguish themselves by good solubility and absence of smell. Important representatives are N-chlorotaurine, a natural compound occurring in the human immune system, and novel mono- and dichloro derivatives of dimethyltaurine, which feature improved stability.
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Carbamoylated free amino acids in uremia: HOCl generates volatile protein modifying and cytotoxic oxidant species from N-carbamoyl-threonine but not threonine. Biochimie 2012; 94:2441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Parker H, Dragunow M, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Requirements for NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophil extracellular trap formation differ depending on the stimulus. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:841-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Current viewpoints concerning the bactericidal mechanisms of neutrophils are reviewed from a perspective that emphasizes challenges presented by the inability to duplicate ex vivo the intracellular milieu. Among the challenges considered are the influences of confinement upon substrate availability and reaction dynamics, direct and indirect synergistic interactions between individual toxins, and bacterial responses to stressors. Approaches to gauging relative contributions of various oxidative and nonoxidative toxins within neutrophils using bacteria and bacterial mimics as intrinsic probes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
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Summers FA, Forsman Quigley A, Hawkins CL. Identification of proteins susceptible to thiol oxidation in endothelial cells exposed to hypochlorous acid and N-chloramines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:157-61. [PMID: 22819842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent oxidant produced by the enzyme myeloperoxidase, which is released by neutrophils under inflammatory conditions. Although important in the immune system, HOCl can also damage host tissue, which contributes to the development of disease. HOCl reacts readily with free amino groups to form N-chloramines, which also cause damage in vivo, owing to the extracellular release of myeloperoxidase and production of HOCl. HOCl and N-chloramines react readily with cellular thiols, which causes dysfunction via enzyme inactivation and modulation of redox signaling processes. In this study, the ability of HOCl and model N-chloramines produced on histamine and ammonia at inflammatory sites, to oxidize specific thiol-containing proteins in human coronary artery endothelial cells was investigated. Using a proteomics approach with the thiol-specific probe, 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, we show that several proteins including peptidylprolyl isomerase A (cyclophilin A), protein disulfide isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and galectin-1 are particularly sensitive to oxidation by HOCl and N-chloramines formed at inflammatory sites. This will contribute to cellular dysfunction and may play a role in inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Summers
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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Pattison DI, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Reactions and reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants: Differential biological effects of hypochlorous and hypothiocyanous acids. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:975-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.667566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Laingam S, Froscio SM, Bull RJ, Humpage AR. In vitro toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of disinfection by-products, organic N-chloramines. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:83-93. [PMID: 22403827 DOI: 10.1002/em.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are of concern to both water industries and health authorities. Although several classes of DBPs have been studied, and there are regulated safe levels in disinfected water for some, a large portion of DBPs are not characterized, and need further investigation. Organic N-chloramines are a group of DBPs, which can be formed during common disinfection processes such as chlorination and chloramination, but little is known in terms of their toxicological significance if consumed in drinking water. Only a few in vitro studies using bacterial assays have reported some genotoxic potential of organic N-chloramines, largely in the context of inflammatory processes in the body rather than exposure through drinking water. In this study, we investigated 16 organic N-chloramines produced by chlorination of model amino acids and amines. It was found that within the drinking water-relevant micromolar concentration range, four compounds were both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. A small reduction of cellular GSH was also observed in the treatment with these four compounds, but not of a magnitude to account for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The results presented in this study demonstrate that some organic N-chloramines, at low concentrations that might be present in disinfected water, can be harmful to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laingam
- Australian Water Quality Centre, 250 Victoria Square, SA 5000, Australia
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Robaszkiewicz A, Bartosz G, Soszynski M. Detection of 3-chlorinated tyrosine residues in human cells by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2011; 369:141-5. [PMID: 21620854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorite is a strong oxidant, generated under pathological conditions, with the potency to introduce chlorine atom into a number of molecules. 3-Chloro- and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine are documented to be generated by this oxidant and their elevated levels were found in many diseases. Thus, we decided to check the possibility of use of FITC-conjugated antibodies for flow cytometric detection of 3-chlorotyrosine residues in human cells (A549, MCF-7, HUVEC-ST) exposed to the action of hypochlorite. Additionally, we compared the effects of chlorohydrins and N-chloroamino acids as chlorine donors. Cell fixation and permeabilization was followed by incubation with rabbit polyclonal anti-3-chlorotyrosine primary antibody and subsequent staining with goat anti-rabbit FITC-labeled secondary antibody. For antibody isotypic control, normal rabbit IgG was employed. Hypochlorite appeared to be the most efficient from the chlorocompounds analyzed in chlorotyrozine generation in all cell lines. Statistically significant increase of fluorescence corresponding to the level of 3-chlorotyrosine residues was found in cells treated with hypochlorite even at non-toxic concentrations (<5μM). This effect was not observed in cells exposed to the action of chlorinated amino acids or chlorohydrins. The use of anti-3-chlorotyrosine antibodies in conjunction with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies analysis allows for detection of 3-chlorotyrosine residues by flow cytometry in cells treated with low doses of hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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O’Reilly RJ, Karton A, Radom L. Effect of Substituents on the Strength of N–X (X = H, F, and Cl) Bond Dissociation Energies: A High-Level Quantum Chemical Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5496-504. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. O’Reilly
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Pattison DI, O'Reilly RJ, Skaff O, Radom L, Anderson RF, Davies MJ. One-electron reduction of N-chlorinated and N-brominated species is a source of radicals and bromine atom formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:371-82. [PMID: 21344936 DOI: 10.1021/tx100325z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous (HOCl) and hypobromous (HOBr) acids are strong bactericidal oxidants that are generated by the human immune system but are implicated in the development of many human inflammatory diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, asthma). These oxidants react readily with sulfur- and nitrogen-containing nucleophiles, with the latter generating N-halogenated species (e.g., chloramines/bromamines (RR'NX; X = Cl, Br)) as initial products. Redox-active metal ions and superoxide radicals (O(2)(•-)) can reduce N-halogenated species to nitrogen- and carbon-centered radicals. N-Halogenated species and O(2)(•-) are generated simultaneously at sites of inflammation, but the significance of their interactions remains unclear. In the present study, rate constants for the reduction of N-halogenated amines, amides, and imides to model potential biological substrates have been determined. Hydrated electrons reduce these species with k(2) > 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), whereas O(2)(•-) reduced only N-halogenated imides with complex kinetics indicative of chain reactions. For N-bromoimides, heterolytic cleavage of the N-Br bond yielded bromine atoms (Br(•)), whereas for other substrates, N-centered radicals and Cl(-)/Br(-) were produced. High-level quantum chemical procedures have been used to calculate gas-phase electron affinities and aqueous solution reduction potentials. The effects of substituents on the electron affinities of aminyl, amidyl, and imidyl radicals are rationalized on the basis of differential effects on the stabilities of the radicals and anions. The calculated reduction potentials are consistent with the experimental observations, with Br(•) production predicted for N-bromosuccinimide, while halide ion formation is predicted in all other cases. These data suggest that interaction of N-halogenated species with O(2)(•-) may produce deleterious N-centered radicals and Br(•).
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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36
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Yadav AK, Doran SF, Samal AA, Sharma R, Vedagiri K, Postlethwait EM, Squadrito GL, Fanucchi MV, Roberts LJ, Patel RP, Matalon S. Mitigation of chlorine gas lung injury in rats by postexposure administration of sodium nitrite. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L362-9. [PMID: 21148791 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00278.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite (NO(2)(-)) has been shown to limit injury to the heart, liver, and kidneys in various models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Potential protective effects of systemic NO(2)(-) in limiting lung injury or enhancing repair have not been documented. We assessed the efficacy and mechanisms by which postexposure intraperitoneal injections of NO(2)(-) mitigate chlorine (Cl(2))-induced lung injury in rats. Rats were exposed to Cl(2) (400 ppm) for 30 min and returned to room air. NO(2)(-) (1 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally at 10 min and 2, 4, and 6 h after exposure. Rats were killed at 6 or 24 h. Injury to airway and alveolar epithelia was assessed by quantitative morphology, protein concentrations, number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and wet-to-dry lung weight ratio. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measurement of lung F(2)-isoprostanes. Rats developed severe, but transient, hypoxemia. A significant increase of protein concentration, neutrophil numbers, airway epithelia in the BAL, and lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was evident at 6 h after Cl(2) exposure. Quantitative morphology revealed extensive lung injury in the upper airways. Airway epithelial cells stained positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), but not caspase-3. Administration of NO(2)(-) resulted in lower BAL protein levels, significant reduction in the intensity of the TUNEL-positive cells, and normal lung wet-to-dry weight ratios. F(2)-isoprostane levels increased at 6 and 24 h after Cl(2) exposure in NO(2)(-)- and saline-injected rats. This is the first demonstration that systemic NO(2)(-) administration mitigates airway and epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Yadav
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Zhao H, Kim G, Liu C, Levine RL. Transgenic mice overexpressing methionine sulfoxide reductase A: characterization of embryonic fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:641-8. [PMID: 20510353 PMCID: PMC3391185 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methionine residues in protein can be oxidized by reactive oxygen species to generate methionine sulfoxide. Aerobic organisms have methionine sulfoxide reductases capable of reducing methionine sulfoxide back to methionine. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A acts on the S-epimer of methionine sulfoxide, and it is known that altering its cellular level by genetic ablation or overexpression has notable effects on resistance to oxidative stress and on life span in species from microorganisms to animals. In mammals, the enzyme is present in both the cytosol and the mitochondria, and this study was undertaken to assess the contribution of each subcellular compartment's reductase activity to resistance against oxidative stresses. Nontransgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts lack methionine sulfoxide reductase A activity, providing a convenient cell type to determine the effects of expression of the enzyme in each compartment. We created transgenic mice with methionine sulfoxide reductase A targeted to the cytosol, mitochondria, or both and studied embryonic fibroblasts derived from each line. Unexpectedly, none of the transgenic cells gained resistance to a variety of oxidative stresses even though the expressed enzymes were catalytically active when assayed in vitro. Noting that activity in vivo requires thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, we determined the levels of these proteins in the fibroblasts and found that they were very low in both the nontransgenic and the transgenic cells. We conclude that overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductase A did not confer resistance to oxidative stress because the cells lacked other proteins required to constitute a functional methionine sulfoxide reduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Geumsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rodney L. Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ahmed AESI, Wardell JN, Thumser AE, Avignone-Rossa CA, Cavalli G, Hay JN, Bushell ME. Metabolomic profiling can differentiate between bactericidal effects of free and polymer bound halogen. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Song W, Wei S, Zhou Y, Lazrak A, Liu G, Londino JD, Squadrito GL, Matalon S. Inhibition of lung fluid clearance and epithelial Na+ channels by chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and chloramines. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9716-9728. [PMID: 20106988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.073981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms by which chlorine (Cl(2)) and its reactive byproducts inhibit Na(+)-dependent alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in vivo and the activity of amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC) by measuring AFC in mice exposed to Cl(2) (0-500 ppm for 30 min) and Na(+) and amiloride-sensitive currents (I(Na) and I(amil), respectively) across Xenopus oocytes expressing human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC incubated with HOCl (1-2000 microm). Both Cl(2) and HOCl-derived products decreased AFC in mice and whole cell and single channel I(Na) in a dose-dependent manner; these effects were counteracted by serine proteases. Mass spectrometry analysis of the oocyte recording medium identified organic chloramines formed by the interaction of HOCl with HEPES (used as an extracellular buffer). In addition, chloramines formed by the interaction of HOCl with taurine or glycine decreased I(Na) in a similar fashion. Preincubation of oocytes with serine proteases prevented the decrease of I(Na) by HOCl, whereas perfusion of oocytes with a synthetic 51-mer peptide corresponding to the putative furin and plasmin cleaving segment in the gamma-ENaC subunit restored the ability of HOCl to inhibit I(Na). Finally, I(Na) of oocytes expressing wild type alpha- and gamma-ENaC and a mutant form of beta ENaC (S520K), known to result in ENaC channels locked in the open position, were not altered by HOCl. We concluded that HOCl and its reactive intermediates (such as organic chloramines) inhibit ENaC by affecting channel gating, which could be relieved by proteases cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Song
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Shipeng Wei
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Gang Liu
- Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - James D Londino
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Giuseppe L Squadrito
- Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Environmental Health Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Centers for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35205; Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205.
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Gottardi W, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine, a natural antiseptic with outstanding tolerability. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:399-409. [PMID: 20053689 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine, the N-chloro derivative of the amino acid taurine, is a long-lived oxidant produced by activated human granulocytes and monocytes. Supported by a high number of in vitro studies, it has mainly anti-inflammatory properties and seems to be involved in the termination of inflammation. The successful synthesis of the crystalline sodium salt (Cl-HN-CH(2)-CH(2)-SO(3)Na, NCT) facilitated its development as an endogenous antiseptic. NCT can be stored long-term at low temperatures, and it has killing activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. Transfer of the active chlorine to amino groups of molecules of both the pathogens and the human body (transhalogenation) enhances rather than decreases its activity, mainly because of the formation of monochloramine. Furthermore, surface chlorination after sublethal incubation times in NCT leads to a post-antibiotic effect and loss of virulence of pathogens, as demonstrated for bacteria and yeasts. Being a mild oxidant, NCT proved to be very well tolerated by human tissue in Phase I and II clinical studies. A 1% aqueous solution can be applied to the eye, skin ulcerations, outer ear canal, nasal and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity and urinary bladder, and can probably be used for inhalation. Therapeutic efficacy in Phase II studies has been shown in external otitis, purulently coated crural ulcerations and keratoconjunctivitis, so far. Based upon all presently available data, NCT seems to be an antiseptic with a very good relation between tolerability and activity. Recently, C-methylated derivatives of NCT have been invented, which are of interest because of improved stability at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Gottardi
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Balk JM, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Evaluation of the accuracy of antioxidant competition assays: incorrect assumptions with major impact. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:135-44. [PMID: 19362587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The activity of antioxidants is frequently determined in competition assays. In these assays an antioxidant (A) and a detector molecule (D) compete for the reactive species (R). The competitive inhibitory effect of A on the reaction of D with R is a measure of the antioxidant activity of A. In determining the activity of A, it is in general incorrectly assumed that the concentrations of A and D remain equal to the initial concentration. However, the principle of the assay is that some A and D is consumed and consequently the concentrations of A and D will decrease during a competition assay, resulting in a deviation in the observed antioxidant activity. Computer modeling was used to obtain a graphical tool to estimate the extent of the deviation caused by the incorrect assumption that the concentrations of A and D do not decrease. Several competition assays were evaluated using this graphical tool, demonstrating that frequently inaccurate antioxidant activities have been reported. In general, differences between antioxidants are underestimated and the activity of all antioxidants shifts toward the antioxidant activity of D. A strategy is provided to improve the accuracy of a competition assay. To obtain accurate results in a competition assay, the reaction rate constant of the detector molecule with the reactive species should be comparable to that of the antioxidant. In addition, the concentration of the reactive species should be as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska M Balk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Calvo P, Crugeiras J, Ríos A. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Barriers to Chlorine Transfer between Amines in Aqueous Solution. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5381-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Calvo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Crugeiras
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Ríos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pattison DI, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. What Are the Plasma Targets of the Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid? A Kinetic Modeling Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:807-17. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David I. Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Clare L. Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Michael J. Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Heller A. Apoptosis-inducing high (.)NO concentrations are not sustained either in nascent or in developed cancers. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1493-9. [PMID: 18759245 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide ((.)NO) induces apoptosis at high concentrations by S-nitrosating proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This literature analysis revealed that failure to sustain high (.)NO concentrations is common to all cancers. In cervical, gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, the cause of this failure is the inadequate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting from the inhibition of iNOS expression by TGF-beta1 at the mRNA level. In bladder, renal, and prostate cancer, the reason for the insufficient (.)NO levels is the depletion of arginine, resulting from arginase overexpression. Arginase competes with iNOS for arginine, catalyzing its hydrolysis to ornithine and urea. In gliomas and ovarian sarcomas, low (.)NO levels are caused by inhibition of iNOS by N-chlorotaurine, produced by infiltrating neutrophils. Stimulated neutrophils express myeloperoxidase, catalyzing H2O2 oxidation of Cl- to HOCl, which N-chlorinates taurine at its concentration of 19 mM in neutrophils. In squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, ovarian cancers, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and breast cancers, low (.)NO concentrations arise from the inhibition of iNOS by N-bromotaurine, produced by eosinophil-peroxidase-expressing infiltrating eosinophils. Eosinophil peroxidase catalyzes the H2O2 oxidation of Br- to HOBr, which N-brominates taurine to N-bromotaurine at its concentration of 15 mM in eosinophils. In microvascularized tumors, the (.)NO concentration is further depleted; (.)NO is rapidly consumed by red blood cells (RBCs) through S-nitrosation of RBC glutathione and hemoglobin, and by oxidation to nitrate by RBC oxyhemoglobin. Angiogenesis-inhibiting antibodies are currently used to treat cancers; their mode of action is not, as previously thought, reduction of the tumor O2 or nutrient supply. They actually decrease the loss of (.)NO to RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Winterbourn CC, Hampton MB. Thiol chemistry and specificity in redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:549-61. [PMID: 18544350 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to sublethal oxidative stress results in the modulation of various signaling pathways. Oxidants can activate and inactivate transcription factors, membrane channels, and metabolic enzymes, and regulate calcium-dependent and phosphorylation signaling pathways. Oxidation and reduction of thiol proteins are thought to be the major mechanisms by which reactive oxidants integrate into cellular signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on mechanisms for sensing and transmitting redox signals, from the perspective of their chemical reactivity with specific oxidants. We discuss substrate preferences for different oxidants and how the kinetics of these reactions determines how each oxidant will react in a cell. This kinetic approach helps to identify initial oxidant-sensitive targets and elucidate mechanisms involved in transmission of redox signals. It indicates that only those proteins with very high reactivity, such as peroxiredoxins, are likely to be direct targets for hydrogen peroxide. Other more modestly reactive thiol proteins such as protein tyrosine phosphatases are more likely to become oxidized by an indirect mechanism. The review also examines oxidative changes observed during receptor-mediated signaling, the strengths and limitations of detection methods for reactive oxidant production, and the evidence for hydrogen peroxide acting as the second messenger. We discuss areas where observations in cell systems can be rationalized with the reactivity of specific oxidants and where further work is needed to understand the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Free Radical Research Group and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Skaff O, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. The vinyl ether linkages of plasmalogens are favored targets for myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants: a kinetic study. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8237-45. [PMID: 18605737 DOI: 10.1021/bi800786q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, which contain a vinyl ether bond, are major phospholipids of the plasma membranes of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes. These lipids, in contrast to other phospholipids, have been reported to be targets of HOCl/HOBr generated by myeloperoxidase, with elevated levels of the products of these reactions (alpha-chloro/alpha-bromo aldehydes and unsaturated lysophospholipids) having been detected in human atherosclerotic lesions. The reason(s) for the targeting of this lipid class, over other phospholipids, is poorly understood, and is examined here. It is shown that HOCl and HOBr react with a model vinyl ether (ethylene glycol vinyl ether) 200-300-fold faster ( k = 1.6 x 10 (3) and 3.5 x 10 (6) M (-1) s (-1), respectively) than with aliphatic alkenes (models of phospholipids). True plasmalogens react ca. 20-fold slower than the models. Chloramines and bromamines (from reaction of HOCl/HOBr with primary amines and alpha-amino groups) also react with vinyl ethers, unlike aliphatic alkenes, with k = 10 (-3)-10 (2) M (-1) s (-1) for chloramines (with the His side chain chloramine being the most reactive, k = 172 M (-1) s (-1)) and k = 10 (3)-10 (4) M (-1) s (-1) for bromamines. The bromamine rate constants are typically 10 (5)-10 (6) larger than those of the chloramines. Intermolecular vinyl ether oxidation by phospholipid headgroup bromamines can also occur. These kinetic data indicate that plasmalogens are significantly more susceptible to oxidation than the aliphatic alkenes of phospholipids, thereby rationalizing the detection of products from the former, but not the latter, in human atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojia Skaff
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Midwinter RG, Cheah FC, Moskovitz J, Vissers MC, Winterbourn CC. IkappaB is a sensitive target for oxidation by cell-permeable chloramines: inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by glycine chloramine through methionine oxidation. Biochem J 2006; 396:71-8. [PMID: 16405428 PMCID: PMC1450002 DOI: 10.1042/bj20052026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is produced by the neutrophil enzyme, myeloperoxidase, and reacts with amines to generate chloramines. These oxidants react readily with thiols and methionine and can affect cell-regulatory pathways. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of HOCl, glycine chloramine (Gly-Cl) and taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) to oxidize IkappaBalpha, the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), and to prevent activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in Jurkat cells. Glycine chloramine (Gly-Cl) and HOCl were permeable to the cells as determined by oxidation of intracellular GSH and inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, whereas Tau-Cl showed no detectable cell permeability. Both Gly-Cl (20-200 muM) and HOCl (50 microM) caused oxidation of IkappaBalpha methionine, measured by a shift in electrophoretic mobility, when added to the cells in Hanks buffer. In contrast, a high concentration of Tau-Cl (1 mM) in Hanks buffer had no effect. However, Tau-Cl in full medium did modify IkappaBalpha. This we attribute to chlorine exchange with other amines in the medium to form more permeable chloramines. Oxidation by Gly-Cl prevented IkappaBalpha degradation in cells treated with TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha) and inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. IkappaBalpha modification was reversed by methionine sulphoxide reductase, with both A and B forms required for complete reduction. Oxidized IkappaBalpha persisted intracellularly for up to 6 h. Reversion occurred in the presence of cycloheximide, but was prevented if thioredoxin reductase was inhibited, suggesting that it was due to endogenous methionine sulphoxide reductase activity. These results show that cell-permeable chloramines, either directly or when formed in medium, could regulate NF-kappaB activation via reversible IkappaBalpha oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn G Midwinter
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Gloire G, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J. NF-kappaB activation by reactive oxygen species: fifteen years later. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1493-505. [PMID: 16723122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a major role in coordinating innate and adaptative immunity, cellular proliferation, apoptosis and development. Since the discovery in 1991 that NF-kappaB may be activated by H(2)O(2), several laboratories have put a considerable effort into dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying this activation. Whereas early studies revealed an atypical mechanism of activation, leading to IkappaBalpha Y42 phosphorylation independently of IkappaB kinase (IKK), recent findings suggest that H(2)O(2) activates NF-kappaB mainly through the classical IKK-dependent pathway. The molecular mechanisms leading to IKK activation are, however, cell-type specific and will be presented here. In this review, we also describe the effect of other ROS (HOCl and (1)O(2)) and reactive nitrogen species on NF-kappaB activation. Finally, we critically review the recent data highlighting the role of ROS in NF-kappaB activation by proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), two major components of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gloire
- Center for Biomedical Integrated Genoproteomics (CBIG), Virology and Immunology Unit, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Malle E, Marsche G, Arnhold J, Davies MJ. Modification of low-density lipoprotein by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants and reagent hypochlorous acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:392-415. [PMID: 16698314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the notion that oxidative processes contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The nature of the oxidants that give rise to the elevated levels of oxidised lipids and proteins, and decreased levels of antioxidants, detected in human atherosclerotic lesions are, however, unclear, with multiple species having been invoked. Over the last few years, considerable data have been obtained in support of the hypothesis that oxidants generated by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase play a key role in oxidation reactions in the artery wall. In this article, the evidence for a role of myeloperoxidase, and oxidants generated therefrom, in the modification of low-density lipoprotein, the major source of lipids in atherosclerotic lesions, is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the reactions of the reactive species generated by this enzyme, the mechanisms and sites of damage, the role of modification of the different components of low-density lipoprotein, and the biological consequences of such oxidation on cell types present in the artery wall and in the circulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Malle
- Medical University Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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