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Jacques MT, Soares MV, Farina M, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Ávila DS. Impaired Physiological Responses and Neurotoxicity Induced by a Chlorpyrifos-Based Formulation in Caenorhabditis elegans are not Solely Dependent on the Active Ingredient. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104196. [PMID: 37354962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The current massive and indiscriminate agrochemicals usage, which is inexorably linked to the toxic consequences to the environment and people, represents a great concern. Our work aimed to compare the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in its pure form (CPF) with that of a commercial formulation containing allegedly inert ingredients (CBCF) using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model. After a 48h exposure period, CBCF was 14 times more lethal than CPF; Hatching, brood size, body length and motor-related behavioral parameters were decreased, but these effects were significantly higher in CBCF-exposed worms. Additionally, CBCF induced significant morphological changes in cholinergic neurons, which are associated with the motor-related behavioral parameters. Finally, by analyzing the CBCF, were detected the presence of potentially-toxic metals that were not specified in the label. The presented results highlight the toxicological relevance of components present in the commercial formulations of pesticides, which have been claimed as inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Neuroprotection Experimental, Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Silswal A, Weslie P, Koner AL. Bioimaging of labile lysosomal iron through naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe. Talanta 2023; 254:124147. [PMID: 36470016 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal labile iron detection is immensely important as it is related to various diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cell apoptosis like ferroptosis. The fluorescent-based detection methods are preferred due to their sensitive, non-invasive, and spatial-temporal detection in biological samples. However, this remains a great challenge due to the lysosomal compartment being acidic alters the photophysical properties of the probe. Herein, we have rationally designed and synthesized multi-component naphthalimide-based fluorescent marker with preferred optical properties and bio-compatibility for selective detection of labile iron present in the lysosomal compartment. The synthesized probe was characterized structurally and optically by NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-visible, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The developed probe with an appropriate linking strategy turns out to be tolerant to fluorescence alternation in lysosomal pH. The probe exhibits great selectivity and high sensitivity for Fe(III) with limit of detection of 0.44 μM and is also able to detect Fenton-type reactions. Further, the probe has been successfully applied for lysosomal imaging and detecting labile Fe(III) present in the lysosomal lumen of the live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Silswal
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Paersis Weslie
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Quevarec L, Réale D, Dufourcq-Sekatcheff E, Armant O, Adam-Guillermin C, Bonzom JM. Ionizing radiation affects the demography and the evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans populations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114353. [PMID: 36516628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can reduce survival, reproduction and affect development, and lead to the extinction of populations if their evolutionary response is insufficient. However, demographic and evolutionary studies on the effects of ionizing radiation are still scarce. Using an experimental evolution approach, we analyzed population growth rate and associated change in life history traits across generations in Caenorhabditis elegans populations exposed to 0, 1.4, and 50.0 mGy.h-1 of ionizing radiation (gamma external irradiation). We found a higher population growth rate in the 1.4 mGy.h-1 treatment and a lower in the 50.0 mGy.h-1 treatment compared to the control. Realized fecundity was lower in both 1.4 and 50.0 mGy.h-1 than control treatment. High irradiation levels decreased brood size from self-fertilized hermaphrodites, specifically early brood size. Finally, high irradiation levels decreased hatching success compared to the control condition. In reciprocal-transplant experiments, we found that life in low irradiation conditions led to the evolution of higher hatching success and late brood size. These changes could provide better tolerance against ionizing radiation, investing more in self-maintenance than in reproduction. These evolutionary changes were with some costs of adaptation. This study shows that ionizing radiation has both demographic and evolutionary consequences on populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Quevarec
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France.
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Dufourcq-Sekatcheff
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Cadarache 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonzom
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache 13115, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France.
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Small-Molecule Mn Antioxidants in Caenorhabditis elegans and Deinococcus radiodurans Supplant MnSOD Enzymes during Aging and Irradiation. mBio 2022; 13:e0339421. [PMID: 35012337 PMCID: PMC8749422 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03394-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Denham Harman's oxidative damage theory identifies superoxide (O2•-) radicals as central agents of aging and radiation injury, with Mn2+-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as the principal O2•--scavenger. However, in the radiation-resistant nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme MnSOD is dispensable for longevity, and in the model bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, it is dispensable for radiation resistance. Many radiation-resistant organisms accumulate small-molecule Mn2+-antioxidant complexes well-known for their catalytic ability to scavenge O2•-, along with MnSOD, as exemplified by D. radiodurans. Here, we report experiments that relate the MnSOD and Mn-antioxidant content to aging and oxidative stress resistances and which indicate that C. elegans, like D. radiodurans, may rely on Mn-antioxidant complexes as the primary defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Wild-type and ΔMnSOD D. radiodurans and C. elegans were monitored for gamma radiation sensitivities over their life spans while gauging Mn2+-antioxidant content by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, a powerful new approach to determining the in vivo Mn-antioxidant content of cells as they age. As with D. radiodurans, MnSOD is dispensable for radiation survivability in C. elegans, which hyperaccumulates Mn-antioxidants exceptionally protective of proteins. Unexpectedly, ΔMnSOD mutants of both the nematodes and bacteria exhibited increased gamma radiation survival compared to the wild-type. In contrast, the loss of MnSOD renders radiation-resistant bacteria sensitive to atmospheric oxygen during desiccation. Our results support the concept that the disparate responses to oxidative stress are explained by the accumulation of Mn-antioxidant complexes which protect, complement, and can even supplant MnSOD. IMPORTANCE The current theory of cellular defense against oxidative damage identifies antioxidant enzymes as primary defenders against ROS, with MnSOD being the preeminent superoxide (O2•-) scavenger. However, MnSOD is shown to be dispensable both for radiation resistance and longevity in model organisms, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, small-molecule Mn-antioxidant content was shown to decline in unison with age-related decreases in cell proliferation and radioresistance, which again are independent of MnSOD presence. Most notably, the Mn-antioxidant content of C. elegans drops precipitously in the last third of its life span, which links with reports that the steady-state level of oxidized proteins increases exponentially during the last third of the life span in animals. This leads us to propose that global responses to oxidative stress must be understood through an extended theory that includes small-molecule Mn-antioxidants as potent O2•--scavengers that complement, and can even supplant, MnSOD.
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Zhang H, Liu T, Song X, Zhou Q, Tang J, Sun Q, Pu Y, Yin L, Zhang J. Study on the reproductive toxicity and mechanism of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112896. [PMID: 34673412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), a typical alkyl organophosphate ester is widely used as an emerging flame retardant for polybrominated diphenyl ethers alternatives, but the potential toxicity and mechanism are unclear. In this study, the reproductive toxicity of TnBP and its related mechanisms were explored using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. After TnBP (100-1000 μg/L) exposure, brood size and the number of fertilized eggs in the uterus in C. elegans were significantly reduced, the relative area of gonad arm and the number of total germline cells in C. elegans were significantly reduced, germ cell apoptosis and germ cell DNA damage in C. elegans were significantly increased, the level of ROS in C. elegans was significantly increased. Furthermore, TnBP exposure caused abnormal gene expressions of cell apoptosis (ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3), DNA damage (hus-1, clk-2, cep-1 and egl-1) and oxidative stress (mev-1 and gas-1). TnBP exposure can lead to reproductive ability decreased and gonad development impaired in C. elegans, the mechanism of TnBP reduced reproductive ability may be related to germ cell apoptosis, germ cell DNA damage and oxidative stress. Environmental exposure to TnBP may have potential reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuelong Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qinyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qianyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Poddar D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL, Palmer J, Ainscough EW, Singh H, Haverkamp RG, Jameson GB. Manganese accumulation in probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 55544 analyzed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and impact of accumulation on the bacterial viability following encapsulation. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110528. [PMID: 34399506 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus spp. are known to accumulate large amounts of inorganic manganese, which protects against oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. The ability of probiotic L. paracasei ATCC 55544 to maintain viability during long-term ambient storage may be enhanced by this microorganism's ability to accumulate manganese, which may act as a free radical scavenger. To investigate this hypothesis, X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) was employed to determine the changes in the elemental composition of L. paracasei during growth in the MRS medium with or without added manganese. Moreover, manganese uptake by cells as a function of physiological growth state, early log vs. stationary phase was evaluated. The semiquantitative X-ray fluorescence microscopy results revealed that lower levels of manganese accumulation occurred during the early log phase of bacterial growth of L. paracasei cells (0.0064 µg/cm2) compared with the stationary phase cells (0.1355 µg/cm2). L. paracasei cells grown in manganese deficient MRS medium resulted in lower manganese uptake by cells (0.0027 µg/cm2). The L. paracasei cells were further embedded in milk powder matrix using a fluidized-bed drying technique and stored at a water activity (aw) of 0.33 at 25 °C for 15 days. The viability counts of L. paracasei cells grown in MRS medium harvested after 18 h growth and embedded in milk powder matrix retained viability of (9.19 ± 0.12 log CFU/g). No viable L. paracasei cells were observed in the case of embedded L. paracasei cells grown in manganese-deficient MRS medium harvested after 18 h growth or in the case of L. paracasei cells harvested after 4 h when grown in MRS medium. The lower level of manganese accumulation was found to be related to the loss of bacterial viability during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devastotra Poddar
- Department of Nutrition, Belda College, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric W Ainscough
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Haverkamp
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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7
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Zhao YQ, Duan J, Yu L, Kim I, Wang Y, Ma YC, Zou CG, Zhou Y, Zhang JF, Kim JS. Metabolic iron detection through divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin mediated cocktail fluorogenic probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7902-7905. [PMID: 34286752 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cocktail [1 + 2] dual-fluorescent probe system was developed to realize the real-time visualization of dynamic iron state changes between Fe2+ and Fe3+ at the cellular level and in multicellular organisms, providing insights into the effect of DMT1 and ferroportin on iron regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Jiahong Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Le Yu
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ilwha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Yumin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Feng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Nakayama S, Sugano SS, Hirokawa H, Mori IC, Daimon H, Kimura S, Fukao Y. Manganese Treatment Alleviates Zinc Deficiency Symptoms in Arabidopsis Seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1711-1723. [PMID: 32678906 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypes caused by mineral deficiencies differ depending on growth conditions. We recently reported that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana was severely inhibited on MGRL-based zinc (Zn)-deficient medium but not on Murashige-Skoog-based Zn-deficient medium. Here, we explored the underlying reason for the phenotypic differences in Arabidopsis grown on the different media. The root growth and chlorophyll contents reduced by Zn deficiency were rescued by the addition of extra manganese (Mn) during short-term growth (10 or 14 d). However, this treatment did not affect the growth recovery after long-term growth (38 d). To investigate the reason for plant recovery from Zn deficiency, we performed the RNA-seq analysis of the roots grown on the Zn-basal medium and the Zn-depleted medium with/without additional Mn. Principal component analysis of the RNA-seq data showed that the gene expression patterns of plants on the Zn-basal medium were similar to those on the Zn-depleted medium with Mn, whereas those on the Zn-depleted medium without Mn were different from the others. The expression of several transcription factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes was upregulated in only plants on the Zn-depleted medium without Mn. Consistent with the gene expression data, ROS accumulation in the roots grown on this medium was higher than those grown in other conditions. These results suggest that plants accumulate ROS and reduce their biomass under undesirable growth conditions, such as Zn depletion. Taken together, this study shows that the addition of extra Mn to the Zn-depleted medium induces transcriptional changes in ROS-related genes, thereby alleviating short-term growth inhibition due to Zn deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Nakayama
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Haruna Hirokawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daimon
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani, Ohe, Seta, Ohtsu, Shiga, 520-2194 Japan
| | - Sachie Kimura
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
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Taylor CA, Tuschl K, Nicolai MM, Bornhorst J, Gubert P, Varão AM, Aschner M, Smith DR, Mukhopadhyay S. Maintaining Translational Relevance in Animal Models of Manganese Neurotoxicity. J Nutr 2020; 150:1360-1369. [PMID: 32211802 PMCID: PMC7269748 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese is an essential metal, but elevated brain Mn concentrations produce a parkinsonian-like movement disorder in adults and fine motor, attentional, cognitive, and intellectual deficits in children. Human Mn neurotoxicity occurs owing to elevated exposure from occupational or environmental sources, defective excretion (e.g., due to cirrhosis), or loss-of-function mutations in the Mn transporters solute carrier family 30 member 10 or solute carrier family 39 member 14. Animal models are essential to study Mn neurotoxicity, but in order to be translationally relevant, such models should utilize environmentally relevant Mn exposure regimens that reproduce changes in brain Mn concentrations and neurological function evident in human patients. Here, we provide guidelines for Mn exposure in mice, rats, nematodes, and zebrafish so that brain Mn concentrations and neurobehavioral sequelae remain directly relatable to the human phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherish A Taylor
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karin Tuschl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to KT (e-mail: )
| | - Merle M Nicolai
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami-LIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Varão
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Address correspondence to SM (e-mail: )
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10
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Tang B, Tong P, Xue KS, Williams PL, Wang JS, Tang L. High-throughput assessment of toxic effects of metal mixtures of cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), and manganese(Mn) in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:232-241. [PMID: 31220657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, a class of persistent environmental toxicants, are harmful to human health. Cd and Pb are two of the most common toxic heavy metals that have been linked with cancers and malfunction of the nervous system. Notably, contamination of Mn usually coexisted with Cd and Pb in environmental and occupational settings. Studies regularly examined the toxic effects on individual metals; however, potential health and toxic effects of mixtures containing two or more heavy metals are unknown. Here, we investigated toxic effects of Cd, Pb, Mn, and their binary and ternary mixtures in the nematode Caenorhabdities elegans. The toxic outcomes, including effects on growth, reproduction, and feeding, were measured via high-throughput platform analysis. The transgenic strain BY250 with GFP in dopaminergic neurons was used to explore the neurodegenerative effects induced by single metals or their mixtures. The combination index(CI) for mixtures effect was calculated using isobolograms methods. Following the exposure, we found significant toxic effects in C. elegans. For single metals, the toxicity order for growth, reproduction, and feeding were Pb > Cd > Mn. For mixtures, the mixture of Cd + Mn induced a less than addictive effect in C. elegans, whereas the mixtures of Cd + Pb, Pb + Mn, and Cd + Pb + Mn induced greater-than-additive effects. Both single metals and their mixtures induced abnormality in dopaminergic neurons. These results showed combinative toxic and neurodegenerative effects of heavy metal mixtures, and future studies will focus on characterization of concentration-response patterns and identification of potential molecular mechanisms in C. elegans model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Phillip L Williams
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Quiñone D, Veiga N, Torres J, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Kremer C. Self-Assembly of Manganese(II)-Phytate Coordination Polymers: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physicochemical Properties. Chempluschem 2017; 82:721-731. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Quiñone
- Departamento Estrella Campos; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Departamento Estrella Campos; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Julia Torres
- Departamento Estrella Campos; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Universitá degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia, 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Universitá degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia, 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Carlos Kremer
- Departamento Estrella Campos; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; General Flores 2124 Montevideo Uruguay
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Soares FA, Fagundez DA, Avila DS. Neurodegeneration Induced by Metals in Caenorhabditis elegans. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:355-383. [PMID: 28889277 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metals are a component of a variety of ecosystems and organisms. They can generally be divided into essential and nonessential metals. The essential metals are involved in physiological processes once the deficiency of these metals has been associated with diseases. Although iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are important for life, it has been evidenced that they are also involved in neuronal damage in many neurodegenerative disorders. Nonessential metals, which are metals without physiological functions, are present in trace or higher levels in living organisms. Occupational, environmental, or deliberate exposures to lead, mercury, aluminum, and cadmium are clearly correlated with the increase of toxicity and varied kinds of pathological situations. Actually, the field of neurotoxicology needs to satisfy two opposing demands: the testing of a growing list of chemicals and resource limitations and ethical concerns associated with testing using traditional mammalian species. Toxicological assays using alternative animal models may relieve some of this pressure by allowing testing of more compounds while reducing expenses and using fewer mammals. The nervous system is by far the more complex system in C. elegans. Almost a third of their cells are neurons (302 neurons versus 959 cells in adult hermaphrodite). It initially underwent extensive development as a model organism in order to study the nervous system, and its neuronal lineage and the complete wiring diagram of its nervous system are stereotyped and fully described. The neurotransmission systems are phylogenetically conserved from nematodes to vertebrates, which allows for findings from C. elegans to be extrapolated and further confirmed in vertebrate systems. Different strains of C. elegans offer a new perspective on neurodegenerative processes. Some genes have been found to be related to neurodegeneration induced by metals. Studying these interactions may be an effective tool to slow neuronal loss and deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daiana Silva Avila
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, 97508-000, Brazil.
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Reversible reprotoxic effects of manganese through DAF-16 transcription factor activation and vitellogenin downregulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci 2016; 151:218-223. [PMID: 26972607 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vitellogenesis is the yolk production process which provides the essential nutrients for the developing embryos. Yolk is a lipoprotein particle that presents lipids and lipid-binding proteins, referred to as vitellogenins (VIT). The Caenorhabditis elegans nematode has six genes encoding VIT lipoproteins. Several pathways are known to regulate vitellogenesis, including the DAF-16 transcription factor. Some reports have shown that heavy metals, such as manganese (Mn), impair brood size in C. elegans; however the mechanisms associated with this effect have yet to be identified. Our aim was to evaluate Mn's effects on C. elegans reproduction and better understand the pathways related to these effects. MAIN METHODS Young adult larval stage worms were treated for 4h with Mn in 85mM NaCl and Escherichia coli OP50 medium. KEY FINDINGS Mn reduced egg-production and egg-laying during the first 24h after the treatment, although the total number of progenies were indistinguishable from the control group levels. This delay may have occurred due to DAF-16 activation, which was noted only after the treatment and was not apparent 24h later. Moreover, the expression, protein levels and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence associated with VIT were decreased soon after Mn treatment and recovered after 24h. SIGNIFICANCE Combined, these data suggest that the delay in egg-production is likely regulated by DAF-16 and followed by the inhibition of VIT transport activity. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms associated with Mn-induced DAF-16 activation.
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Ganio K, James SA, Hare DJ, Roberts BR, McColl G. Accurate biometal quantification per individual Caenorhabditis elegans. Analyst 2016; 141:1434-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of complementary methods to quantify biometals per individual for analytical biochemical studies using microscopic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ganio
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Simon A. James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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15
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Grimm C, Osiewacz HD. Manganese rescues adverse effects on lifespan and development in Podospora anserina challenged by excess hydrogen peroxide. Exp Gerontol 2015; 63:8-17. [PMID: 25616172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For biological systems, balancing cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is of great importance because ROS are both, essential for cellular signaling and dangerous in causing molecular damage. Cellular ROS abundance is controlled by a delicate network of molecular pathways. Within this network, superoxide dismutases (SODs) are active in disproportion of the superoxide anion leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The fungal aging model Podospora anserina encodes at least three SODs. One of these is the mitochondrial PaSOD3 isoform containing manganese as a cofactor. Previous work resulted in the selection of strains in which PaSod3 is strongly overexpressed. These strains display impairments in growth and lifespan. A computational model suggests a series of events to occur in Sod3 overexpressing strains leading to adverse effects due to elevated hydrogen peroxide levels. In an attempt to validate this model and to obtain more detailed information about the cellular responses involved in ROS balancing, we further investigated the PaSod3 overexpressing strains. Here we show that hydrogen peroxide levels are indeed strongly increased in the mutant strain. Surprisingly, this phenotype can be rescued by the addition of manganese to the growth medium. Strikingly, while we obtained no evidence for an antioxidant effect of manganese, we found that the metal is required for induction of components of the ROS scavenging network and lowers the hydrogen peroxide level of the mutant. A similar effect of manganese on lifespan reversion was obtained in wild-type strains challenged with exogenous hydrogen peroxide. It appears that manganese is limited under high hydrogen peroxide and suggests that a manganese-dependent activity leads to the induction of ROS scavenging components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Grimm
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' Frankfurt, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' Frankfurt, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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16
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Klang IM, Schilling B, Sorensen DJ, Sahu AK, Kapahi P, Andersen JK, Swoboda P, Killilea DW, Gibson BW, Lithgow GJ. Iron promotes protein insolubility and aging in C. elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:975-91. [PMID: 25554795 PMCID: PMC4276790 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many late-onset proteotoxic diseases are accompanied by a disruption in homeostasis of metals (metallostasis) including iron, copper and zinc. Although aging is the most prominent risk factor for these disorders, the impact of aging on metallostasis and its role in proteotoxic disease remain poorly understood. Moreover, it is not clear whether a loss of metallostasis influences normal aging. We have investigated the role of metallostasis in longevity ofCaenorhabditis elegans. We found that calcium, copper, iron, and manganese levels increase as a function of age, while potassium and phosphorus levels tend to decrease. Increased dietary iron significantly accelerated the age-related accumulation of insoluble protein, a molecular pathology of aging. Proteomic analysis revealed widespread effects of dietary iron in multiple organelles and tissues. Pharmacological interventions to block accumulation of specific metals attenuated many models of proteotoxicity and extended normal lifespan. Collectively, these results suggest that a loss of metallostasis with aging contributes to age-related protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. Klang
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Pankaj Kapahi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Peter Swoboda
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David W. Killilea
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Bradford W. Gibson
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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17
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Culotta VC, Daly MJ. Manganese complexes: diverse metabolic routes to oxidative stress resistance in prokaryotes and yeast. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:933-44. [PMID: 23249283 PMCID: PMC3763226 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Antioxidant enzymes are thought to provide critical protection to cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, many organisms can fully compensate for the loss of such enzymatic defenses by accumulating metabolites and Mn²⁺, which can form catalytic Mn-antioxidants. Accumulated metabolites can direct reactivity of Mn²⁺ with superoxide and specifically shield proteins from oxidative damage. RECENT ADVANCES There is mounting evidence that Mn-Pi (orthophosphate) complexes act as potent scavengers of superoxide in all three branches of life. Moreover, it is evident that Mn²⁺ in complexes with carbonates, peptides, nucleosides, and organic acids can also form catalytic Mn-antioxidants, pointing to diverse metabolic routes to oxidative stress resistance. CRITICAL ISSUES What conditions favor utility of Mn-metabolites versus enzymatic means for removing ROS? Mn²⁺-metabolite defenses are critical for preserving the activity of repair enzymes in Deinococcus radiodurans exposed to intense radiation stress, and in Lactobacillus plantarum, which lacks antioxidant enzymes. In other microorganisms, Mn-antioxidants can serve as an auxiliary protection when enzymatic antioxidants are insufficient or fail. These findings of a critical role of Mn-antioxidants in the survival of prokaryotes under oxidative stress parallel the trends developing for the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Phosphates, peptides and organic acids are just a snapshot of the types of anionic metabolites that promote such reactivity of Mn²⁺. Their probable roles in pathogen defense against the host immune response and in ROS-mediated signaling pathways are also areas that are worthy of serious investigation. Moreover, it is clear that these protective chemical processes can be harnessed for practical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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18
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Chen P, Martinez-Finley EJ, Bornhorst J, Chakraborty S, Aschner M. Metal-induced neurodegeneration in C. elegans. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:18. [PMID: 23730287 PMCID: PMC3657624 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The model species, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been used as a tool to probe for mechanisms underlying numerous neurodegenerative diseases. This use has been exploited to study neurodegeneration induced by metals. The allure of the nematode comes from the ease of genetic manipulation, the ability to fluorescently label neuronal subtypes, and the relative simplicity of the nervous system. Notably, C. elegans have approximately 60-80% of human genes and contain genes involved in metal homeostasis and transport, allowing for the study of metal-induced degeneration in the nematode. This review discusses methods to assess degeneration as well as outlines techniques for genetic manipulation and presents a comprehensive survey of the existing literature on metal-induced degeneration studies in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and the Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
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19
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Lucanic M, Lithgow GJ, Alavez S. Pharmacological lifespan extension of invertebrates. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:445-58. [PMID: 22771382 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in identifying small, drug-like compounds that slow aging in multiple species, particularly in mammals. Such compounds may prove to be useful in treating and retarding age-related disease in humans. Just as invertebrate models have been essential in helping us understand the genetic pathways that control aging, these model organisms are also proving valuable in discovering chemical compounds that influence longevity. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has numerous advantages for such studies including its short lifespan and has been exploited by a number of investigators to find compounds that impact aging. Here, we summarize the progress being made in identifying compounds that extend the lifespan of invertebrates, and introduce the challenges we face in translating this research into human therapies.
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21
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Rangel NA, Lin L, Rakariyatham K, Bach A, Trinh K, Clement MHS, Srinivasan C. Unincorporated iron pool is linked to oxidative stress and iron levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biometals 2012; 25:971-85. [PMID: 22684251 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are relatively short-lived and are difficult to measure directly; so indirect methods have been explored for measuring these transient species. One technique that has been developed using Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae systems, relies on a connection between elevated superoxide levels and the build-up of a high-spin form of iron (Fe(III)) that is detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at g = 4.3. This form of iron is referred to as "free" iron. EPR signals at g = 4.3 are commonly encountered in biological samples owing to mononuclear high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) ions in sites of low symmetry. Unincorporated iron in this study refers to this high-spin Fe(III) that is captured by desferrioxamine which is detected by EPR at g value of 4.3. Previously, we published an adaptation of Fe(III) EPR methodology that was developed for Caenorhabditis elegans, a multi-cellular organism. In the current study, we have systematically characterized various factors that modulate this unincorporated iron pool. Our results demonstrate that the unincorporated iron as monitored by Fe(III) EPR at g = 4.3 increased under conditions that were known to elevate steady-state ROS levels in vivo, including: paraquat treatment, hydrogen peroxide exposure, heat shock treatment, or exposure to higher growth temperature. Besides the exogenous inducers of oxidative stress, physiological aging, which is associated with elevated ROS and ROS-mediated macromolecular damage, also caused a build-up of this iron. In addition, increased iron availability increased the unincorporated iron pool as well as generalized oxidative stress. Overall, unincorporated iron increased under conditions of oxidative stress with no change in total iron levels. However, when total iron levels increased in vivo, an increase in both the pool of unincorporated iron and oxidative stress was observed suggesting that the status of the unincorporated iron pool is linked to oxidative stress and iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Rangel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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Liu P, He K, Li Y, Wu Q, Yang P, Wang D. Exposure to mercury causes formation of male-specific structural deficits by inducing oxidative damage in nematodes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 79:90-100. [PMID: 22209111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metal exposure causes reproductive damage in hermaphrodite nematodes, but effects of metals on male development are unclear. We here investigated the effects of mercury chloride exposure on development of males. Hg exposure severely increased the percentage of abnormal males, disrupted the development of male-specific structures, and caused high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in male tails. Pre-treatment with antioxidant (vitamin E) protected the nematodes against toxicity from Hg exposure on development of male-specific structures. The ROS production in tails was closely correlated with formation of abnormal male-specific structures in males induced by Hg exposure. Moreover, mutations of clk-1, encoding ortholog of COQ7/CAT5, and daf-2, encoding an insulin/IGF receptor, functioned in two different pathways to suppress the formation of deficits in development of male-specific structures. Thus, three different lines of evidence support our conclusion that HgCl(2) causes male structure-specific teratogenesis via production of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kewen He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Miriyala S, Spasojevic I, Tovmasyan A, Salvemini D, Vujaskovic Z, St. Clair D, Batinic-Haberle I. Manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD and its mimics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:794-814. [PMID: 22198225 PMCID: PMC3304004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased understanding of the role of mitochondria under physiological and pathological conditions parallels increased exploration of synthetic and natural compounds able to mimic MnSOD - endogenous mitochondrial antioxidant defense essential for the existence of virtually all aerobic organisms from bacteria to humans. This review describes most successful mitochondrially-targeted redox-active compounds, Mn porphyrins and MitoQ(10) in detail, and briefly addresses several other compounds that are either catalysts of O(2)(-) dismutation, or its non-catalytic scavengers, and that reportedly attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction. While not a true catalyst (SOD mimic) of O(2)(-) dismutation, MitoQ(10) oxidizes O(2)(-) to O(2) with a high rate constant. In vivo it is readily reduced to quinol, MitoQH(2), which in turn reduces ONOO(-) to NO(2), producing semiquinone radical that subsequently dismutes to MitoQ(10) and MitoQH(2), completing the "catalytic" cycle. In MitoQ(10), the redox-active unit was coupled via 10-carbon atom alkyl chain to monocationic triphenylphosphonium ion in order to reach the mitochondria. Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimics, however, were designed so that their multiple cationic charge and alkyl chains determine both their remarkable SOD potency and carry them into the mitochondria. Several animal efficacy studies such as skin carcinogenesis and UVB-mediated mtDNA damage, and subcellular distribution studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mouse heart provided unambiguous evidence that Mn porphyrins mimic the site and action of MnSOD, which in turn contributes to their efficacy in numerous in vitro and in vivo models of oxidative stress. Within a class of Mn porphyrins, lipophilic analogs are particularly effective for treating central nervous system injuries where mitochondria play key role. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Miriyala
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Daret St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Biologically relevant mechanism for catalytic superoxide removal by simple manganese compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6892-7. [PMID: 22505740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonenzymatic manganese was first shown to provide protection against superoxide toxicity in vivo in 1981, but the chemical mechanism responsible for this protection subsequently became controversial due to conflicting reports concerning the ability of Mn to catalyze superoxide disproportionation in vitro. In a recent communication, we reported that low concentrations of a simple Mn phosphate salt under physiologically relevant conditions will indeed catalyze superoxide disproportionation in vitro. We report now that two of the four Mn complexes that are expected to be most abundant in vivo, Mn phosphate and Mn carbonate, can catalyze superoxide disproportionation at physiologically relevant concentrations and pH, whereas Mn pyrophosphate and citrate complexes cannot. Additionally, the chemical mechanisms of these reactions have been studied in detail, and the rates of reactions of the catalytic removal of superoxide by Mn phosphate and carbonate have been modeled. Physiologically relevant concentrations of these compounds were found to be sufficient to mimic an effective concentration of enzymatic superoxide dismutase found in vivo. This mechanism provides a likely explanation as to how Mn combats superoxide stress in cellular systems.
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25
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Cai K, Jiang S, Ren C, He Y. Significant damage-rescuing effects of wood vinegar extract in living Caenorhabditis elegans under oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:29-36. [PMID: 21953290 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wood vinegar (WV), a byproduct from the charcoal production process, has been reported to have excellent antioxidant capability by chemical examination. However, the biological effect of WV in living animals is still unknown. In this study, a simple model organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, was used as an in vivo system to assess the biological effects of wood vinegar through the development, lifespan, brood size, germline cell apoptosis and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. RESULTS Wood vinegar extract (WVE) promoted the development, prolonged the lifespan and increased the brood size in reactive oxidative species (ROS)-sensitive mutant worms. WVE treatment rescued the effects of damage in germline cell apoptosis and SOD upregulation induced by paraquat, an ROS generator, to the control level. Additionally, WVE showed comparative ability in rescuing damage as compared with L-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. CONCLUSION WVE treatment exhibits a remedial/beneficial effect on ROS-sensitive mutant under normal cultural conditions and on wild-type worms under oxidative stress. ROS scavenging is involved in the damage-rescuing mechanism. This study will provide a basal biological and nutritional exploration for the use of WV as a functional food, and for the substitution of chemical antioxidants with side effects in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Cai
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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26
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Aguirre JD, Culotta VC. Battles with iron: manganese in oxidative stress protection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13541-8. [PMID: 22247543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.312181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox-active metal manganese plays a key role in cellular adaptation to oxidative stress. As a cofactor for manganese superoxide dismutase or through formation of non-proteinaceous manganese antioxidants, this metal can combat oxidative damage without deleterious side effects of Fenton chemistry. In either case, the antioxidant properties of manganese are vulnerable to iron. Cellular pools of iron can outcompete manganese for binding to manganese superoxide dismutase, and through Fenton chemistry, iron may counteract the benefits of non-proteinaceous manganese antioxidants. In this minireview, we highlight ways in which cells maximize the efficacy of manganese as an antioxidant in the midst of pro-oxidant iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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No evidence of elevated germline mutation accumulation under oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2011; 189:1439-47. [PMID: 21979932 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.133660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in rates of molecular evolution has been attributed to numerous, interrelated causes, including metabolic rate, body size, and generation time. Speculation concerning the influence of metabolic rate on rates of evolution often invokes the putative mutagenic effects of oxidative stress. To isolate the effects of oxidative stress on the germline from the effects of metabolic rate, generation time, and other factors, we allowed mutations to accumulate under relaxed selection for 125 generations in two strains of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the canonical wild-type strain (N2) and a mutant strain with elevated steady-state oxidative stress (mev-1). Contrary to our expectation, the mutational decline in fitness did not differ between N2 and mev-1. This result suggests that the mutagenic effects of oxidative stress in C. elegans are minor relative to the effects of other types of mutations, such as errors during DNA replication. However, mev-1 MA lines did go extinct more frequently than wild-type lines; some possible explanations for the difference in extinction rate are discussed.
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Regulation of manganese antioxidants by nutrient sensing pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2011; 189:1261-70. [PMID: 21926297 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.134007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In aerobic organisms, protection from oxidative damage involves the combined action of enzymatic and nonproteinaceous cellular factors that collectively remove harmful reactive oxygen species. One class of nonproteinaceous antioxidants includes small molecule complexes of manganese (Mn) that can scavenge superoxide anion radicals and provide a backup for superoxide dismutase enzymes. Such Mn antioxidants have been identified in diverse organisms; however, nothing regarding their physiology in the context of cellular adaptation to stress was known. Using a molecular genetic approach in Bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report that the Mn antioxidants can fall under control of the same pathways used for nutrient sensing and stress responses. Specifically, a serine/threonine PAS-kinase, Rim15p, that is known to integrate phosphate, nitrogen, and carbon sensing, can also control Mn antioxidant activity in yeast. Rim15p is negatively regulated by the phosphate-sensing kinase complex Pho80p/Pho85p and by the nitrogen-sensing Akt/S6 kinase homolog, Sch9p. We observed that loss of either of these upstream kinase sensors dramatically inhibited the potency of Mn as an antioxidant. Downstream of Rim15p are transcription factors Gis1p and the redundant Msn2/Msn4p pair that typically respond to nutrient and stress signals. Both transcription factors were found to modulate the potency of the Mn antioxidant but in opposing fashions: loss of Gis1p was seen to enhance Mn antioxidant activity whereas loss of Msn2/4p greatly suppressed it. Our observed roles for nutrient and stress response kinases and transcription factors in regulating the Mn antioxidant underscore its physiological importance in aerobic fitness.
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Wu Q, He K, Liu P, Li Y, Wang D. Association of oxidative stress with the formation of reproductive toxicity from mercury exposure on hermaphrodite nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:175-184. [PMID: 21843797 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here we selected HgCl(2) to investigate the mechanism of Hg toxicity on reproduction in hermaphrodite nematodes. Accompanied with decrease of brood size, Hg exposure caused severe deficits in egg number in uterus, egg laying and reproductive structures, including gonad arms and vulva, and formation of protruding phenotype for vulva. Meanwhile, Hg exposure induced severe stress response and oxidative damage in gonad and vulva. Pre-treatment with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, at the L2-larval stage prevented the oxidative damage and formation of reproductive deficits in Hg exposed nematodes; however, pre-treatment with paraquat, a regent generating superoxide anions, induced more severe reproductive deficits in Hg exposed nematodes. Moreover, Hg exposure increased expression of clk-2 and isp-1 genes, whose mutations decrease ROS production, and decreased expression of mev-1 and gas-1 genes, whose mutations increase ROS production. Thus, oxidative stress may be essential for the induction of reproductive deficits in Hg exposed hermaphrodite nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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30
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Li WH, Hsu FL, Liu JT, Liao VHC. The ameliorative and toxic effects of selenite on Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:812-9. [PMID: 21145367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace nutrient that has a narrow exposure window between its beneficial and detrimental effects. We investigated how selenium affected the development, fertility, and cholinergic signaling of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results showed that selenite supplementation at 0.01 and 0.05 μM accelerated development and increased the brood size, while the addition of 20 μM selenite retarded the developmental rate and decreased the brood size. We also showed that the 0.01 μM selenite-pretreated nematodes were more resistant to paralysis induced by an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb, and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, levamisole, compared to untreated worms. In contrast, 20 μM selenite-pretreated animals were more sensitive to aldicarb- and levamisole-induced paralysis compared to untreated worms. We measured the internal selenium in supplemented worms using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and the data obtained suggested that selenite added to growth medium was taken up by the worms. Taken together, these results suggest that selenite exerts both ameliorative and toxic effects on C.elegans, depending on the amount. Our investigations here thus reinforce our understanding of the ameliorative and toxic effects of selenium on development, reproduction, and cholinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Li
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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31
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Batinić-Haberle I, Rebouças JS, Spasojević I. Superoxide dismutase mimics: chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:877-918. [PMID: 20095865 PMCID: PMC2935339 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has become widely viewed as an underlying condition in a number of diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion disorders, central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and diabetes. Thus, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been actively sought. Superoxide dismutase is a first line of defense against oxidative stress under physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, the development of therapeutics aimed at mimicking superoxide dismutase was a natural maneuver. Metalloporphyrins, as well as Mn cyclic polyamines, Mn salen derivatives and nitroxides were all originally developed as SOD mimics. The same thermodynamic and electrostatic properties that make them potent SOD mimics may allow them to reduce other reactive species such as peroxynitrite, peroxynitrite-derived CO(3)(*-), peroxyl radical, and less efficiently H(2)O(2). By doing so SOD mimics can decrease both primary and secondary oxidative events, the latter arising from the inhibition of cellular transcriptional activity. To better judge the therapeutic potential and the advantage of one over the other type of compound, comparative studies of different classes of drugs in the same cellular and/or animal models are needed. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical properties and some in vivo effects observed with various classes of compounds with a special emphasis on porphyrin-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinić-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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32
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Wang D, Liu P, Yang Y, Shen L. Formation of a combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1221-1230. [PMID: 20580433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the possible formation of combined toxicity from Ca/Cd exposure on nematode lifespan. Ca exposure at concentrations more than 1.56 mM significantly reduced lifespan, accelerated aging-related declines, and induced severe stress response in wild-type nematodes. Combined Ca (25 mM)/Cd (200 microM) exposure decreased the lifespans compared to Cd (200 microM) exposure; whereas no lifespan differences were found between Ca (1.56 mM)/Cd (200 microM) exposure and Cd (200 microM) exposure. Combined Ca (25 mM)/Cd (200 microM) exposure caused a more significant induction of hsp-16.2::gfp expression, and a more severe increase in oxidative damage than Cd (200 microM) exposure. Moreover, mutation of mev-1, encoding a subunit of succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b, enhanced the combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan. Furthermore, mutation of daf-16, encoding a fork-head-family transcription factor, enhanced the combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan, and mutation of daf-2, encoding an insulin receptor-like protein, alleviated the combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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33
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Extracellular dopamine potentiates mn-induced oxidative stress, lifespan reduction, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a BLI-3-dependent manner in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2010; 6. [PMID: 20865164 PMCID: PMC2928785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)-mimicking drugs and pesticides, and more recently PD-associated gene mutations, have been studied in cell cultures and mammalian models to decipher the molecular basis of PD. Thus far, a dozen of genes have been identified that are responsible for inherited PD. However they only account for about 8% of PD cases, most of the cases likely involving environmental contributions. Environmental manganese (Mn) exposure represents an established risk factor for PD occurrence, and both PD and Mn-intoxicated patients display a characteristic extrapyramidal syndrome primarily involving dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration with shared common molecular mechanisms. To better understand the specificity of DAergic neurodegeneration, we studied Mn toxicity in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. Combining genetics and biochemical assays, we established that extracellular, and not intracellular, dopamine (DA) is responsible for Mn-induced DAergic neurodegeneration and that this process (1) requires functional DA-reuptake transporter (DAT-1) and (2) is associated with oxidative stress and lifespan reduction. Overexpression of the anti-oxidant transcription factor, SKN-1, affords protection against Mn toxicity, while the DA-dependency of Mn toxicity requires the NADPH dual-oxidase BLI-3. These results suggest that in vivo BLI-3 activity promotes the conversion of extracellular DA into toxic reactive species, which, in turn, can be taken up by DAT-1 in DAergic neurons, thus leading to oxidative stress and cell degeneration.
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34
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Probing in vivo Mn2+ speciation and oxidative stress resistance in yeast cells with electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15335-9. [PMID: 20702768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009648107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese is an essential transition metal that, among other functions, can act independently of proteins to either defend against or promote oxidative stress and disease. The majority of cellular manganese exists as low molecular-weight Mn(2+) complexes, and the balance between opposing "essential" and "toxic" roles is thought to be governed by the nature of the ligands coordinating Mn(2+). Until now, it has been impossible to determine manganese speciation within intact, viable cells, but we here report that this speciation can be probed through measurements of (1)H and (31)P electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) signal intensities for intracellular Mn(2+). Application of this approach to yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, and two pairs of yeast mutants genetically engineered to enhance or suppress the accumulation of manganese or phosphates, supports an in vivo role for the orthophosphate complex of Mn(2+) in resistance to oxidative stress, thereby corroborating in vitro studies that demonstrated superoxide dismutase activity for this species.
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35
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Wang D, Liu P, Xing X. Pre-treatment with mild UV irradiation increases the resistance of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to toxicity on locomotion behaviors from metal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:213-222. [PMID: 21787605 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation at 10J/m(2)/min induced a mild toxicity on locomotion behaviors and stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Pre-treatment with UV irradiation at 10J/m(2)/min at L2-larva stage prevented the formation of locomotion behavioral defects, and activated a noticeable reduction of stress response and oxidative damage in 50 and 100μM metal (Hg, Pb, and Cr) exposed nematodes. Pre-treatment with UV irradiation at 20J/m(2)/min caused a significant decrease of locomotion behaviors in metal exposed nematodes, and pre-treatment with mild UV irradiation could not prevent the formation of locomotion behavioral defects in 200μM metal exposed nematodes. Moreover, the adaptive response to toxicity on locomotion behaviors induced by metal exposure was not formed in mev-1 mutants. Therefore, pre-treatment to mild UV irradiation activates the cross-adaptation response to toxicity on locomotion behaviors induced by metal exposure, and this kind of adaptive response may be under the control of MEV-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
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36
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Wang D, Xing X. Pre-treatment with mild UV irradiation suppresses reproductive toxicity induced by subsequent cadmium exposure in nematodes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:423-429. [PMID: 20045190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In nematodes, 10 J/m(2)/min of UV irradiation induced a mild reproductive toxicity. Pre-treatment with UV irradiation at 10 J/m(2)/min suppressed the formation of reproductive defects, and activated a noticeable reduction of percentage of population with hsp-16.2::gfp expression, an obvious elevation of superoxide dismutase activities, and decrease of oxidative damage in 50 and 100 microM Cd exposed nematodes; however, pre-treatment with UV irradiation at 20 J/m(2)/min caused a significant decrease of brood sizes or increase of generation times in Cd-exposed nematodes. Pre-treatment with mild UV irradiation did not suppress the formation of reproductive defects in 150 microM Cd-exposed nematodes. Furthermore, the adaptive response to reproductive toxicity from Cd exposure was not observed in a reactive oxygen species sensitive mev-1(kn1) mutant. Therefore, pre-treatment with mild UV irradiation triggers the resistance to reproductive toxicity from Cd exposure by at least partially inducing adaptation to oxidative stress and through a mev-1-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China.
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37
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Wang D, Wang Y, Shen L. Confirmation of combinational effects of calcium with other metals in a paper recycling mill effluent on nematode lifespan with toxicity identification evaluation method. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:731-737. [PMID: 20608510 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We used toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method to confirm the combinational effects of identified toxic metals in a paper recycling mill effluent in inducing the decreased lifespan in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to Ca + Al caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Al; and exposure to Ca + Fe induced more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Fe. Exposure to Ca+Al+Fe caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Ca+Fe. Moreover, the baseline toxicity on lifespan was doubled by doubling the concentration of combined metals (Ca+Al+Fe) in spiking test in original effluent (oe), and lifespan defects in oe+Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematodes were more severe than that in Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematode. Therefore, Ca+Al+Fe exposure may largely explain the formation of decreased lifespan induced by the examined industrial effluent. Furthermore, the observed reduction of lifespan induced by the combination of high level of Ca with other metals may be at least partially independent of the insulin-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China.
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38
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Settivari R, LeVora J, Nass R. The divalent metal transporter homologues SMF-1/2 mediate dopamine neuron sensitivity in caenorhabditis elegans models of manganism and parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:35758-68. [PMID: 19801673 PMCID: PMC2791006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and manganism are characterized by motor deficits and a loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Epidemiological studies indicate significant correlations between manganese exposure and the propensity to develop PD. The vertebrate divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1) contributes to maintaining cellular Mn(2+) homeostasis and has recently been implicated in Fe(2+)-mediated neurodegeneration in PD. In this study we describe a novel model for manganism that incorporates the genetically tractable nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that a brief exposure to Mn(2+) increases reactive oxygen species and glutathione production, decreases oxygen consumption and head mitochondria membrane potential, and confers DA neuronal death. DA neurodegeneration is partially dependent on a putative homologue to DMT-1, SMF-1, as genetic knockdown or deletion partially inhibits the neuronal death. Mn(2+) also amplifies the DA neurotoxicity of the PD-associated protein alpha-synuclein. Furthermore, both SMF-1 and SMF-2 are expressed in DA neurons and contribute to PD-associated neurotoxicant-induced DA neuron death. These studies describe a C. elegans model for manganism and show that DMT-1 homologues contribute to Mn(2+)- and PD-associated DA neuron vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Settivari
- From the
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Center for Environmental Health, and
| | - Jennifer LeVora
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Richard Nass
- From the
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Center for Environmental Health, and
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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39
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Au C, Benedetto A, Anderson J, Labrousse A, Erikson K, Ewbank JJ, Aschner M. SMF-1, SMF-2 and SMF-3 DMT1 orthologues regulate and are regulated differentially by manganese levels in C. elegans. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7792. [PMID: 19924247 PMCID: PMC2773845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that can exert toxic effects at high concentrations, eventually leading to Parkinsonism. A major transporter of Mn in mammals is the divalent-metal transporter (DMT1). We characterize here DMT1-like proteins in the nematode C. elegans, which regulate and are regulated by Mn and iron (Fe) content. We identified three new DMT1-like genes in C. elegans: smf-1, smf-2 and smf-3. All three can functionally substitute for loss of their yeast orthologues in S. cerevisiae. In the worm, deletion of smf-1 or smf-3 led to an increased Mn tolerance, while loss of smf-2 led to increased Mn sensitivity. smf mRNA levels measured by QRT-PCR were up-regulated upon low Mn and down-regulated upon high Mn exposures. Translational GFP-fusions revealed that SMF-1 and SMF-3 strongly localize to partially overlapping apical regions of the gut epithelium, suggesting a differential role for SMF-1 and SMF-3 in Mn nutritional intake. Conversely, SMF-2 was detected in the marginal pharyngeal epithelium, possibly involved in metal-sensing. Analysis of metal content upon Mn exposure in smf mutants revealed that SMF-3 is required for normal Mn uptake, while smf-1 was dispensable. Higher smf-2 mRNA levels correlated with higher Fe content, supporting a role for SMF-2 in Fe uptake. In smf-1 and smf-3 but not in smf-2 mutants, increased Mn exposure led to decreased Fe levels, suggesting that both metals compete for transport by SMF-2. Finally, SMF-3 was post-translationally and reversibly down-regulated following Mn-exposure. In sum, we unraveled a complex interplay of transcriptional and post-translational regulations of 3 DMT1-like transporters in two adjacent tissues, which regulate metal-content in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Benedetto
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Anderson
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Labrousse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- U631, INSERM, Marseille, France
- UMR6102, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- U631, INSERM, Marseille, France
- UMR6102, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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The in vitro effects of superoxide, some commercially available antioxidants and red palm oil on sperm motility. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:695-702. [PMID: 19802000 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two commercially available superoxide scavengers, tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (Mn[III]TMPyP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as red palm oil (RPO), a natural vegetable oil, had been used to investigate their possible in vitro effects against the toxic effects of superoxide (O(2).) on human sperm motility. Semen samples were obtained from 12 normozoospermic healthy volunteer donors aged between 19 and 23 years. The O(2). donor 2,3-dimetoxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) (2.5 micromol L(-1)-100 micromol L(-1)) was added to normozoospermic post-swim-up sperm in the presence or absence of Mn(III)TMPyP (50 micromol L(-1)), SOD (50 IU) or RPO (0.1% or 0.5%). Computer-assisted semen analysis was used to analyze various motility parameters. The parameters of interest were percentage of motile cells, progressive motility, rapid cells and static cells. Concentrations of higher than 25 micromol L(-1) DMNQ were detrimental to sperm motility. Mn(III)TMPyP was able to attenuate the effect of O(2). on the motility parameters. In vitro addition of SOD and RPO showed harmful effects on sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R. Reddi
- Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Laran T. Jensen
- Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Valeria C. Culotta
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: (410) 955-4712. Fax: (410) 955-0116
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42
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Administration with Bushenkangshuai Tang alleviates UV irradiation- and oxidative stress-induced lifespan defects in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-009-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Daly MJ. A new perspective on radiation resistance based on Deinococcus radiodurans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:237-45. [PMID: 19172147 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In classical models of radiation toxicity, DNA is the molecule that is most affected by ionizing radiation (IR). However, recent data show that the amount of protein damage caused during irradiation of bacteria is better related to survival than to DNA damage. In this Opinion article, a new model is presented in which proteins are the most important target in the hierarchy of macromolecules affected by IR. A first line of defence against IR in extremely radiation-resistant bacteria might be the accumulation of manganese complexes, which can prevent the production of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species. This would allow an irradiated cell to protect sufficient enzymatic activity needed to repair DNA and survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Daly
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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44
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Reddi AR, Jensen LT, Naranuntarat A, Rosenfeld L, Leung E, Shah R, Culotta VC. The overlapping roles of manganese and Cu/Zn SOD in oxidative stress protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:154-62. [PMID: 18973803 PMCID: PMC2707084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In various organisms, high intracellular manganese provides protection against oxidative damage through unknown pathways. Herein we use a genetic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to analyze factors that promote manganese as an antioxidant in cells lacking Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1 Delta). Unlike certain bacterial systems, oxygen resistance in yeast correlates with high intracellular manganese without a lowering of iron. This manganese for antioxidant protection is provided by the Nramp transporters Smf1p and Smf2p, with Smf1p playing a major role. In fact, loss of manganese transport by Smf1p together with loss of the Pmr1p manganese pump is lethal to sod1 Delta cells despite normal manganese SOD2 activity. Manganese-phosphate complexes are excellent superoxide dismutase mimics in vitro, yet through genetic disruption of phosphate transport and storage, we observed no requirement for phosphate in manganese suppression of oxidative damage. If anything, elevated phosphate correlated with profound oxidative stress in sod1 Delta mutants. The efficacy of manganese as an antioxidant was drastically reduced in cells that hyperaccumulate phosphate without effects on Mn SOD activity. Non-SOD manganese can provide a critical backup for Cu/Zn SOD1, but only under appropriate physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R. Reddi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laran T. Jensen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amornrat Naranuntarat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leah Rosenfeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edison Leung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rishita Shah
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeria C. Culotta
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
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45
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Xiao J, Rui Q, Guo Y, Chang X, Wang D. Prolonged manganese exposure induces severe deficits in lifespan, development and reproduction possibly by altering oxidative stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:842-848. [PMID: 19803092 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the possible multiple defects induced by acute and prolonged exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) solution by monitoring the endpoints of lifespan, development, reproduction, and stress response. Our data suggest that acute exposure (6 h) to Mn did not cause severe defects of life span, development, and reproduction, similarly, no significant defect could be found in animals exposed to a low concentration of Mn (2.5 micromol/L) for 48 h. In contrast, prolonged exposure (48 h) to high Mn concentrations (75 and 200 micromol/L) resulted in significant defects of life span, development, and reproduction, as well as the increase of the percentage of population with hsp-16.2::gfp expression indicating the obvious induction of stress responses in exposed animals. Moreover, prolonged exposure (48 h) to high concentrations (75 and 200 micromol/L) of Mn decreased the expression levels of antioxidant genes of sod-1, sod-2, sod-3, and sod-4 compared to control. Therefore, prolonged exposure to high concentrations of Mn will induce the severe defects of life span, development, and reproduction in nematodes possibly by affecting the stress response and expression of antioxidant genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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46
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Compounds that confer thermal stress resistance and extended lifespan. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:882-91. [PMID: 18755260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The observation that long-lived and relatively healthy animals can be obtained by simple genetic manipulation prompts the search for chemical compounds that have similar effects. Since aging is the most important risk factor for many socially and economically important diseases, the discovery of a wide range of chemical modulators of aging in model organisms could prompt new strategies for attacking age-related disease such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders [Collins, J.J., Evason, K., Kornfeld, K., 2006. Pharmacology of delayed aging and extended lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp. Gerontol.; Floyd, R.A., 2006. Nitrones as therapeutics in age-related diseases. Aging Cell 5, 51-57; Gill, M.S., 2006. Endocrine targets for pharmacological intervention in aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 5, 23-30; Hefti, F.F., Bales, R., 2006. Regulatory issues in aging pharmacology. Aging Cell 5, 3-8]. Resistance to multiple types of stress is a common trait in long-lived genetic variants of a number of species; therefore, we have tested compounds that act as stress response mimetics. We have focused on compounds with antioxidant properties and identified those that confer thermal stress resistance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Some of these compounds (lipoic acid, propyl gallate, trolox and taxifolin) also extend the normal lifespan of this simple invertebrate, consistent with the general model that enhanced stress resistance slows aging.
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47
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Pure manganese(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (MnTBAP) is not a superoxide dismutase mimic in aqueous systems: a case of structure–activity relationship as a watchdog mechanism in experimental therapeutics and biology. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 13:289-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Pate KT, Rangel NA, Fraser B, Clement MHS, Srinivasan C. Measuring "free" iron levels in Caenorhabditis elegans using low-temperature Fe(III) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2006; 358:199-207. [PMID: 17010298 PMCID: PMC2648526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals within the body, has been associated with the process of aging and many human diseases. Because free radicals, in particular superoxide, are difficult to measure, an alternative indirect method for measuring oxidative stress levels has been used successfully in Escherichia coli and yeast. This method is based on a proposed connection between elevated superoxide levels and release of iron from solvent-exposed [4Fe-4S] enzyme clusters that eventually leads to an increase in hydroxyl radical production. In past studies using bacteria and yeast, a positive correlation was found between superoxide production or oxidative stress due to superoxide within the organism and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detectable "free" iron levels. In the current study, we have developed a reliable and efficient method for measuring "free" iron levels in Caenorhabditis elegans using low-temperature Fe(III) EPR at g=4.3. This method uses synchronized worm cultures grown on plates that are homogenized and treated with desferrioxamine, an Fe(III) chelator, prior to packing the EPR tube. Homogenization was found not to alter "free" iron levels, whereas desferrioxamine treatment significantly raised these levels, indicating the presence of both Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the "free" iron pool. The correlation between free radical levels and the observed "free" iron levels was examined by using heat stress and paraquat treatment. The intensity of the Fe(III) EPR signal, and thus the concentration of the "free" iron pool, varied with the treatments that altered radical levels without changing the total iron levels. This study provides the groundwork needed to uncover the correlation among oxidative stress, "free" iron levels, and longevity in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira T Pate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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