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Collins HM, Greenfield S. Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Past Misconceptions and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6222. [PMID: 38892408 PMCID: PMC11172947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatments, not least due to the lack of authentic animal models. Typically, rodent models recapitulate the effects but not causes of AD, such as cholinergic neuron loss: lesioning of cholinergic neurons mimics the cognitive decline reminiscent of AD but not its neuropathology. Alternative models rely on the overexpression of genes associated with familial AD, such as amyloid precursor protein, or have genetically amplified expression of mutant tau. Yet transgenic rodent models poorly replicate the neuropathogenesis and protein overexpression patterns of sporadic AD. Seeding rodents with amyloid or tau facilitates the formation of these pathologies but cannot account for their initial accumulation. Intracerebral infusion of proinflammatory agents offer an alternative model, but these fail to replicate the cause of AD. A novel model is therefore needed, perhaps similar to those used for Parkinson's disease, namely adult wildtype rodents with neuron-specific (dopaminergic) lesions within the same vulnerable brainstem nuclei, 'the isodendritic core', which are the first to degenerate in AD. Site-selective targeting of these nuclei in adult rodents may recapitulate the initial neurodegenerative processes in AD to faithfully mimic its pathogenesis and progression, ultimately leading to presymptomatic biomarkers and preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Neuro-Bio Ltd., Building F5 The Culham Campus, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK;
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Zhu J, Xu F, Lai H, Yuan H, Li XY, Hu J, Li W, Liu L, Wang C. ACO2 deficiency increases vulnerability to Parkinson's disease via dysregulating mitochondrial function and histone acetylation-mediated transcription of autophagy genes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1201. [PMID: 38007539 PMCID: PMC10676364 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by α-synuclein aggregation in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which are sensitive to oxidative stress. Mitochondria aconitase 2 (ACO2) is an essential enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that orchestrates mitochondrial and autophagic functions to energy metabolism. Though widely linked to diseases, its relation to PD has not been fully clarified. Here we revealed that the peripheral ACO2 activity was significantly decreased in PD patients and associated with their onset age and disease durations. The knock-in mouse and Drosophila models with the A252T variant displayed aggravated motor deficits and DA neuron degeneration after 6-OHDA and rotenone-induction, and the ACO2 knockdown or blockade cells showed features of mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction. Moreover, the transcription of autophagy-related genes LC3 and Atg5 was significantly downregulated via inhibited histone acetylation at the H3K9 and H4K5 sites. These data provided multi-dimensional evidences supporting the essential roles of ACO2, and as a potential early biomarker to be used in clinical trials for assessing the effects of antioxidants in PD. Moreover, ameliorating energy metabolism by targeting ACO2 could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junge Zhu
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Fanxi Xu
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hong Lai
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Huiyao Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University; School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xu-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Junya Hu
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Stroke Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University; School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Beura SK, Yadav P, Panigrahi AR, Singh SK. Unveiling the mechanism of platelet dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on human blood platelets. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 112:105453. [PMID: 37244106 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neuronal illness often linked to increased cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and coronary heart disease. Platelets, which are the essential components of circulating blood, are considered potential players in regulating these complications, as platelet dysfunction is evident in PD. These tiny blood cell fragments are supposed to play a crucial role in these complications, but the underlying molecular processes are still obscure. METHODS To gain a better understanding of platelet dysfunction in PD, we investigated the impact of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), an analog of dopamine that simulates PD by destroying dopaminergic neurons, on human blood platelets. The levels of intraplatelet reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed using H2DCF-DA (20 μM), while mitochondrial ROS was evaluated using MitoSOX™ Red (5 μM), and intracellular Ca2+ was measured with Fluo-4-AM (5 μM). The data were acquired through the use of both a multimode plate reader and a laser-scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS Our findings showed that 6-OHDA treatment increased the production of ROS in human blood platelets. The increase in ROS was confirmed by the ROS scavenger, NAC, and was also reduced by inhibiting the NOX enzyme with apocynin. Additionally, 6-OHDA potentiated mitochondrial ROS production in platelets. Furthermore, 6-OHDA triggered the intraplatelet Ca2+ elevation. This effect was mitigated by the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, which decreased the ROS production triggered by 6-OHDA in human blood platelets, while the IP3 receptor blocker, 2-APB, reduced the formation of ROS induced by 6-OHDA. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the 6-OHDA-induced ROS production is regulated by the IP3 receptor-Ca2+-NOX signaling axis in human blood platelets, where the platelet mitochondria also play a significant role. This observation provides a crucial mechanistic understanding of the altered platelet activities that are commonly observed in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Abhishek Ramachandra Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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Cheng Y, Hou BH, Xie GL, Shao YT, Yang J, Xu C. Transient inhibition of mitochondrial function by chrysin and apigenin prolong longevity via mitohormesis in C. elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 203:24-33. [PMID: 37023934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild inhibition of mitochondrial function leads to longevity. Genetic disruption of mitochondrial respiratory components either by mutation or RNAi greatly extends the lifespan in yeast, worms, and drosophila. This has given rise to the idea that pharmacologically inhibiting mitochondrial function would be a workable strategy for postponing aging. Toward this end, we used a transgenic worm strain that expresses the firefly luciferase enzyme widely to evaluate compounds by tracking real-time ATP levels. We identified chrysin and apigenin, which reduced ATP production and increased the lifespan of worms. Mechanistically, we discovered that chrysin and apigenin transiently inhibit mitochondrial respiration and induce an early ROS, and the lifespan-extending effect is dependent on transient ROS formation. We also show that AAK-2/AMPK, DAF-16/FOXO, and SKN-1/NRF-2 are required for chrysin or apigenin-mediated lifespan extension. Temporary increases in ROS levels trigger an adaptive response in a mitohormetic way, thereby increasing oxidative stress capacity and cellular metabolic adaptation, finally leading to longevity. Thus, chrysin and apigenin represent a class of compounds isolated from natural products that delay senescence and improve age-related diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial function and shed new light on the function of additional plant-derived polyphenols in enhancing health and delaying aging. Collectively, this work provides an avenue for pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function and the mechanism underlining their lifespan-extending properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing-Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gui-Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya-Ting Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Sharma P, Ramachandran R. Retina regeneration: lessons from vertebrates. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac012. [PMID: 38596712 PMCID: PMC10913848 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, vertebrates such as fishes and frogs exhibit remarkable tissue regeneration including the central nervous system. Retina being part of the central nervous system has attracted the interest of several research groups to explore its regenerative ability in different vertebrate models including mice. Fishes and frogs completely restore the size, shape and tissue structure of an injured retina. Several studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. In teleosts, soon after injury, the Müller glial cells of the retina reprogram to form a proliferating population of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells capable of differentiating into various neural cell types and Müller glia. In amphibians, the transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium and differentiation of ciliary marginal zone cells contribute to retina regeneration. In chicks and mice, supplementation with external growth factors or genetic modifications cause a partial regenerative response in the damaged retina. The initiation of retina regeneration is achieved through sequential orchestration of gene expression through controlled modulations in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the progenitor cells. Several developmental biology pathways are turned on during the Müller glia reprogramming, retinal pigment epithelium transdifferentiation and ciliary marginal zone differentiation. Further, several tumorigenic pathways and gene expression events also contribute to the complete regeneration cascade of events. In this review, we address the various retinal injury paradigms and subsequent gene expression events governed in different vertebrate species. Further, we compared how vertebrates such as teleost fishes and amphibians can achieve excellent regenerative responses in the retina compared with their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
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Jang S, Wang F, Cho B, Shin J, Hao S. Humulus japonicus extract alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PC12 cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.343387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Lizama BN, Otero PA, Chu CT. PINK1: Multiple mechanisms of neuroprotection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021; 2:193-219. [PMID: 36035617 PMCID: PMC9416918 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irmvd.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britney N. Lizama
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - P. Anthony Otero
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charleen T. Chu
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Lizama BN, Chu CT. Neuronal autophagy and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100972. [PMID: 34130867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells can selectively or non-selectively remove damaged proteins and organelles. As the cell's main means of sequestering damaged mitochondria for removal, mitophagy is central to cellular function and survival. Research on autophagy and mitochondrial quality control has increased exponentially in relation to the pathogenesis of numerous disease conditions, from cancer and immune diseases to chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding how components of the autophagic/mitophagic machinery are affected during disease, as well as the contextual relationship of autophagy with determining neuronal health and function, is essential to the goal of designing therapies for human disease. In this review, we will summarize key signaling molecules that consign damaged mitochondria for autophagic degradation, describe the relationship of genes linked to PD to autophagy/mitophagy dysfunction, and discuss additional roles of both mitochondrial and cytosolic pools of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) in mitochondrial homeostasis, dendritic morphogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney N Lizama
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Lin CH, Lin HY, Fang JM, Chen CC. A dual inhibitor targeting HMG-CoA reductase and histone deacetylase mitigates neurite degeneration in LRRK2-G2019S parkinsonism. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25581-25598. [PMID: 33231564 PMCID: PMC7803522 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, and its etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. The leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) G2019S mutation is the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. Current treatment is limited to dopaminergic supplementation, as no disease-modifying therapy is available yet. Recent evidence reveals that HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) inhibitors (statins) exert neuroprotection through anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors mitigate neurodegeneration by promoting the transcription of neuronal survival factors. We designed and synthesized a dual inhibitor, statin hydroxamate JMF3086, that simultaneously inhibits HMGR and HDAC, and examined its neuroprotective effects on LRRK2-G2019S parkinsonism. JMF3086 restored dopaminergic neuron loss in aged LRRK2-G2019S flies and rescued neurite degeneration in primary hippocampal and dopaminergic neurons isolated from transgenic LRRK2-G2019S mice. The molecular mechanisms included downregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, increased anti-apoptotic Akt phosphorylation, and inhibition of GSK3β activity to maintain cytoskeletal stability in stably transfected LRRK2-G2019S SH-SY5Y human dopaminergic cells. JMF3086 also promoted a-tubulin acetylation and kinesin-1 expression, facilitating antegrade mitochondrial transport in axons. Our findings demonstrate that JMF3086 exerted beneficial effects on restoring LRRK2-G2019S neurite degeneration by maintaining microtubule stability. This dual-target compound may be a promising mechanism-based therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chow Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Varešlija D, Tipton KF, Davey GP, McDonald AG. 6-Hydroxydopamine: a far from simple neurotoxin. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:213-230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dereplication of Components Coupled with HPLC-qTOF-MS in the Active Fraction of Humulus japonicus and It's Protective Effects against Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071435. [PMID: 30979037 PMCID: PMC6480934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humulus japonicus is an annual plant belonging to the Cannabacea family, and it has been traditionally used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis, dysentery, chronic colitis, and hypertension. We investigated the active components against Parkinson’s disease from H. japonicus fraction (HJF) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (qTOF-MS) and NMR. Fourteen compounds were isolated from HJF, including one new compound, using HPLC-qTOF-MS and NMR. The major compounds of HJF were luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and there was approximately 12.57- and 9.68-folds increase in the contents of these flavonoids compared to those of the 70% EtOH extract. Apigenin and luteolin exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase (MAO) B enzyme activity. In animal studies, limb-use behavior was significantly reduced by unilateral 6-OHDA lesion and ipsilateral rotations. These results indicated that oral administration of 300 mg/kg HJF resulted in the improvement of motor asymmetry and motor impairment in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. HJF, including active components leads to an improvement of motor behavior in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model.
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Abstract
Isoflavones isolated from members of the Fabaceae (primarily Leguminosae) family have been characterized for their phytoestrogenic properties, but certain derivatives have also shown potential as possible cancer therapeutic agents. ME-344, related to phenoxodiol (Fig. 1), is a second generation isoflavone with a recent history of both preclinical and early clinical testing. The drug has unusual cytotoxicity profiles, where cancer cell lines can be categorized as either intrinsically sensitive or resistant to the drug. Evolving studies show that the cytotoxic properties of the drug are enacted through targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. While the drug has undergone early Phase I/II trials in solid tumors with confined dose limiting effects and some evidence of disease response, there is a continuing need to define specific cellular targets that determine sensitivity, with the long-term goal of applying such information to individualized therapy. This review article details some of the existing and ongoing studies that are assisting in the continued drug development processes that may lead to new drug application (NDA) status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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de Freitas CM, Krum BN, Chiapinotto Ceretta AP, Schaffer LF, de Moraes Reis E, Schwerz JP, Barbosa CP, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R. Silymarin recovers 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor deficits in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:549-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Elmazoglu Z, Ergin V, Sahin E, Kayhan H, Karasu C. Oleuropein and rutin protect against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells through modulation of mitochondrial function and unfolded protein response. Interdiscip Toxicol 2018; 10:129-141. [PMID: 30147420 PMCID: PMC6102676 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, often associated with oxidative stress-induced transcriptional changes in dopaminergic neurons. Phenolic antioxidants, oleuropein (OLE) and rutin (RUT) have attracted a great interest due to their potential to counteract oxidative protein aggregation and toxicity. This study aimed at examining the effects of OLE and RUT against 6-OHDA-induced stress response in rat pheochromocytoma cells. When differentiated PC12 cells were exposed to oxidative stress composer 6-OHDA (100 μM, 8 h), a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was observed along with a significant loss of cell viability and apoptotic nuclear changes. Exposure to 6-OHDA resulted in unfolded protein response (UPR) in differentiated PC12 cells as evidenced by an increased level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized transmembrane signal transducer IRE1α, adaptive response proteins ATF-4 and proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. OLE or RUT pretreatment (24 h) at low doses (1–50 μM) protected the differentiated PC12 cells from 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity as assessed by increased viability, improved ΔΨm and inhibited apoptosis, whereas relatively high doses of OLE or RUT (>50 μM) inhibited cell growth and proliferation, indicating a typical hormetic effect. In hormetic doses, OLE and RUT up-regulated 6-OHDA-induced increase in IRE1α, ATF-4 and inhibited CHOP, PERK, BIP and PDI. 6-OHDA-activated XBP1 splicing was also inhibited by OLE or RUT. The presented results suggest that neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative toxicity may be attributable to neurohormetic effects of OLE or RUT at low doses through regulating mitochondrial functions, controlling persistent protein misfolding, activating and/or amplificating the adaptive response-related signaling pathways, leading to UPR prosurvival output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Volkan Ergin
- Department of Medical Biology, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ergin Sahin
- Department of Biology, Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handan Kayhan
- Department of Hematology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ryu YK, Kang Y, Go J, Park HY, Noh JR, Kim YH, Hwang JH, Choi DH, Han SS, Oh WK, Lee CH, Kim KS. Humulus japonicus Prevents Dopaminergic Neuron Death in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Food 2017; 20:116-123. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Seop Han
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won-Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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Pace C, Banerjee TD, Welch B, Khalili R, Dagda RK, Angermann J. Monomethylarsonous acid, but not inorganic arsenic, is a mitochondria-specific toxicant in vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:188-201. [PMID: 27327130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer, yet the role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the cellular mechanisms of pathology is largely unknown. To investigate arsenic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we exposed rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7r5) to inorganic arsenic (iAs(III)) and its metabolite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and compared their effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that MMA(III) is significantly more toxic to mitochondria than iAs(III). Exposure of VSMCs to MMA(III), but not iAs(III), significantly decreased basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates and concomitantly increased compensatory extracellular acidification rates, a proxy for glycolysis. Treatment with MMA(III) significantly increased hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels compared to iAs(III). Exposure to MMA(III) resulted in significant decreases in mitochondrial ATP, aberrant perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, and decreased mitochondrial content. Mechanistically, we observed that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contribute to mitochondrial toxicity, as treatment of cells with MnTBAP (a mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetic) and catalase significantly reduced mitochondrial respiration deficits and cell death induced by both arsenic compounds. Overall, our data demonstrates that MMA(III) is a mitochondria-specific toxicant that elevates mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pace
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Barrett Welch
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Roxana Khalili
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Jeff Angermann
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Meclizine-induced enhanced glycolysis is neuroprotective in Parkinson disease cell models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25344. [PMID: 27145922 PMCID: PMC4857109 DOI: 10.1038/srep25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Meclizine is a well-tolerated drug routinely used as an anti-histamine agent in the management of disequilibrium. Recently, meclizine has been assessed for its neuroprotective properties in ischemic stroke and Huntington disease models. We found that meclizine protected against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis and cell death in both SH-SY5Y cells and rat primary cortical cultures. Meclizine increases the level of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), which activates phosphofructokinase, a rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis. This protection is therefore mediated by meclizine’s ability to enhance glycolysis and increase mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Meclizine represents an interesting candidate for further investigation to re-purpose for its potential to be neuroprotective in Parkinson disease.
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18
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Biochemical protective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through autophagy induction in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2016; 26:669-74. [PMID: 26164453 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, the neuroprotective effect of calcitriol was confirmed in SH-SY5Y cells. In this article, we explored whether calcitriol showed neuroprotection in a subchronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model of Parkinson's disease. After mice were treated with MPTP alone or cotreated with MPTP and calcitriol, the substantia nigra pars compacta was dissected, and related protein levels were detected by western blot. Our results suggest that the MPTP-injected mice treated with calcitriol had attenuated tyrosine hydroxylase expression and increased LC3-II conversion compared with those that were not. Above all, calcitriol showed neuroprotection in the MPTP mouse model.
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Bautista E, Vergara P, Segovia J. Iron-induced oxidative stress activates AKT and ERK1/2 and decreases Dyrk1B and PRMT1 in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 34:62-9. [PMID: 26854247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for proper neuronal functioning; however, excessive accumulation of brain iron is reported in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This indicates that dysregulated iron homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. To determinate the effect of iron on oxidative stress and on cell survival pathways, such as AKT, ERK1/2 and DyrK1B, neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to different concentration of FeCl2 (iron). We found that iron induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Detection of iNOS and 3-nitrotyrosine confirms the presence of increased nitrogen species. Furthermore, we found a decrease of catalase and protein arginine methyl-transferase 1 (PRMT1). Interestingly, iron increased the activity of ERK and AKT and reduced DyrK1B. Moreover, after FeCl2 treatment, the transcription factors c-Jun and pSmad1/5 were activated. These results indicate that the presence of high levels of iron increase the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bautista
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico
| | - Paula Vergara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico.
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20
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Erdogan Orhan I, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. The effects of baicalein and baicalin on mitochondrial function and dynamics: A review. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:296-308. [PMID: 26318266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cell survival by providing energy, calcium buffering, and regulating apoptosis. A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences, including impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. The therapeutical role of flavonoids on these diseases is gaining increasing acceptance. Numerous studies on experimental models have revealed the favorable role of flavonoids on mitochondrial function and structure. This review highlights the promising role of baicalin and its aglycone form, baicalein, on mitochondrial function and structure with a focus on its therapeutic effects. We also discuss their chemistry, sources and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Lopert P, Patel M. Mitochondrial mechanisms of redox cycling agents implicated in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:113-23. [PMID: 25749885 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental agents have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on epidemiological studies and the ability of toxicants to replicate features of PD. However, the precise mechanisms by which toxicants induce dopaminergic toxicity observed in the idiopathic form of PD remain to be fully understood. The roles of ROS and mitochondria are strongly suggested in the mechanisms by which these toxicants exert dopaminergic toxicity. There are marked differences and similarities shared by the toxicants in increasing steady-state levels of mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, toxicants increase steady-state mitochondrial ROS levels by stimulating the production, inhibiting the antioxidant pathways of both. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria and ROS in PD associated with environmental exposures to redox-based toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopert
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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22
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Segura-Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxin mechanisms and processes relevant to Parkinson's disease: an update. Neurotox Res 2015; 27:328-54. [PMID: 25631236 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for degenerative process in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. One major advance in this field has been the discovery of several genes associated to familial PD, including alpha synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, etc., thereby providing important insight toward basic research approaches. There is an consensus in neurodegenerative research that mitochon dria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, aggregation of alpha synuclein to neurotoxic oligomers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in degeneration of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the disease. An update of the mechanisms relating to neurotoxins that are used to produce preclinical models of Parkinson´s disease is presented. 6-Hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone have been the most wisely used neurotoxins to delve into mechanisms involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. Neurotoxins generated from dopamine oxidation during neuromelanin formation are likewise reviewed, as this pathway replicates neurotoxin-induced cellular oxidative stress, inactivation of key proteins related to mitochondria and protein degradation dysfunction, and formation of neurotoxic aggregates of alpha synuclein. This survey of neurotoxin modeling-highlighting newer technologies and implicating a variety of processes and pathways related to mechanisms attending PD-is focused on research studies from 2012 to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile,
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23
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Sulfuretin inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death via reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 74:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Patel VP, Chu CT. Decreased SIRT2 activity leads to altered microtubule dynamics in oxidatively-stressed neuronal cells: implications for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:170-81. [PMID: 24792244 PMCID: PMC4141566 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) system is important for many aspects of neuronal function, including motility, differentiation, and cargo trafficking. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with increased oxidative stress and alterations in the integrity of the axodendritic tree. To study dynamic mechanisms underlying the neurite shortening phenotype observed in many PD models, we employed the well-characterized oxidative parkinsonian neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). In both acute and chronic sub-lethal settings, 6OHDA-induced oxidative stress elicited significant alterations in MT dynamics, including reductions in MT growth rate, increased frequency of MT pauses/retractions, and increased levels of tubulin acetylation. Interestingly, 6OHDA decreased the activity of tubulin deacetylases, specifically sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), through more than one mechanism. Restoration of tubulin deacetylase function rescued the changes in MT dynamics and prevented neurite shortening in neuron-differentiated, 6OHDA-treated cells. These data indicate that impaired tubulin deacetylation contributes to altered MT dynamics in oxidatively-stressed cells, conferring key insights for potential therapeutic strategies to correct MT-related deficits contributing to neuronal aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Patel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, 3550 Terrace St., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, 3550 Terrace St., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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25
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Javadov S, Jang S, Agostini B. Crosstalk between mitogen-activated protein kinases and mitochondria in cardiac diseases: therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:202-25. [PMID: 24924700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases cause more mortality and morbidity worldwide than any other diseases. Although many intracellular signaling pathways influence cardiac physiology and pathology, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family has garnered significant attention because of its vast implications in signaling and crosstalk with other signaling networks. The extensively studied MAPKs ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and ERK5, demonstrate unique intracellular signaling mechanisms, responding to a myriad of mitogens and stressors and influencing the signaling of cardiac development, metabolism, performance, and pathogenesis. Definitive relationships between MAPK signaling and cardiac dysfunction remain elusive, despite 30 years of extensive clinical studies and basic research of various animal/cell models, severities of stress, and types of stimuli. Still, several studies have proven the importance of MAPK crosstalk with mitochondria, powerhouses of the cell that provide over 80% of ATP for normal cardiomyocyte function and play a crucial role in cell death. Although many questions remain unanswered, there exists enough evidence to consider the possibility of targeting MAPK-mitochondria interactions in the prevention and treatment of heart disease. The goal of this review is to integrate previous studies into a discussion of MAPKs and MAPK-mitochondria signaling in cardiac diseases, such as myocardial infarction (ischemia), hypertrophy and heart failure. A comprehensive understanding of relevant molecular mechanisms, as well as challenges for studies in this area, will facilitate the development of new pharmacological agents and genetic manipulations for therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA.
| | - Sehwan Jang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA
| | - Bryan Agostini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA
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26
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Qabazard B, Li L, Gruber J, Peh MT, Ng LF, Kumar SD, Rose P, Tan CH, Dymock BW, Wei F, Swain SC, Halliwell B, Stürzenbaum SR, Moore PK. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous regulator of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2621-30. [PMID: 24093496 PMCID: PMC4025568 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the control of aging and healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS We show that the model organism, C. elegans, synthesizes H2S. Three H2S-synthesizing enzymes are present in C. elegans, namely cystathionine γ lyase (CSE), cystathionine β synthetase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate transferase (MPST or 3-MST). Genetic deficiency of mpst-1 (3-MST orthologue 1), but not cth-2 (CSE orthologue), reduced the lifespan of C. elegans. This effect was reversed by a pharmacological H2S donor (GYY4137). GYY4137 also reduced detrimental age-dependent changes in a range of physiological indices, including pharyngeal contraction and defecation. Treatment of C. elegans with GYY4137 increased the expression of several age-related, stress response, and antioxidant genes, whereas MitoSOX Red fluorescence, indicative of reactive oxygen species generation, was increased in mpst-1 knockouts and decreased by GYY4137 treatment. GYY4137 additionally increased the lifespan in short-lived mev-1 mutants with elevated oxidative stress and protected wild-type C. elegans against paraquat poisoning. The lifespan-prolonging and health-promoting effects of H2S in C. elegans are likely due to the antioxidant action of this highly cell-permeable gas. INNOVATION The possibility that novel pharmacological agents based on the principle of H2S donation may be able to retard the onset of age-related disease by slowing the aging process warrants further study. CONCLUSION Our results show that H2S is an endogenous regulator of oxidative damage, metabolism, and aging in C. elegans and provide new insight into the mechanisms, which control aging in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedoor Qabazard
- 1 School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Wang KZQ, Zhu J, Dagda RK, Uechi G, Cherra SJ, Gusdon AM, Balasubramani M, Chu CT. ERK-mediated phosphorylation of TFAM downregulates mitochondrial transcription: implications for Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrion 2014; 17:132-40. [PMID: 24768991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, which is downregulated by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) in cells treated chronically with the complex I inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). We utilized mass spectrometry to identify ERK1/2-dependent TFAM phosphorylation sites. Mutation of TFAM at serine 177 to mimic phosphorylation recapitulated the effects of MPP+ in decreasing the binding of TFAM to the light strand promoter, suppressing mitochondrial transcription. Mutant TFAM was unable to affect respiratory function or rescue the effects of MPP+ on respiratory complexes. These data disclose a novel mechanism by which ERK1/2 regulates mitochondrial function through direct phosphorylation of TFAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Z Q Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Guy Uechi
- The Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Salvatore J Cherra
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Manimalha Balasubramani
- The Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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28
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Hyperphosphorylation of CREB in human dopaminergic neurons: a kinetic study of cellular distribution of total CREB and phospho-CREB following oxidative stress. Neuroreport 2014; 24:757-62. [PMID: 23921595 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328364d616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced oxidative stress causes alterations in intracellular signalling events and activates cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the degeneration of the dopamine-containing neurons (DCNs). The cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) modulates the transcription of mitochondrial and nuclear genes upon phosphorylation. However, oxidative stress disrupts CREB functions and inhibits CREB signalling pathways. We have measured the activities and levels of both total CREB and its phosphorylated form (phospho-CREB) in cytosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear compartments in control (untreated) and stressed (6-OHDA-treated) DCN, differentiated from the ReNVM cell line (dDCN) at 0, 24 and 72 h time points following oxidative stress. Our results indicate that CREB phosphorylation occurs in all three subcellular locations. It further shows significant disruption of the phosphorylation process by 6-OHDA treatment and shows tridirectional trafficking of total CREB and phospho-CREB between cytosol, mitochondria and nucleus following oxidative stress induced by 6-OHDA treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate the presence of specific signalling molecules in all the compartments studied and their involvement in the signal transduction processes, where total CREB and phospho-CREB levels and activities are either upregulated or downregulated to balance each other for their roles.
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Inaba-Hasegawa K. Revelation in the neuroprotective functions of rasagiline and selegiline: the induction of distinct genes by different mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:671-84. [PMID: 23739004 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cell death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra progresses and neuroprotective therapy is required to halt neuronal loss. In cellular and animal models, selegiline [(-)deprenyl] and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, protect neuronal cells from programmed cell death. In this paper, the authors review their recent results on the molecular mechanisms by which MAO inhibitors prevent the cell death through the induction of antiapoptotic, prosurvival genes. MAO-A mediates the induction of antiapoptotic bcl-2 and mao-a itself by rasagiline, whereas a different mechanism is associated with selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline preferentially increase GDNF and BDNF in nonhuman primates and Parkinsonian patients, respectively. Enhanced neurotrophic factors might be applicable to monitor the neurorescuing activity of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
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30
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Fan Y, Li J, Zhang YQ, Jiang LH, Zhang YN, Yan CQ. Protein kinase C delta mediated cytotoxicity of 6-Hydroxydopamine via sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in PC12 cells. Neurol Res 2013; 36:53-64. [PMID: 24107416 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing as the global population ages. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) can induce PD-like neuropathology and biochemical changes in both in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, clarification of the molecular mechanism of 6-OHDA-induced cell death might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. METHODS With this goal in mind, we investigated the role of protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) in 6-OHDA-dependent death using the pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. Cells were treated with 6-OHDA to induce toxicity with or without pretreatment using rottlerin (a PKC delta inhibitor), bisindolylmaleimide I (a general PKC inhibitor), Gö6976 (a PKC inhibitor selective for calcium-dependent PKC isoforms), or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, a PKC activator). RESULTS Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate decreased cell survival and increased the rate of apoptosis while rottlerin increased cell survival and decreased the rate of apoptosis. In contrast, neither bisindolylmaleimide I nor Gö6976 affected 6-OHDA-induced cell death. Western analysis demonstrated that phosphorylation of PKC delta on Thr 505 as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation increased after exposure to 6-OHDA. This increase in PKC delta phosphorylation was potentiated by PMA. However, rottlerin attenuated the 6-OHDA-stimulated increase in PKC delta and ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that PKC delta, rather than classic-type PKC (alpha, beta1, beta2, gamma), participates in 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and PKC delta activity is required for subsequent ERK activation during cell death.
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31
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Verma M, Steer EK, Chu CT. ERKed by LRRK2: a cell biological perspective on hereditary and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:1273-81. [PMID: 24225420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2/dardarin) is implicated in autosomal dominant familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD); mutations in LRRK2 account for up to 40% of PD cases in some populations. LRRK2 is a large protein with a kinase domain, a GTPase domain, and multiple potential protein interaction domains. As such, delineating the functional pathways for LRRK2 and mechanisms by which PD-linked variants contribute to age-related neurodegeneration could result in pharmaceutically tractable therapies. A growing number of recent studies implicate dysregulation of mitogen activated protein kinases 3 and 1 (also known as ERK1/2) as possible downstream mediators of mutant LRRK2 effects. As these master regulators of growth, differentiation, neuronal plasticity and cell survival have also been implicated in other PD models, a set of common cell biological pathways may contribute to neuronal susceptibility in PD. Here, we review the literature on several major cellular pathways impacted by LRRK2 mutations--autophagy, microtubule/cytoskeletal dynamics, and protein synthesis--in context of potential signaling crosstalk involving the ERK1/2 and Wnt signaling pathways. Emerging implications for calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial biology and synaptic dysregulation are discussed in relation to LRRK2 interactions with other PD gene products. It has been shown that substantia nigra neurons in human PD and Lewy body dementia patients exhibit cytoplasmic accumulations of ERK1/2 in mitochondria, autophagosomes and bundles of intracellular fibrils. Both experimental and human tissue data implicate pathogenic changes in ERK1/2 signaling in sporadic, toxin-based and mutant LRRK2 settings, suggesting engagement of common cell biological pathways by divergent PD etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Verma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Erin K Steer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Zhang W, Wu H, Liu L, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Phosphorylation Events in Selective Mitophagy: Possible Biochemical Markers? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dagda RK, Das Banerjee T, Janda E. How Parkinsonian toxins dysregulate the autophagy machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22163-89. [PMID: 24217228 PMCID: PMC3856058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Parkinsonian toxins (6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+, paraquat, and rotenone) have been widely employed as in vivo and in vitro chemical models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis, protein quality control pathways, and more recently, autophagy/mitophagy have been implicated in neurotoxin models of PD. Here, we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which different PD toxins dysregulate autophagy/mitophagy and how alterations of these pathways play beneficial or detrimental roles in dopamine neurons. The convergent and divergent effects of PD toxins on mitochondrial function and autophagy/mitophagy are also discussed in this review. Furthermore, we propose new diagnostic tools and discuss how pharmacological modulators of autophagy/mitophagy can be developed as disease-modifying treatments for PD. Finally, we discuss the critical need to identify endogenous and synthetic forms of PD toxins and develop efficient health preventive programs to mitigate the risk of developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben K. Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Manville Building 18A, Reno, NV 89557, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-775-784-4121; Fax: +1-775-784-1620
| | - Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Manville Building 18A, Reno, NV 89557, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Cantazaro, Italy; E-Mail:
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Park HJ, Park KH, Shin KS, Lee MK. The roles of cyclic AMP-ERK-Bad signaling pathways on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell survival and death in PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2233-41. [PMID: 24055892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-ERK1/2-Bad signaling pathways in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell survival and death were investigated. In PC12 cells, 6-OHDA (10-100μM) concentration-dependently increased the intracellular levels of cAMP mediated by the Ca(2+)-CaMKII-adenylyl cyclase system. 6-OHDA at the non-toxic level (10μM) induced transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer112 phosphorylation, which maintained cell survival. In contrast, the high levels of cAMP induced by toxic levels (50 and 100μM) of 6-OHDA induced sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylaton and BadSer155 phosphorylation. The cells then moved to cell death process through Bcl2 phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation. BadSer155 phosphorylation by 6-OHDA was inhibited by PKA (H89) and MEK (U0126) inhibitors, indicating that it was mediated via the cAMP-PKA-sustained ERK1/2 system. In SK-N-BE(2)C cells, the non-toxic level of 6-OHDA also showed transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer112 phosphorylation, and toxic levels of 6-OHDA exhibited sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BadSer155 phosphorylation. These results suggest that ERK1/2 phosphorylation by 6-OHDA shows biphasic functions on cell survival and death in PC12 cells. It is, therefore, proposed that the cAMP-ERK1/2-Bad signaling pathways incurred by toxic levels of 6-OHDA play a role in dopamine neuron death of animal models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 52, Naesudong-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Tovilovic G, Zogovic N, Soskic V, Schrattenholz A, Kostic-Rajacic S, Misirkic-Marjanovic M, Janjetovic K, Vucicevic L, Arsikin K, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Trajkovic V. Arylpiperazine-mediated activation of Akt protects SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptotic and autophagic death. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of β-adrenergic blockers in Parkinson's disease: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:306-17. [PMID: 23695225 PMCID: PMC10852762 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous factors linking β-adrenergic blockade to Parkinson's disease (PD), including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. β-Adrenergic blockade has also been implicated in PD via its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. β-Adrenergic blockade may have a significant role in PD; therefore, the characterization of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with PD is needed.
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Luong KVQ, Nguyễn LTH. The beneficial role of thiamine in Parkinson disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:461-8. [PMID: 23462281 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration among elderly individuals. PD is clinically characterized by tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural imbalance. In this paper, we review the evidence for an association between PD and thiamine. Interestingly, a significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of serum thiamine, and thiamine supplements appear to have beneficial clinical effects against PD. Multiple studies have evaluated the connection between thiamine and PD pathology, and candidate pathways involve the transcription factor Sp1, p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, tyrosine hydroxylase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Thus, a review of the literature suggests that thiamine plays a role in PD, although further investigation into the effects of thiamine in PD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh V Q Luong
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA 92683, USA
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Mechanistic evaluation of a novel small molecule targeting mitochondria in pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54346. [PMID: 23349858 PMCID: PMC3549929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with a 5-year survival rate of 6%. Therapeutic options are very limited and there is an unmet medical need for safe and efficacious treatments. Cancer cell metabolism and mitochondria provide unexplored targets for this disease. We recently identified a novel class of triphenylphosphonium salts, TP compounds, with broad- spectrum anticancer properties. We examined the ability of our prototypical compound TP421– chosen for its fluorescent properties – to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and further investigated the molecular mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects. Methodology/Principal Findings TP421 exhibited sub-micromolar IC50 values in all the pancreatic cancer cell lines tested using MTT and colony formation assays. TP421 localized predominantly to mitochondria and induced G0/G1 arrest, ROS accumulation, and activation of several stress-regulated kinases. Caspase and PARP-1 cleavage were observed indicating an apoptotic response while LC3B-II and p62 were accumulated indicating inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, TP421 induced de-phosphorylation of key signaling molecules involved in FAK mediated adhesion that correlated with inhibition of cell migration. Conclusions/Significance TP421 is a representative compound of a new promising class of mitochondrial-targeted agents useful for pancreatic cancer treatment. Because of their unique mechanism of action and efficacy further development is warranted.
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Ridder DA, Schwaninger M. In search of the neuroprotective mechanism of thiazolidinediones in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lopert P, Day BJ, Patel M. Thioredoxin reductase deficiency potentiates oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in dopaminergic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50683. [PMID: 23226354 PMCID: PMC3511321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered major generators of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We have recently shown that isolated mitochondria consume hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a substrate- and respiration-dependent manner predominantly via the thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin (Trx/Prx) system. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Trx/Prx system in dopaminergic cell death. We asked if pharmacological and lentiviral inhibition of the Trx/Prx system sensitized dopaminergic cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased steady-state H₂O₂ levels and death in response to toxicants implicated in PD. Incubation of N27 dopaminergic cells or primary rat mesencephalic cultures with the Trx reductase (TrxR) inhibitor auranofin in the presence of sub-toxic concentrations of parkinsonian toxicants paraquat; PQ or 6-hydroxydopamine; 6OHDA (for N27 cells) resulted in a synergistic increase in H₂O₂ levels and subsequent cell death. shRNA targeting the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2) in N27 cells confirmed the effects of pharmacological inhibition. A synergistic decrease in maximal and reserve respiratory capacity was observed in auranofin treated cells and TrxR2 deficient cells following incubation with PQ or 6OHDA. Additionally, TrxR2 deficient cells showed decreased basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. These data demonstrate that inhibition of the mitochondrial Trx/Prx system sensitizes dopaminergic cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased steady-state H₂O₂, and cell death. Therefore, in addition to their role in the production of cellular H₂O₂ the mitochondrial Trx/Prx system serve as a major sink for cellular H₂O₂ and its disruption may contribute to dopaminergic pathology associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopert
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manisha Patel
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arsikin K, Kravic-Stevovic T, Jovanovic M, Ristic B, Tovilovic G, Zogovic N, Bumbasirevic V, Trajkovic V, Harhaji-Trajkovic L. Autophagy-dependent and -independent involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1826-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hendricks S, Ojuka E, Kellaway LA, Mabandla MV, Russell VA. Effect of maternal separation on mitochondrial function and role of exercise in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:387-92. [PMID: 22527997 PMCID: PMC3402666 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress, such as maternal separation, causes adaptive changes in neural mechanisms that have adverse effects on the neuroplasticity of the brain in adulthood. As a consequence, children who are exposed to stress during development may be predisposed to neurodegenerative disorders in adulthood. A possible mechanism for increased vulnerability to neurodegeneration may be dysfunctional mitochondria. Protection from neurotoxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), has been observed following voluntary exercise. The mechanism of this neuroprotection is not understood and mitochondria may play a role. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of maternal separation and exercise on mitochondrial function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Maternally separated (pups separated from the dam for 3 h per day from postnatal day (P) 2-14) and non-separated rats were placed in individual cages with or without attached running wheels for 1 week prior to unilateral infusion of 6-OHDA (5 μg/4 μl, 0.5 μl/min) into the left medial forebrain bundle at P60. After 2 h recovery, rats were returned to their cages and wheel revolutions recorded for a further 2 weeks. On P72, the rats' motor function was assessed using the forelimb akinesia test. On P74, rats were sacrificed for measurement of mitochondrial function. Exercise increased the respiratory control index (RCI) in the non-lesioned hemisphere of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. This effect was evident in the striatum of non-separated rats and the prefrontal cortex of maternally separated rats. These results suggest that early life stress may reduce the adaptive response to exercise in the striatum, a major target of dopamine neurons, but not the prefrontal cortex in this model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Hendricks
- MRC/UCT Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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vinh quôc Luong K, Thi Hoàng Nguyên L. Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2227-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hu Q, Li B, Xu R, Chen D, Mu C, Fei E, Wang G. The protease Omi cleaves the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1 to inhibit microglial activation. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra61. [PMID: 22912494 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in Parkinson's disease is closely associated with disease pathogenesis. Mutations in Omi, which encodes the protease Omi, are linked to neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease in humans and in mouse models. The severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that occur in mnd2 (motor neuron degeneration 2) mice result from loss of the protease activity of Omi by the point mutation S276C; however, the substrates of Omi that induce neurodegeneration are unknown. We showed that Omi was required for the production of inflammatory molecules by microglia, which are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. Omi suppressed the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) by cleaving the upstream kinase MEK1 (mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase 1). Knockdown of Omi in microglial cell lines led to activation of ERK1/2 and resulted in degradation of IκBα [α inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)], resulting in NF-κB activation and the expression of genes encoding inflammatory molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The production of inflammatory molecules induced by the knockdown of Omi was blocked by the MEK1-specific inhibitor U0126. Furthermore, expression of the protease-deficient S276C Omi mutant in a microglial cell line had no effect on MEK1 cleavage or ERK1/2 activation. In the brains of mnd2 mice, we observed increased transcription of several genes encoding inflammatory molecules, as well as activation of astrocytes and microglia. Therefore, our study demonstrates that Omi is an intrinsic cellular factor that inhibits neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Patel VP, Defranco DB, Chu CT. Altered transcription factor trafficking in oxidatively-stressed neuronal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1773-82. [PMID: 22902725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with alterations in gene expression in affected neurons. One of the mechanisms that could account for this is altered subcellular localization of transcription factors, which has been observed in human post-mortem brains of each of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The specific mechanisms are yet to be elucidated; however a potential mechanism involves alterations in nuclear transport. In this study, we examined the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of select transcription factors in response to a PD-relevant oxidative injury, 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). Utilizing a well-established model of ligand-regulated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, the glucocorticoid receptor, we found that 6OHDA selectively impaired nuclear import through an oxidative mechanism without affecting nuclear export or nuclear retention. Interestingly, impaired nuclear import was selective as Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) nuclear localization remained intact in 6OHDA-treated cells. Thus, oxidative stress specifically impacts the subcellular localization of some but not all transcription factors, which is consistent with observations in post-mortem PD brains. Our data further implicate a role for altered microtubule dependent trafficking in the differential effects of 6OHDA on transcription factor import. Oxidative disruption of microtubule-dependent nuclear transport may contribute to selective declines in transcriptional responses of aging or diseased dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Patel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Iglesias-González J, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Méndez-Álvarez E, Rose S, Hikima A, Jenner P, Soto-Otero R. Differential toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and rat brain mitochondria: protective role of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2150-60. [PMID: 22821477 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two pathophysiological factors often associated with the neurodegenerative process involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is able to cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental models of PD by an oxidative stress-mediated process, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. It has been established that some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are often altered in PD, which suggests a potential role of these enzymes in the onset and/or development of this multifactorial syndrome. In this study we have used high-resolution respirometry to evaluate the effect of 6-OHDA on mitochondrial respiration of isolated rat brain mitochondria and the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay to assess the percentage of cell death induced by 6-OHDA in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Our results show that 6-OHDA affects mitochondrial respiration by causing a reduction in both respiratory control ratio (IC(50) = 200 ± 15 nM) and state 3 respiration (IC(50) = 192 ± 17 nM), with no significant effects on state 4(o). An inhibition in the activity of both complex I and V was also observed. 6-OHDA also caused cellular death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (IC(50) = 100 ± 9 μM). Both SOD and CAT have been shown to protect against the toxic effects caused by 6-OHDA on mitochondrial respiration. However, whereas SOD protects against 6-OHDA-induced cellular death, CAT enhances its cytotoxicity. The here reported data suggest that both superoxide anion and hydroperoxyl radical could account for 6-OHDA toxicity. Furthermore, factors reducing the rate of 6-OHDA autoxidation to its p-quinone appear to enhance its cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Iglesias-González
- Group of Neurochemistry for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco 1, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Song JX, Shaw PC, Wong NS, Sze CW, Yao XS, Tang CW, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Chrysotoxine, a novel bibenzyl compound selectively antagonizes MPP+, but not rotenone, neurotoxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Song JX, Choi MYM, Wong KCK, Chung WWY, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Zhang KYB. Baicalein antagonizes rotenone-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells related to Parkinsonism. Chin Med 2012; 7:1. [PMID: 22264378 PMCID: PMC3275529 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two active compounds, baicalein and its glycoside baicalin were found in the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and reported to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of baicalein on the rotenone-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells related to parkinsonism. Methods Cell viability and cytotoxicity were determined by MTT assay. The degree of nuclear apoptosis was evaluated with a fluorescent DNA-binding probe Hoechst 33258. The production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were determined by fluorescent staining with DCFH-DA and Rhodanmine 123, respectively. The expression of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was determined by the Western blots. Results Baicalein significantly increased viability and decreased rotenone-induced death of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pre- and subsequent co-treatment with baicalein preserved the cell morphology and attenuated the nuclear apoptotic characteristics triggered by rotenone. Baicalein antagonized rotenone-induced overproduction of ROS, loss of ΔΨm, the increased expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and the decreased expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion The antioxidative effect, mitochondrial protection and modulation of anti-and pro-apoptotic proteins are related to the neuroprotective effects of baicalein against rotenone induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhang H, Mak S, Cui W, Li W, Han R, Hu S, Ye M, Pi R, Han Y. Tacrine(2)–ferulic acid, a novel multifunctional dimer, attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating Akt pathway. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Zhu M, Li M, Yang F, Ou X, Ren Q, Gao H, Zhu C, Guo J. Mitochondrial ERK plays a key role in δ-opioid receptor neuroprotection against acute mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:739-48. [PMID: 21864608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that stimulating delta-opioid receptor (DOR) with its specific agonists elicits neuroprotection against hypoxia/ischemia. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in hypoxic neuronal injury, but the effects of DOR activation on mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons are poorly elucidated. In this investigation, we studied the effects of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] enkephalin (DADLE), a potent DOR agonist, on acute mitochondrial dysfunction and ensuing cell damage induced by sodium azide in primary rat cortical neuronal cultures, and explored possible mechanisms underlying. Here, we show that DADLE reverses NaN(3)-induced acute mitochondrial dysfunction by selectively activating DOR, mainly including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and reactive oxygen species generation. DOR stimulation also inhibits cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, and attenuates neuronal death caused by acute NaN(3) insults. Furthermore, DOR activation with DADLE protects neurons from acute NaN(3) insults mainly through PKC-ERK pathway, and mitochondrial ERK activation is especially required for DOR neuroprotection against acute mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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