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Majumder N, Velayutham M, Bitounis D, Kodali VK, Hasan Mazumder MH, Amedro J, Khramtsov VV, Erdely A, Nurkiewicz T, Demokritou P, Kelley EE, Hussain S. Oxidized carbon black nanoparticles induce endothelial damage through C-X-C chemokine receptor 3-mediated pathway. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102161. [PMID: 34624601 PMCID: PMC8502956 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of engineered nanomaterials during application in various industrial sectors can alter their toxicity. Oxidized nanomaterials also have widespread industrial and biomedical applications. In this study, we evaluated the cardiopulmonary hazard posed by these nanomaterials using oxidized carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (CBox) as a model particle. Particle surface chemistry was characterized by X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Colloidal characterization and in vitro dosimetry modeling (particle kinetics, fate and transport modeling) were performed. Lung inflammation was assessed following oropharyngeal aspiration of CB or oxidized CBox particles (20 μg per mouse) in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicity and functional assays were also performed on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and endothelial cell lines (C166) with and without pharmacological inhibitors. Oxidant generation was assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and via flow cytometry. Endothelial toxicity was evaluated by quantifying pro-inflammatory mRNA expression, monolayer permeability, and wound closure. XPS and FTIR spectra indicated surface modifications, the appearance of new functionalities, and greater oxidative potential (both acellular and in vitro) of CBox particles. Treatment with CBox demonstrated greater in vivo inflammatory potentials (lavage neutrophil counts, secreted cytokine, and lung tissue mRNA expression) and air-blood barrier disruption (lavage proteins). Oxidant-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages led to the production of CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9,10,11). Conditioned medium from CBox-treated macrophages induced significant elevation in endothelial cell pro-inflammatory mRNA expression, enhanced monolayer permeability and impairment of scratch healing in CXCR3 dependent manner. In summary, this study mechanistically demonstrated an increased biological potency of CBox particles and established the role of macrophage-released chemical mediators in endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Md Habibul Hasan Mazumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jessica Amedro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timothy Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA.
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Majumder N, Goldsmith WT, Kodali VK, Velayutham M, Friend SA, Khramtsov VV, Nurkiewicz TR, Erdely A, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Castranova V, Harkema JR, Kelley EE, Hussain S. Oxidant-induced epithelial alarmin pathway mediates lung inflammation and functional decline following ultrafine carbon and ozone inhalation co-exposure. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102092. [PMID: 34418598 PMCID: PMC8385153 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental inhalation exposures are inherently mixed (gases and particles), yet regulations are still based on single toxicant exposures. While the impacts of individual components of environmental pollution have received substantial attention, the impact of inhalation co-exposures is poorly understood. Here, we mechanistically investigated pulmonary inflammation and lung function decline after inhalation co-exposure and individual exposures to ozone (O3) and ultrafine carbon black (CB). Environmentally/occupationally relevant lung deposition levels in mice were achieved after inhalation of stable aerosols with similar aerodynamic and mass median distributions. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy detected increased surface oxygen contents on particles in co-exposure aerosols. Compared with individual exposures, co-exposure aerosols produced greater acellular and cellular oxidants detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and in vivo immune-spin trapping (IST), as well as synergistically increased lavage neutrophils, lavage proteins and inflammation related gene/protein expression. Co-exposure induced a significantly greater respiratory function decline compared to individual exposure. A synthetic catalase-superoxide dismutase mimetic (EUK-134) significantly blunted lung inflammation and respiratory function decline confirming the role of oxidant imbalance. We identified a significant induction of epithelial alarmin (thymic stromal lymphopoietin-TSLP)-dependent interleukin-13 pathway after co-exposure, associated with increased mucin and interferon gene expression. We provided evidence of interactive outcomes after air pollution constituent co-exposure and identified a key mechanistic pathway that can potentially explain epidemiological observation of lung function decline after an acute peak of air pollution. Developing and studying the co-exposure scenario in a standardized and controlled fashion will enable a better mechanistic understanding of how environmental exposures result in adverse outcomes. Interaction with O3 mediates free radical production on the surface of carbon black (CB) particles. Oxidants mediate co-exposure (CB + O3)-induced lung function decline. EUK-134 (a synthetic superoxide-catalase mimetic) abrogates CB + O3-induced lung inflammation. CB + O3 co-exposure induces greater lung inflammation than individual exposures. Epithelial alarmin (TSLP) contributes significantly to the CB + O3 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
| | | | - Sherri A Friend
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, School of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA.
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Holič R, Šťastný D, Griač P. Sec14 family of lipid transfer proteins in yeasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158990. [PMID: 34118432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of lipids prevents their free movement across the cytoplasm. To achieve highly heterogeneous and precisely regulated lipid distribution in different cellular membranes, lipids are transported by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in addition to their transport by vesicles. Sec14 family is one of the most extensively studied groups of LTPs. Here we provide an overview of Sec14 family of LTPs in the most studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in other selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts-Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Discussed are specificities of Sec14-domain LTPs in various yeasts, their mode of action, subcellular localization, and physiological function. In addition, quite few Sec14 family LTPs are target of antifungal drugs, serve as modifiers of drug resistance or influence virulence of pathologic yeasts. Thus, they represent an important object of study from the perspective of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Holič
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominik Šťastný
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Khan D, Lee D, Gulten G, Aggarwal A, Wofford J, Krieger I, Tripathi A, Patrick JW, Eckert DM, Laganowsky A, Sacchettini J, Lindahl P, Bankaitis VA. A Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein paralog defines a novel class of heme-binding proteins. eLife 2020; 9:57081. [PMID: 32780017 PMCID: PMC7462610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast Sfh5 is an unusual member of the Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) family. Whereas PITPs are defined by their abilities to transfer phosphatidylinositol between membranes in vitro, and to stimulate phosphoinositide signaling in vivo, Sfh5 does not exhibit these activities. Rather, Sfh5 is a redox-active penta-coordinate high spin FeIII hemoprotein with an unusual heme-binding arrangement that involves a co-axial tyrosine/histidine coordination strategy and a complex electronic structure connecting the open shell iron d-orbitals with three aromatic ring systems. That Sfh5 is not a PITP is supported by demonstrations that heme is not a readily exchangeable ligand, and that phosphatidylinositol-exchange activity is resuscitated in heme binding-deficient Sfh5 mutants. The collective data identify Sfh5 as the prototype of a new class of fungal hemoproteins, and emphasize the versatility of the Sec14-fold as scaffold for translating the binding of chemically distinct ligands to the control of diverse sets of cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Dongju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, United States
| | - Gulcin Gulten
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Anup Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Joshua Wofford
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Charleston Southern University, North Charleston, United States
| | - Inna Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, United States
| | - John W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Debra M Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - James Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Paul Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
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Zheng J, He J, Liao S, Cheng Z, Lin J, Huang K, Li X, Zheng K, Chen X, Lin L, Xia F, Liu J, Xu M, Chen T, Huang X, Cao X, Yang Z. Preventive effects of combinative natural foods produced by elite crop varieties rich in anticancer effects on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:339-355. [PMID: 30680188 PMCID: PMC6341211 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Cancer Research Fund International has released 32 anticancer effects (ACEs) that targeted every stage of cancer processes. Thus, we designed two formulas of natural food combination Diet I and Diet II, mainly produced by elite crop varieties rich in ACEs with different mixture ratios, and evaluated their cancer preventive effects on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. After 20 weeks of dietary intervention, Diet I and Diet II reduced incidence, size, and number of hepatic nodules (p < 0.01) and prevented hepatic tumor formation in NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis rats. Low-grade hepatic dysplasia incidence was 20% for Diet II and 40% for Diet I, and apparent hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) rates were both 0, while 90% HCC in control diet treatment group (p < 0.01). Diet I and Diet II ameliorated abnormal liver function enzymes, reduced serum alpha fetal protein, tumor-specific growth factor, dickkopf-related protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels, regulated hepatic phase I and II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, enhanced antioxidant capacity, suppressed NDEA-initiated oxidative DNA damage, and induced apoptosis coupled to down-regulation of proinflammatory, invasion, and angiogenesis markers. Daily intake of combination diet produced from ACEs-rich elite crop varieties can effectively prevent or delay occurrence and development of NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Zheng
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sufeng Liao
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zuxin Cheng
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jinke Lin
- Anxi College of Tea ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Horticulture and LandscapeHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kaibin Zheng
- Institute of Sub‐tropical AgricultureFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Xuanyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry for Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lihui Lin
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fagang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry for Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ming Xu
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Tuansheng Chen
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xinying Huang
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality InstituteFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H 2S Levels: H 2S Donors and H 2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:497-564. [PMID: 28978633 PMCID: PMC5629631 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H2S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H2S, either based on H2S donation or inhibition of H2S biosynthesis. H2S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H2S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H2S donors (salts of H2S such as NaHS and Na2S) or slow-releasing H2S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H2S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H2S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H2S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H2S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H2S donors and H2S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
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Velayutham M, Hemann CF, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL. Sulfite Oxidase Activity of Cytochrome c: Role of Hydrogen Peroxide. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:96-104. [PMID: 26709389 PMCID: PMC4689149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, sulfite is generated endogenously by the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine. Sulfite is also formed from exposure to sulfur dioxide, one of the major environmental pollutants. Sulfite is used as an antioxidant and preservative in dried fruits, vegetables, and beverages such as wine. Sulfite is also used as a stabilizer in many drugs. Sulfite toxicity has been associated with allergic reactions characterized by sulfite sensitivity, asthma, and anaphylactic shock. Sulfite is also toxic to neurons and cardiovascular cells. Recent studies suggest that the cytotoxicity of sulfite is mediated by free radicals; however, molecular mechanisms involved in sulfite toxicity are not fully understood. Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial respiration and has antioxidant and peroxidase activities. Studies were performed to understand the related mechanism of oxidation of sulfite and radical generation by ferric cytochrome c (Fe3+cyt c) in the absence and presence of H2O2. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were performed with sulfite, Fe3+cyt c, and H2O2. An EPR spectrum corresponding to the sulfite radical adducts of DMPO (DMPO-SO3-) was obtained. The amount of DMPO-SO3- formed from the oxidation of sulfite by the Fe3+cyt c increased with sulfite concentration. In addition, the amount of DMPO-SO3- formed by the peroxidase activity of Fe3+cyt c also increased with sulfite and H2O2 concentration. From these results, we propose a mechanism in which the Fe3+cyt c and its peroxidase activity oxidizes sulfite to sulfite radical. Our results suggest that Fe3+cyt c could have a novel role in the deleterious effects of sulfite in biological systems due to increased production of sulfite radical. It also shows that the increased production of sulfite radical may be responsible for neurotoxicity and some of the injuries which occur to humans born with molybdenum cofactor and sulfite oxidase deficiencies. Cytochrome c oxidizes sulfite to sulfite radical. In the presence of H2O2, sulfite radical generation from cyt c increases. The formation of sulfite radical is sulfite concentration dependent. This mechanism of sulfite radical formation may be important in sulfite toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210 ; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Craig F Hemann
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Arturo J Cardounel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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8
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Kim TH, Eom JS, Lee CG, Yang YM, Lee YS, Kim SG. An active metabolite of oltipraz (M2) increases mitochondrial fuel oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis in the liver by dually activating AMPK. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1647-61. [PMID: 23145499 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oltipraz, a cancer chemopreventive agent, has an anti-steatotic effect via liver X receptor-α (LXRα) inhibition. Here we have assessed the biological activity of a major metabolite of oltipraz (M2) against liver steatosis and steatohepatitis and the underlying mechanism(s). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Blood biochemistry and histopathology were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice treated with M2. An in vitroHepG2 cell model was used to study the mechanism of action. Immunoblotting, real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assays were performed to measure target protein or gene expression levels. KEY RESULTS M2 treatment inhibited HFD-induced steatohepatitis and diminished oxidative stress in liver. It increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial fuel oxidation. Mitochondrial DNA content and oxygen consumption rate were enhanced. Moreover, M2 treatment repressed activity of LXRα and induction of its target genes, indicating anti-lipogenic effects. M2 activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Inhibition of AMPK by over-expression of dominant negative AMPK (DN-AMPK) or by Compound C prevented M2 from inducing genes for fatty acid oxidation and repressed sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression. M2 activated liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and increased the AMP/ATP ratio. LKB1 knockdown failed to reverse target protein modulations or AMPK activation by M2, supporting the proposal that both LKB1 and increased AMP/ATP ratio contribute to its anti-steatotic effect. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS M2 inhibited liver steatosis and steatohepatitis by enhancing mitochondrial fuel oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis. These effects reflected activation of AMPK elicited by increases in LKB1 activity and AMP/ATP ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Recent Progress in 1,2-Dithiole-3-thione Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407777-5.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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10
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Kang SG, Lee WH, Lee YH, Lee YS, Kim SG. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition by a pyrrolopyrazine metabolite of oltipraz as a consequence of microRNAs 199a-5p and 20a induction. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:661-669. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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11
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Spasojević I. Free radicals and antioxidants at a glance using EPR spectroscopy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 48:114-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.591772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Velayutham M, Hemann C, Zweier JL. Removal of H₂O₂ and generation of superoxide radical: role of cytochrome c and NADH. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:160-70. [PMID: 21545835 PMCID: PMC3112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In cells, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes are the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial electron transport and has antioxidant and peroxidase activities. Under oxidative or nitrative stress, the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c is increased. The level of NADH is also increased under pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and diabetes and a concurrent increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production occurs. Studies were performed to understand the related mechanisms of radical generation and NADH oxidation by Fe³⁺cyt c in the presence of H₂O₂. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were performed with NADH, Fe³⁺cyt c, and H₂O₂ in the presence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. An EPR spectrum corresponding to the superoxide radical adduct of DMPO encapsulated in methyl-β-cyclodextrin was obtained. This EPR signal was quenched by the addition of the superoxide scavenging enzyme Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The amount of superoxide radical adduct formed from the oxidation of NADH by the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c increased with NADH and H₂O₂ concentration. From these results, we propose a mechanism in which the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c oxidizes NADH to NAD(•), which in turn donates an electron to O₂, resulting in superoxide radical formation. A UV-visible spectroscopic study shows that Fe³⁺cyt c is reduced in the presence of both NADH and H₂O₂. Our results suggest that Fe³⁺cyt c could have a novel role in the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion and diabetes due to increased production of superoxide radical. In addition, Fe³⁺cyt c may play a key role in the mitochondrial "ROS-induced ROS-release" signaling and in mitochondrial and cellular injury/death. The increased oxidation of NADH and generation of superoxide radical by this mechanism may have implications for the regulation of apoptotic cell death, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological diseases. We also propose an alternative electron transfer pathway, which may protect mitochondria and mitochondrial proteins from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
| | | | - Jay L. Zweier
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
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Choi SH, Kim YM, Lee JM, Kim SG. Antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects of oxidized metabolites of oltipraz. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:213-24. [PMID: 20095791 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903427972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Comprehensive studies indicate that oltipraz exerts cancer chemopreventive effects. Oltipraz has other therapeutic potentials, which include anti-fibrotic effect, inhibition of insulin resistance, mitochondrial protection and cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress. Although antioxidant mechanisms may account for its cancer chemopreventive effect, details on the molecular mechanism still remain to be clarified. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Two major metabolic pathways of oltipraz include oxidative desulfuration of the thione to yield 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one and molecular rearrangement to 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine. In addition to the diverse pharmacological effects of oltipraz, the oxidized metabolites may have distinct biological effects on cell survival. The AMP-activated protein kinase pathway has been recognized as a key cascade for mitochondrial protection and cell survival events, which can be activated by the oxidized metabolites of oltipraz. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review, the metabolic activation of oltipraz and the role of the cell signaling pathways in regulating the expression of Phase II genes and antioxidant activity are discussed with particular reference to their effects on mitochondrial protection and cell survival. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In terms of therapeutic potential, the findings reviewed here demonstrate a therapeutic potential for oxidized metabolite of oltipraz and offer comparison of antioxidant capacity between metabolites and parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hwa Choi
- Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Republic of Korea.
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Opening of the mitoKATP channel and decoupling of mitochondrial complex II and III contribute to the suppression of myocardial reperfusion hyperoxygenation. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:25-38. [PMID: 19851835 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diazoxide, a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel opener, protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Diazoxide also inhibits mitochondrial complex II-dependent respiration in addition to its preconditioning effect. However, there are no prior studies of the role of diazoxide on post-ischemic myocardial oxygenation. In the current study, we determined the effect of diazoxide on the suppression of post-ischemic myocardial tissue hyperoxygenation in vivo, superoxide (O(2)(-*)) generation in isolated mitochondria, and impairment of the interaction between complex II and complex III in purified mitochondrial proteins. It was observed that diazoxide totally suppressed the post-ischemic myocardial hyperoxygenation. With succinate but not glutamate/malate as the substrate, diazoxide significantly increased ubisemiquinone-dependent O(2)(-*) generation, which was not blocked by 5-HD and glibenclamide. Using a model system, the super complex of succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCR) hosting complex II and complex III, we also observed that diazoxide impaired complex II and its interaction with complex III with no effect on complex III. UV-visible spectral analysis revealed that diazoxide decreased succinate-mediated ferricytochrome b reduction in SCR. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that diazoxide suppressed the in vivo post-ischemic myocardial hyperoxygenation through opening the mitoK(ATP) channel and ubisemiquinone-dependent O(2)(-*) generation via inhibiting mitochondrial complex II-dependent respiration.
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Villamena FA, Liu Y, Zweier JL. Superoxide radical anion adduct of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. 4. Conformational effects on the EPR hyperfine splitting constants. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:12607-15. [PMID: 19012384 DOI: 10.1021/jp8070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spin trapping has been commonly employed in the detection of superoxide radical anion in chemical and biological systems; hence, accurate interpretation of the hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc's) arising from the O(2)(*-) adducts (also referred to as hydroperoxyl (HO(2)(*)) radical adducts) of various nitrones is important. In this work, the nature of the relevant hfsc's was investigated by examining the effect of conformational changes in the hydroperoxyl moiety of the O(2)(*-) adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO), 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO), and 7-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-6-one N-oxide, (CPCOMPO) on the magnitude of a(N), a(beta-H), and a(gamma-H). Conformational change around the substituents and their effect on the hfsc's were also explored. Results indicate that a(beta-H) is most sensitive to conformational changes of the hydroperoxyl and substituent groups relative to hfsc's of other nuclei. The orbital overlap between the C-H sigma-orbital and the SOMO of the nitroxyl nitrogen plays a crucial factor in determining the magnitude of the a(beta-H). The hfsc values for the O(2)(*-) adducts were predicted with high accuracy by using a low-cost computational method at the PCM(water)/BHandHLYP/EPR-III//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory without taking into account the explicit water interaction.
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Kwon YN, Shin SM, Cho IJ, Kim SG. Oxidized metabolites of oltipraz exert cytoprotective effects against arachidonic acid through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent cellular antioxidant effect and mitochondrial protection. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1187-97. [PMID: 19299524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oltipraz protects cells from chemical-induced carcinogenesis partly because of phase 2 enzyme induction. Certain oltipraz metabolites also induce phase 2 enzymes. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of the oxidized metabolites of oltipraz against arachidonic acid (AA), a proinflammatory fatty acid that causes cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial impairment, and the mechanistic basis of their action in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one (M1) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]-pyrazine (M2), but not 7-methyl-8-(methylsulfinyl)-6-(methylthio)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M3) or 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylsulfinyl)H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine (M4), enabled cells to protect against AA-induced apoptosis. M1 and M2 treatment protected cells from ROS produced by AA and inhibited AA-induced glutathione depletion. Moreover, both M1 and M2 effectively inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AA, although M2 alone slightly elicited it at a relatively high concentration. M1 and M2 activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but M3 and M4 failed to do so. AMPK activation by M1 and M2 contributed to cell survival against AA through a decrease in cellular ROS production and prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown by the reversal of the metabolites' restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential by compound C treatment or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant AMPK. Consistently, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside, an AMPK activator, also had a cytoprotective and antioxidant effect against AA. Our results demonstrate that, of the major metabolites of oltipraz, M1 and M2 are capable of protecting cells from AA-induced ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Nam Kwon
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Dithiolethiones are a well-known class of cancer chemopreventive agents; the key mechanism of action of dithiolethiones involves activation of Nrf2 signaling and induction of phase II enzymes. In the past, attention has been focused mainly on 4-methyl-5-pyrazinyl-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz), which showed ability as a wide-spectrum inhibitor of chemical carcinogenesis in preclinical models. However, clinical trials of oltipraz have shown questionable efficacy, and at the high doses employed in such studies, significant side effects were observed. Dithiolethiones that are markedly more effective and potent than oltipraz in both induction of phase II enzymes and inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis in preclinical studies have been identified, and these compounds have shown pronounced organ specificity in vivo. Further investigation of these compounds may lead to development of effective and safe agents for cancer prevention in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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