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Wu JX, Lau ATY, Xu YM. Indoor Secondary Pollutants Cannot Be Ignored: Third-Hand Smoke. TOXICS 2022; 10:363. [PMID: 35878269 PMCID: PMC9316611 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smoking has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the fifth highest threat to humanity. Smoking, a leading disease promoter, is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. NCDs account for 63% of all deaths worldwide. Passive smoking is also a health risk. Globally, more than a third of all people are regularly exposed to harmful smoke. Air pollution is a common global problem in which pollutants emitted into the atmosphere undergo a series of physical or chemical reactions to produce various oxidation products, which are often referred to as secondary pollutants. Secondary pollutants include ozone (O3), sulfur trioxide (SO3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and respirable particulate matter (PM). It is worth mentioning that third-hand smoke (THS), formed by the reaction of nicotine with second-hand smoke (SHS) caused by indoor O3 or nitrous acid (HONO), is a major indoor secondary pollutant that cannot be ignored. As a form of indoor air pollution that is relatively difficult to avoid, THS exists in any corner of the environment where smokers live. In this paper, we summarize the important research progress on the main components, detection, and toxicity of THS and look forward to future research directions. Scientific understanding of THS and its hazards will facilitate smoking bans in indoor and public places and raise public concern for how to prevent and remove THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xun Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | | | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Liu T, Song Y, Chen R, Zheng R, Wang S, Li L. Solid fuel use for heating and risks of breast and cervical cancer mortality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109578. [PMID: 32380244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinogens released from indoor burning of solid fuels are believed to enter the bloodstream and to be metabolized in breast and cervical tissues. Little evidence exists about the relationship of solid fuel use from heating with breast and cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of solid heating fuel use with breast and cervical cancer mortality. METHODS This study included female participants aged 30-79 years who were enrolled in the China Kadoorie Biobank during 2004-2008 from 10 diverse regions across China. During a 10.2-year median follow-up, 177 breast cancer deaths and 113 cervical cancer deaths were documented. Multivariable Cox regression models yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations of self-reported long-term heating fuel exposure with two cancer deaths. Stratified analyses were used to assess effect modification. RESULTS We included 236,116 participants for breast cancer analyses and 228,795 for cervical cancer analyses. Compared with non-solid fuel use, the fully adjusted HRs of cervical cancer deaths were 1.75 (0.91-3.38) for wood use, 2.23 (1.09-4.59) for mixed fuel (coal and wood) use. No evident relationship was observed for breast cancer deaths. Cervical cancer risk increased with the duration of solid fuel use (P for trend = 0.041). Elevated cervical cancer risk was observed in post-menopausal women (HR 2.01, 1.01-4.03), not in pre-menopausal women (HR 0.77, 0.56-2.31) (P for heterogeneity = 0.004); and in those aged ≥50 years (HR 2.56, 1.17-5.86), not in those aged < 50 years (HR 0.69, 0.26-1.84) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Indoor solid fuel combustion for heating may be associated with a higher risk for cervical cancer death, but not for breast cancer. The strength of the association increased with the duration of exposure and was modified by age and menopause status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanxin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ru Chen
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshou Zheng
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Omidian K, Rafiei H, Bandy B. Increased mitochondrial content and function by resveratrol and select flavonoids protects against benzo[a]pyrene-induced bioenergetic dysfunction and ROS generation in a cell model of neoplastic transformation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:767-775. [PMID: 31972341 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols act in cancer prevention and may inhibit carcinogenesis. A possible mitochondrial mechanism for carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation and chemoprevention by polyphenols, however, is largely unexplored. Using the Bhas 42 cell model of carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation, we investigated benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) along with different polyphenols for their effects on mitochondrial content and function, and on mitochondrial and intracellular ROS generation. Bhas 42 cells were either co-treated with 5 μM polyphenol starting 2 h before exposure to 4 μM B[a]P for 24 or 72 h, or pre-treated with polyphenol for 24 h and removed prior to B[a]P exposure. Exposure to B[a]P decreased mitochondrial content (by 46% after 24 h and 30% after 72 h), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP, and increased generation of mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS. Polyphenol co-treatments protected against the decreased mitochondrial content, with resveratrol being the most effective (increasing the mitochondrial content after 72 h by 75%). Measurements after 24 h of mRNA for mitochondria-related proteins and of SIRT1 enzyme activity suggested an involvement of increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the polyphenol effects. The polyphenol co-treatments also ameliorated B[a]P-induced deficits in mitochondrial function (most strongly resveratrol), and increases in generation of mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS. Notably, 24 h pre-treatments with polyphenols strongly suppressed subsequent B[a]P-induced increases, after 24 and 72 h, in mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS generation, with resveratrol being the most effective. In conclusion, the results support a mechanism for B[a]P carcinogenesis involving impaired mitochondrial function and increased mitochondria-derived ROS, that can be ameliorated by dietary polyphenols. The evidence supports an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis behind the strong chemoprevention by resveratrol, and a mitochondrial antioxidant effect in chemoprevention by quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Omidian
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Brian Bandy
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Demetriou CA, Degli Esposti D, Pullen Fedinick K, Russo F, Robinson O, Vineis P. Filling the gap between chemical carcinogenesis and the hallmarks of cancer: A temporal perspective. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12933. [PMID: 29604052 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is believed to arise through the perturbation of pathways and the order of pathway perturbation events can enhance understanding and evaluation of carcinogenicity. This order has not been examined so far, and this study aimed to fill this gap by attempting to gather evidence on the potential temporal sequence of events in carcinogenesis. DESIGN The methodology followed was to discuss first the temporal sequence of hallmarks of cancer from the point of view of pathological specimens of cancer (essentially branched mutations) and then to consider the hallmarks of cancer that one well-known carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, can modify. RESULTS Even though the sequential order of driving genetic alterations can vary between and within tumours, the main cancer pathways affected are almost ubiquitous and follow a generally common sequence: resisting cell death, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, sustained proliferation, deregulated energetics, replicative immortality and activation of invasion and metastasis. The first 3 hallmarks can be regarded as almost simultaneous while angiogenesis and avoiding immune destruction are perhaps the only hallmarks with a varying position in the above sequence. CONCLUSIONS Our review of hallmarks of cancer and their temporal sequence, based on mutational spectra in biopsies from different cancer sites, allowed us to propose a hypothetical temporal sequence of the hallmarks. This sequence can add molecular support to the evaluation of an agent as a carcinogen as it can be used as a conceptual framework for organising and evaluating the strength of existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federica Russo
- Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Torino, Italy
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Ji X, Li Y, He J, Shah W, Xue X, Feng G, Zhang H, Gao M. Depletion of mitochondrial enzyme system in liver, lung, brain, stomach and kidney induced by benzo(a)pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 43:83-93. [PMID: 26970059 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently received considerable attention as it plays an important role in adult human pathology caused by various drugs, endogenous agents and environmental agents. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant mainly derived from anthropogenic activity during incomplete combustion of organic materials from various sources. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on mitochondrial enzymes in the multiple organs including liver, lung, brain, stomach and kidney. ICR mice were exposed to different doses of BaP (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg body weight) through oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection treatment for 13 weeks consecutively. The induced mitochondrial damage in the examined organs was assayed in terms of significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and prominent decrease in antioxidant enzymes. Non enzymatic antioxidants and Krebs cycle's enzymes were also significantly decreased in mitochondria. Additionally, BaP induced the body growth retardation and decrease in relative liver weight, increase in relative lung, stomach, kidney and brain weights, and this was further certified through histopathological lesions. Liver and lungs were more prominently damaged by BaP. The mitochondrial depletion increased in BaP dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ji
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, China
| | - Yongfei Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianlong He
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Walayat Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huqin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meili Gao
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, China.
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Gao M, Li Y, Ji X, Xue X, Chen L, Feng G, Zhang H, Wang H, Shah W, Hou Z, Kong Y. Disturbance of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, Ki-67 and C-myc expression in acute and subchronic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene in cervix. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:63-73. [PMID: 26709117 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoking is an important cofactor or an independent risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is one of the most potent tobacco smoke carcinogens in tobacco smoke. BaP induced DNA damage and over expression in p53 cervical tissue of mice as demonstrated in our previous study. Here we present the findings of exposure to BaP on the expression of Bcl-2, C-myc, Ki-67, Caspase-3 and Bax genes in mouse cervix. Acute intraperitoneal administration of BaP (12.5, 25, 50, 100mg/kg body weight) to ICR female mice induced a significant increase in Bcl-2, C-myc, Ki-67 mRNA and protein level till 72h except in Bcl-2 at 24h with 12.5, 25, 50mg/kg as well as at 48h with 12.5mg/kg body weight post treatment. A significant increase was also seen in Caspase-3 and Bax mRNA and protein level with peak level at 24h and gradual decrease till 72h, however, the expression of caspase-3 increased while that of Bax decreased with increasing dose of Bap after 24h. In sub chronic intraperitoneal and oral gavage administration of BaP (2.5, 5, 10mg/kg body weight), similar significant increase was observed for all the examined genes as compared to the control and vehicle groups, however the expression of Bax decreased in a dose dependent manner. The findings of this study will help in further understanding the molecular mechanism of BaP induced carcinogenesis of cervical cancer.
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He J, Ji X, Li Y, Xue X, Feng G, Zhang H, Wang H, Gao M. Subchronic exposure of benzo(a)pyrene interferes with the expression of Bcl-2, Ki-67, C-myc and p53, Bax, Caspase-3 in sub-regions of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gao ML, Chen L, Li YF, Xue XC, Chen L, Wang LN, Shah W, Kong Y. Synergistic increase of oxidative stress and tumor markers in PAH-exposed workers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7105-12. [PMID: 25227798 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated oxidative stress and tumor marker levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 136 coke oven workers and in 60 control subjects, and evaluated the correlation between oxidative stress and tumor marker levels. Questionnaires on basic demographic information were also administered. Significant differences in employment time and percentages of alcohol drinkers were observed between the control and exposed groups. PAH exposure was assessed using urinary 1-hydroxy-pyrene (1-OHP) levels and was found to be significantly higher in workers than in the controls. Significant differences (P<0.001) of MDA, GST, LDH, NSE, Cyfra21-1, and of SCC and TNF-a (P<0.0001 and P<0.05, P<0.001, respectively) levels were observed among controls and coke-oven workers, except for bottom coke oven workers. Associations between age and risk of increased TNF-a, smoking and increased GST activities, and drinking with increased MDA concentrations, were marginal (P=0.055, P=0.048, P=0.057, respectively). The association between smoking with MDA (P=0.004), NSE (P=0.005), SCC (P=0.004) and TNF-a (P<0.001), and drinking with TNF-a levels was significant (P=0.012). In addition, a significant positive correlation between oxidative stress and tumor markers was found in the present study. These results suggest that a synergistic increase of oxidative stress and tumor markers induced by PAHs may play a role in toxic responses for PAHs in coke oven workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Gao
- Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China E-mail :
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Zhan S, Zhang X, Cao S, Huang J. Benzo(a)pyrene disrupts mouse preimplantation embryo development. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:815-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Reddy KP, Girish BP, Reddy PS. Reproductive and paternal mediated developmental toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in adult male Wistar rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated reproductive toxic effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in adult male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Pratap Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology
- Sri Venkateswara University
- Tirupati – 517502
- India
- Department of Zoology
| | - B. P. Girish
- Department of Biotechnology
- Sri Venkateswara University
- Tirupati – 517502
- India
- Department of Zoology
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Gao M, Li Y, Sun Y, Shah W, Yang S, Wang Y, Long J. Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure Increases Toxic Biomarkers and Morphological Disorders in Mouse Cervix. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:398-406. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gao M, Li Y, Sun Y, Long J, Kong Y, Yang S, Wang Y. A common carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene causes p53 overexpression in mouse cervix via DNA damage. Mutat Res 2011; 724:69-75. [PMID: 21745588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is cytotoxic and/or genotoxic to lung, stomach and skin tissue in the body. However, the effect of BaP on cervical tissue remains unclear. The present study detected DNA damage and the expression of the p53 gene in BaP-induced cervical tissue in female mice. Animals were intraperitoneally injected and orally gavaged with BaP at the doses of 2.5, 5, and 10mg/kg twice a week for 14 weeks. The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay was used to detect the DNA damage. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used to detect the expression of p53 protein and p53 mRNA, respectively. The results showed that BaP induced a significant and dose-dependent increase of the number of cells with DNA damaged and the tail length as well as Comet tail moment in cervical tissue. The expression level of p53 protein and mRNA was increased. The results demonstrate that BaP may show toxic effect on the cervix by increasing DNA damage and the expression of the p53 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Gao
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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