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Pang L, Shah H, Xu Y, Qian S. Delta-5-desaturase: A novel therapeutic target for cancer management. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101207. [PMID: 34438249 PMCID: PMC8390547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
D5D is an independent prognostic factor in cancer. D5D aggravates cancer progression via mediating AA/PGE2 production from DGLA. AA/PGE2 promotes cancer progression via regulating the tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of D5D redirects COX-2 catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, producing 8-HOA. 8-HOA suppress cancer by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis.
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) is a rate-limiting enzyme that introduces double-bonds to the delta-5 position of the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid chain. Since fatty acid metabolism is a vital factor in cancer development, several recent studies have revealed that D5D activity and expression could be an independent prognostic factor in cancers. However, the mechanistic basis of D5D in cancer progression is still controversial. The classical concept believes that D5D could aggravate cancer progression via mediating arachidonic acid (AA)/prostaglandin E2 production from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), resulting in activation of EP receptors, inflammatory pathways, and immunosuppression. On the contrary, D5D may prevent cancer progression through activating ferroptosis, which is iron-dependent cell death. Suppression of D5D by RNA interference and small-molecule inhibitor has been identified as a promising anti-cancer strategy. Inhibition of D5D could shift DGLA peroxidation pattern from generating AA to a distinct anti-cancer free radical byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, resulting in activation of apoptosis pathway and simultaneously suppression of cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of D5D on cancer may therefore facilitate the development of novel therapeutical applications. Given that D5D may serve as a promising target in cancer, in this review, we provide an updated summary of current knowledge on the role of D5D in cancer development and potentially useful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA
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Zhang X, Cui Y, Ding X, Liu S, Han B, Duan X, Zhang H, Sun T. Analysis of mRNA‑lncRNA and mRNA‑lncRNA-pathway co‑expression networks based on WGCNA in developing pediatric sepsis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1457-1470. [PMID: 33949285 PMCID: PMC8806204 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1908029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sepsis is a great threat to death worldwide. However, the pathogenesis has not been clearly understood until now in sepsis. This study identified differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. And the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to explore co-expression modules associated with pediatric sepsis. Then, Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway, mRNA‑lncRNA and mRNA‑lncRNA-pathway co-expression network analysis was conducted in selected significant module. A total of 1941 mRNAs and 225 lncRNAs were used to conduct WGCNA. And turquoise module was selected as a significant module that was associated with particular traits. The mRNAs functions associated with many vital processes were also shown by GO and KEGG pathway analysis in the turquoise module. Finally, 15 mRNAs (MAPK14, ITGAM, HK3, ALOX5, CR1, HCK, NCF4, PYGL, FLOT1, CARD6, NLRC4, SH3GLB1, PGS1, RAB31, LTB4R) and 4 lncRNAs (GSEC, NONHSAT160878.1, XR_926068.1 and RARA-AS1) were selected as hub genes in mRNA‑lncRNA-Pathway co-expression network. We identified 15 mRNAs and 4 lncRNAs as diagnostic markers, which have potential functions in pediatric sepsis. Our study provides more directions to study the molecular mechanism of pediatric sepsis.Abbreviations: mRNA: messenger RNA; lncRNA: long noncoding RNAs; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; WGCNA: weighted gene co-expression network analysis; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TOM: topological overlap measure; BP: biological process; MF: molecular function; CC: cellular component; ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve; AUC: area under curve; MAPK14: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; ALI: acute lung injury; ITGAM: Integrin subunit alpha M; HK3: Hexokinase 3; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; 5-LO: 5-lipoxygenase; LTs: leukotrienes; LTB4R: leukotriene B4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianfei Ding
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Han
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tongwen Sun
- General ICU, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Matsuoka Y, Izumi Y, Takahashi M, Bamba T, Yamada KI. Method for Structural Determination of Lipid-Derived Radicals. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6993-7002. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuoka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Yang X, Li Y, Li Y, Ye D, Yuan L, Sun Y, Han D, Hu Q. Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO₂ Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira ( Spirulina) platensis and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040203. [PMID: 30935028 PMCID: PMC6520994 DOI: 10.3390/md17040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria represent a large untapped source of functional glycolipids enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human health. However, advanced methods for scalable isolation of diverse species containing high-purity PUFA-rich glycolipids will have to be developed and their possible pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions identified. This paper introduces a novel solid matrix-supported supercritical CO₂ extraction method for scalable isolation of the PUFA γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-enriched glycolipids from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, which has been the most widely used among microalgae in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Of various porous materials studied, diatomite was the best to facilitate extraction of GLA-rich glycolipids, resulting in an extraction efficiency of 98%. Gamma-linolenic acid made up 35% of total fatty acids (TFAs) in the extracts, which was considerably greater than that obtained with ethanol (26%), Bligh and Dyer (24%), and in situ transesterification (24%) methods, respectively. Lipidomics analysis revealed that GLA was exclusively associated with galactolipids. Pharmaceutical functions of GLA-rich galactolipids were investigated on a zebrafish caudal fin regeneration model. The results suggested that GLA extracted from A. platensis possessed anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities, which acted in a concerted manner to promote post-injury regeneration of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yanhua Li
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Li Yuan
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Danxiang Han
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Key Laboratory for Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Qiang Hu
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Key Laboratory for Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Algae Biomass, Microalgae Biotechnology Center, SDIC Biotech Investment Co., LTD., State Development & Investment Corp., Beijing 100142, China.
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Xu Y, Pang L, Wang H, Xu C, Shah H, Guo P, Shu D, Qian SY. Specific delivery of delta-5-desaturase siRNA via RNA nanoparticles supplemented with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid for colon cancer suppression. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101085. [PMID: 30584980 PMCID: PMC6305700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that DGLA treatment along with Delta-5-Desaturase (D5D) siRNA in various types of cancer cells enhances the formation of 8-HOA from COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, which in turn inhibits cancer cell growth and migration. However, delivery of naked siRNA remains a formidable challenge due to its "off-target" effect. In this study, we employed RNA nanotechnology for specific delivery of D5D-siRNA to xenograft colon tumors using 3WJ RNA nanoparticles. When a targeting module, i.e., the EpCAM aptamer, was incorporated, the 3WJ pRNA nanoparticles were able specifically deliver D5D siRNA to human colon cancer HCA-7 cells both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in significant downregulation of D5D expression. Co-treatment with DGLA in combination with 3WJ-EpCAM-siRNA induced a higher DGLA/AA ratio and enhanced formation of 8-HOA at a threshold level, and in HCA-7 tumor-bearing mice, induced significant tumor suppression. We further confirmed that 8-HOA formation, promoted by COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, inhibited HDAC and consequently induced apoptosis in tumor cells. Therefore, the 3WJ RNA nanoparticle system holds great promise as a suitable therapeutic delivery platform for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Congcong Xu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Xu Y, Yang X, Wang T, Yang L, He YY, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Knockdown delta-5-desaturase in breast cancer cells that overexpress COX-2 results in inhibition of growth, migration and invasion via a dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation dependent mechanism. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 29587668 PMCID: PMC5870477 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible COX form, is a bi-functional membrane-bound enzyme that typically metabolizes arachidonic acid (downstream ω-6 fatty acid) to form 2-series of prostaglandins known to be involved in cancer development. Overexpression of COX-2 has been found in a majority of breast carcinomas, and has also been associated with increased severity and the development of the metastasis. Our lab recently demonstrated that COX-2 can also metabolize dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, a precursor of ω-6 arachidonic acid) to produce an anti-cancer byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) that can inhibit growth and migration of colon and pancreatic cancer cells. We thus tested whether our strategy of knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D, the key enzyme that converts DGLA to arachidonic acid) in breast cancer cells overexpressing COX-2 can also be used to promote 8-HOA formation, thereby suppressing cancer growth, migration, and invasion. METHODS SiRNA and shRNA transfection were used to knock down D5D expression in MDA-MB 231 and 4 T1 cells (human and mouse breast cancer cell lines expressing high COX-2, respectively). Colony formation assay, FITC Annexin V/PI double staining, wound healing and transwell assay were used to assess the effect of our strategy on inhibition of cancer growth, migration, and invasion. GC/MS was used to measure endogenous 8-HOA, and western blotting was performed to evaluate the altered key protein expressions upon the treatments. RESULTS We demonstrated that D5D knockdown licenses DGLA to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells via promoting formation of 8-HOA that can inhibit histone deacetylase and activate cell apoptotic proteins, such as procaspase 9 and PARP. Our strategy can also significantly inhibit cancer migration and invasion, associated with altered expression of MMP-2/- 9, E-cadherin, vimentin and snail. In addition, D5D knockdown and DGLA supplementation greatly enhanced the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil on breast cancer growth and migration. CONCLUSIONS Consistent to our previous studies on colon and pancreatic cancer, here we demonstrate again that the high level of COX-2 in breast cancer cells can be capitalized on inhibiting cancer growth and migration. The outcome of this translational research could guide us to develop new anti-cancer strategy and/or to improve current chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104 USA
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
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Yang X, Xu Y, Wang T, Shu D, Guo P, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Inhibition of cancer migration and invasion by knocking down delta-5-desaturase in COX-2 overexpressed cancer cells. Redox Biol 2017; 11:653-662. [PMID: 28157665 PMCID: PMC5288391 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase (a key enzyme that converts dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, DGLA, to the downstream ω-6 arachidonic acid) promotes formation of an anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid can exert its growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells (e.g. colon and pancreatic cancer) by serving as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Since histone deacetylase inhibitors have been well-known to suppress cancer cell migration and invasion, we thus tested whether knockdown of delta-5-desaturase and DGLA treatment could also be used to inhibit cancer migration and invasion of colon cancer and pancreatic cancer cells. Wound healing assay, transwell assay and western blot were used to assess cell migration and invasion as well as the associated molecular mechanisms. Formation of threshold level of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was quantified from COX-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation in the cancer cells that overexpress COX-2 and their delta-5-desaturases were knocked down by shRNA transfection. Our results showed that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase along with DGLA supplement not only significantly inhibited cell migration, but also improved the efficacies of 5-flurouracil and gemcitabine, two frontline chemotherapy drugs currently used in the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancer, respectively. The molecular mechanism behind these observations is that 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid inhibits histone deacetylase, resulting in downregulation of cancer metastasis promotors, e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as upregulation of cancer metastasis suppressor, e.g. E-cadherin. For the first time, we demonstrated that we could take the advantage of the common phenomenon of COX-2 overexpression in cancers to inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion. With the shifting paradigm of COX-2 cancer biology, our research outcome may provide us a novel cancer treatment strategy. High level of COX-2 could be used to inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid suppresses cancer migration and invasion via inhibiting HDAC. D5D knockdown and DGLA improves efficacy of chemotherapy to inhibit cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang X, Xu Y, Brooks A, Guo B, Miskimins KW, Qian SY. Knockdown delta-5-desaturase promotes the formation of a novel free radical byproduct from COX-catalyzed ω-6 peroxidation to induce apoptosis and sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:342-350. [PMID: 27368132 PMCID: PMC5807006 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that colon cancer cell proliferation can be suppressed in the cells that overexpress COX-2 via generating 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (a free radical byproduct) during dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, an ω-6 fatty acid) peroxidation from knocking down cellular delta-5-desaturase (D5D, the key enzyme for converting DGLA to the downstream ω-6, arachidonic acid). Here, this novel research finding is extended to pancreatic cancer growth, as COX-2 is also commonly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC-3 (with high COX-2 expression and mutated p53), was used to assess not only the inhibitory effects of the enhanced formation of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from cellular COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation but also its potential synergistic and/or additive effect on current chemotherapy drugs. This work demonstrated that, by inducing DNA damage through inhibition of histone deacetylase, a threshold level of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid achieved in DGLA-treated and D5D-knockdown BxPC-3 cells subsequently induce cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was shown that a combination of D5D knockdown along with DGLA treatment could also significantly sensitize BxPC-3 cells to various chemotherapy drugs, likely via a p53-independent pathway through downregulating of anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2) and activating pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., caspase 3, -9). This study reinforces the supposition that using commonly overexpressed COX-2 for molecular targeting, a strategy conceptually distinct from the prevailing COX-2 inhibition strategy used in cancer treatment, is an important as well as viable alternative to inhibit cancer cell growth. Based on the COX-2 metabolic cascade, the outcomes presented here could guide the development of a novel ω-6-based dietary care strategy in combination with chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Amanda Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Keith W Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States.
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Xu Y, Yang X, Zhao P, Yang Z, Yan C, Guo B, Qian SY. Knockdown of delta-5-desaturase promotes the anti-cancer activity of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in colon cancer cells expressing COX-2. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:67-77. [PMID: 27101738 PMCID: PMC4912402 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX), commonly overexpressed in cancer cells, is a major lipid peroxidizing enzyme that metabolizes polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3s and ω-6s). The COX-catalyzed free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid (ω-6) can produce deleterious metabolites (e.g. 2-series prostaglandins) that are implicated in cancer development. Thus, COX inhibition has been intensively investigated as a complementary therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, our previous study has demonstrated that a free radical-derived byproduct (8-hydroxyoctanoic acid) formed from COX-catalyzed peroxidation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, the precursor of arachidonic acid) can inhibit colon cancer cell growth. We thus hypothesize that the commonly overexpressed COX in cancer (~90% of colon cancer patients) can be taken advantage to suppress cell growth by knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D, a key enzyme that converts DGLA to arachidonic acid). In addition, D5D knockdown along with DGLA supplement may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. After knocking down D5D in HCA-7 colony 29 cells and HT-29 cells (human colon cancer cell lines with high and low COX levels, respectively), the antitumor activity of DGLA was significantly enhanced along with the formation of a threshold range (~0.5-1.0μM) of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid. In contrast, DGLA treatment did not inhibit cell growth when D5D was not knocked down and only limited amount of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was formed. D5D knockdown along with DGLA treatment also enhanced the cytotoxicities of various chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, regorafenib, and irinotecan, potentially through the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g. p53 and caspase 9. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the overexpressed COX in cancer cells can be utilized in suppressing cancer cell growth. This finding may provide a new option besides COX inhibition to optimize cancer therapy. The outcome of this translational research will guide us to develop a novel ω-6-based diet-care strategy in combination with current chemotherapy for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Pinjing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Changhui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are two major families of PUFAs present as essential cellular components which possess diverse bioactivities. The ω-3s, mainly found in seafood, are associated with many beneficial effects on human health, while the ω-6s are more abundant in our daily diet and could be implicated in many pathological processes including cancer development. Increasing evidence suggests that the adverse effects of ω-6s may be largely attributed to arachidonic acid (AA, a downstream ω-6) and the metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that stems from its cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, two of AA's upstream ω-6s, γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), are shown to possess certain anti-cancer activities, including inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. In this paper, we review the documented anti-cancer activities of ω-6 PUFAs, including the recent findings regarding the anti-cancer effects of free radical-mediated DGLA peroxidation. The possible mechanisms and applications of DGLA (and other ω-6s) in inducing anti-cancer activity are also discussed. Considering the wide availability of ω-6s in our daily diet, the study of the potential beneficial effect of ω-6 PUFAs may guide us to develop an ω-6-based diet care strategy for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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12
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Xu Y, Qi J, Yang X, Wu E, Qian SY. Free radical derivatives formed from cyclooxygenase-catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation can attenuate colon cancer cell growth and enhance 5-fluorouracil's cytotoxicity. Redox Biol 2014; 2:610-8. [PMID: 25114837 PMCID: PMC4124262 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and its downstream fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) are both nutritionally important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6s). Evidence shows that, via COX-mediated peroxidation, DGLA and its metabolites (1-series prostaglandins) are associated with anti-tumor activity, while AA and its metabolites (2-series prostaglandins) could be tightly implicated in various cancer diseases. However, it still remains a mystery why DGLA and AA possess contrasting bioactivities. Our previous studies showed that DGLA could go through an exclusive C-8 oxygenation pathway during COX-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in addition to a C-15 oxygenation pathway shared by both DGLA and AA, and that the exclusive C-8 oxygenation could lead to the production of distinct DGLA׳s free radical derivatives that may be correlated with DGLA׳s anti-proliferation activity. In the present work, we further investigate the anti-cancer effect of DGLA׳s free radical derivatives and their associated molecular mechanisms. Our study shows that the exclusive DGLA׳s free radical derivatives from C-8 oxygenation lead to cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the human colon cancer cell line HCA-7 colony 29, probably by up-regulating the cancer suppressor p53 and the cell cycle inhibitor p27. In addition, these exclusive radical derivatives were also able to enhance the efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a widely used chemo-drug for colon cancer. For the first time, we show how DGLA׳s radical pathway and metabolites are associated with DGLA׳s anti-cancer activities and able to sensitize colon cancer cells to chemo-drugs such as 5-FU. Our findings could be used to guide future development of a combined chemotherapy and dietary care strategy for colon cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- 5-Fluorouracil
- 8-HOA, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ACN, acetonitrile
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- COX-catalyzed PUFA peroxidation
- Cell cycle and apoptosis
- Colon cancer cell line HCA-7 colony 29
- D5D, delta-5 desaturase
- DGLA, dihomo-γ-linoleic acid
- DGLA׳s free radical derivatives
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EIC, extracted ion chromatogram
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- ESR, electron spin resonance
- GC, gas chromatography
- HEX, 1-hexanol
- HOAc, glacial acetic acid
- HPLC/LC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HTA, heptanoic acid
- LC/MS and ESR spin trapping
- MS, mass spectrometry
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PI, propidium iodide
- POBN, α-[4-pyridyl-1-oxide]-N-tert-butyl nitrone
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- SPE, solid phase extraction
- TBS, Tris buffered saline
- TIC, total ion chromatogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA ; Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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13
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Gu Y, Xu Y, Law B, Qian SY. The first characterization of free radicals formed from cellular COX-catalyzed peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:49-60. [PMID: 23261941 PMCID: PMC4149340 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Through free radical-mediated peroxidation, cyclooxygenase (COX) can metabolize dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to form well-known bioactive metabolites, namely, the 1-series of prostaglandins (PGs1) and the 2-series of prostaglandins (PGs2), respectively. Unlike PGs2, which are generally viewed as proinflammatory and procarcinogenic PGs, PGs1 may possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Previous studies using ovine COX along with spin trapping and the LC/ESR/MS technique have shown that certain exclusive free radicals are generated from different free radical reactions in DGLA and AA peroxidation. However, it has been unclear whether the differences were associated with the contrasting bioactivity of DGLA vs AA. The aim of this study was to refine the LC/MS and spin trapping technique to make it possible for the association between free radicals and cancer cell growth to be directly tested. Using a colon cancer cell line, HCA-7 colony 29, and LC/MS along with a solid-phase extraction, we were able to characterize the reduced forms of radical adducts (hydroxylamines) as the free radicals generated from cellular COX-catalyzed peroxidation. For the first time, free radicals formed in the COX-catalyzed peroxidation of AA vs DGLA and their association with cancer cell growth were assessed (cell proliferation via MTS and cell cycle distribution via propidium iodide staining) in the same experimental setting. The exclusive free radicals formed from the COX-catalyzed peroxidation of AA and DGLA were shown to be correlated with the cell growth response. Our results indicate that free radicals generated from the distinct radical reactions in COX-catalyzed peroxidation may represent the novel metabolites of AA and DGLA that correspond to their contrasting bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven Y. Qian
- Corresponding Author: Steven Y. Qian, Ph.D., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept # 2665, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58105, USA, Tel: (701) 231-8511, Fax: (701) 231-8333,
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14
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An advanced Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spin-trapping and LC/(ESR)/MS technique for the study of lipid peroxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203086 PMCID: PMC3509602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two types of nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely ω-6s and ω-3s. PUFAs and their metabolites generated from lipid peroxidation via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) are believed to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Both COX- and LOX-catalyzed PUFA peroxidation are complex events that generate a series of radicals, which may then bind proteins, target DNA/RNA, and lead to a number of biological changes. However, due to the lack of an appropriate method, it was not possible until recently to identify the short-lived PUFA-derived radicals in COX-/LOX-catalyzed peroxidation. Failure to characterize free radicals during peroxidation has greatly restricted our knowledge about COX/LOX biology in human health. Here we review the development and refinement of combined ESR spin trapping and LC/ESR/MS to characterize PUFA-derived radicals formed from in vitro (cell-free) peroxidation. We also present the most recent approach for studying peroxidation in cells which allows us to directly assess the potential bioactivity of PUFA-derived free radicals. This advanced technique has resulted in a major breakthrough in radical structural characterization, as well as assessment of free radical-associated cell growth response, thereby greatly improving our knowledge of PUFAs, COX-/LOX-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, and their related biological consequences.
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15
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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16
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Purwaha P, Gu Y, Kelavkar U, Kang JX, Law B, Wu E, Qian SY. LC/ESR/MS study of pH-dependent radical generation from 15-LOX-catalyzed DPA peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1461-70. [PMID: 21807091 PMCID: PMC3163775 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a unique fatty acid that exists in two isomeric forms (n-3 and n-6), which differ in their physiological behaviors. DPA can undergo free radical-mediated peroxidation via lipoxygenase (LOX). 15-LOX, one of the LOX isomers, has received much attention in cancer research because of its very different expression level in normal tissues compared to tumors and some bioactive fatty acid metabolites modulating the tumorigenic pathways in cancer. However, the mechanism linking 15-LOX, DPA metabolites, and their bioactivities is still unclear, and the free radicals generated in DPA peroxidation have never been characterized. In this study, we have studied radicals formed from both soybean and human cellular (PC3-15LOS cells) 15-LOX-catalyzed peroxidation of DPAs at various pH's using a combination of LC/ESR/MS with the spin trapping technique. We observed a total of three carbon-centered radicals formed in 15-LOX-DPA (n-3) stemming from its 7-, 17-, and 20-hydroperoxides, whereas only one formed from 17-hydroperoxide in DPA (n-6). A change in the reaction pH from 8.5 (15-LOX enzyme optimum) to 7.4 (physiological) and to 6.5 (tumor, acidic) not only decreased the total radical formation but also altered the preferred site of oxygenation. This pH-dependent alteration of radical formation and oxygenation pattern may have significant implications and provide a basis for our ongoing investigations of LOXs as well as fatty acids in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Purwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Uddhav Kelavkar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, 220 Hoskins Center for Biomedical Research, Memorial Health University Medical Center and; Division of Basic Medical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine - Savannah Campus, 4700 Waters Avenue, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Jing Xuan Kang
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149-13th Street, Room 4433, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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