1
|
Dos Santos MC, Tairum CA, Cabrera VIM, Guimarães Cauz AC, Ribeiro LF, Toledo Junior JC, Toyama MH, Lago JHG, Brocchi M, Netto LES, de Oliveira MA. Adenanthin Is an Efficient Inhibitor of Peroxiredoxins from Pathogens, Inhibits Bacterial Growth, and Potentiates Antibiotic Activities. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 36:570-582. [PMID: 35537067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple drugs represent a global health threat, and the search for novel biological targets is a worldwide concern. AhpC are enzymes involved in bacterial redox homeostasis by metabolizing diverse kinds of hydroperoxides. In pathogenic bacteria, AhpC are related to several functions, as some isoforms are characterized as virulence factors. However, no inhibitor has been systematically evaluated to date. Here we show that the natural ent-kaurane Adenanthin (Adn) efficiently inhibits AhpC and molecular interactions were explored by computer assisted simulations. Additionally, Adn interferes with growth and potentializes the effect of antibiotics (kanamycin and PMBN), positioning Adn as a promising compound to treat infections caused by multiresistant bacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Cardoso Dos Santos
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Abrunhosa Tairum
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Guimarães Cauz
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo 11330-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Toledo Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo 11330-900, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Ghilardi Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo 11330-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tairum CA, Santos MC, Breyer CA, de Oliveira ALP, Cabrera VIM, Toledo-Silva G, Mori GM, Toyama MH, Netto LES, de Oliveira MA. Effects of Serine or Threonine in the Active Site of Typical 2-Cys Prx on Hyperoxidation Susceptibility and on Chaperone Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1032. [PMID: 34202406 PMCID: PMC8300647 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx) are ubiquitous Cys-based peroxidases, which are stable as decamers in the reduced state, and may dissociate into dimers upon disulfide bond formation. A peroxidatic Cys (CP) takes part of a catalytic triad, together with a Thr/Ser and an Arg. Previously, we described that the presence of Ser (instead of Thr) in the active site stabilizes yeast 2-Cys Prx as decamers. Here, we compared the hyperoxidation susceptibilities of yeast 2-Cys Prx. Notably, 2-Cys Prx containing Ser (named here Ser-Prx) were more resistant to hyperoxidation than enzymes containing Thr (Thr-Prx). In silico analysis revealed that Thr-Prx are more frequent in all domains of life, while Ser-Prx are more abundant in bacteria. As yeast 2-Cys Prx, bacterial Ser-Prx are more stable as decamers than Thr-Prx. However, bacterial Ser-Prx were only slightly more resistant to hyperoxidation than Thr-Prx. Furthermore, in all cases, organic hydroperoxide inhibited more the peroxidase activities of 2-Cys Prx than hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, bacterial Ser-Prx displayed increased thermal resistance and chaperone activity, which may be related with its enhanced stability as decamers compared to Thr-Prx. Therefore, the single substitution of Thr by Ser in the catalytic triad results in profound biochemical and structural differences in 2-Cys Prx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Tairum
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Melina Cardoso Santos
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Carlos Alexandre Breyer
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Ana Laura Pires de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Vitoria Isabela Montanhero Cabrera
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Guilherme Toledo-Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Aquática e Imunoquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo Maruyama Mori
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Vicente 01049-010, Brazil; (C.A.T.); (M.C.S.); (C.A.B.); (A.L.P.d.O.); (V.I.M.C.); (M.H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Troussicot L, Burmann BM, Molin M. Structural determinants of multimerization and dissociation in 2-Cys peroxiredoxin chaperone function. Structure 2021; 29:640-654. [PMID: 33945778 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are abundant peroxidases present in all kingdoms of life. Recently, they have been shown to also carry out additional roles as molecular chaperones. To address this emerging supplementary function, this review focuses on structural studies of 2-Cys PRDX systems exhibiting chaperone activity. We provide a detailed understanding of the current knowledge of structural determinants underlying the chaperone function of PRDXs. Specifically, we describe the mechanisms which may modulate their quaternary structure to facilitate interactions with client proteins and how they are coordinated with the functions of other molecular chaperones. Following an overview of PRDX molecular architecture, we outline structural details of the presently best-characterized peroxiredoxins exhibiting chaperone function and highlight common denominators. Finally, we discuss the remarkable structural similarities between 2-Cys PRDXs, small HSPs, and J-domain-independent Hsp40 holdases in terms of their functions and dynamic equilibria between low- and high-molecular-weight oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Troussicot
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M Burmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Molin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bolduc J, Koruza K, Luo T, Malo Pueyo J, Vo TN, Ezeriņa D, Messens J. Peroxiredoxins wear many hats: Factors that fashion their peroxide sensing personalities. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101959. [PMID: 33895094 PMCID: PMC8113037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) sense and assess peroxide levels, and signal through protein interactions. Understanding the role of the multiple structural and post-translational modification (PTM) layers that tunes the peroxiredoxin specificities is still a challenge. In this review, we give a tabulated overview on what is known about human and bacterial peroxiredoxins with a focus on structure, PTMs, and protein-protein interactions. Armed with numerous cellular and atomic level experimental techniques, we look at the future and ask ourselves what is still needed to give us a clearer view on the cellular operating power of Prdxs in both stress and non-stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesalyn Bolduc
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Koruza
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ting Luo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Malo Pueyo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Trung Nghia Vo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aydın A, Ökten S, Erkan S, Bulut M, Özcan E, Tutar A, Eren T. In–Vitro
Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of Brominated Indeno[1,2‐b]qinoline Amines Supported with Molecular Docking and MCDM**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydın
- Department of Basic Medical Science Faculty of Medicine Bozok University Yozgat Turkey
| | - Salih Ökten
- Department of Maths and Science Education Faculty of Education Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Sultan Erkan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas Turkey
| | - Merve Bulut
- Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Evrencan Özcan
- Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tutar
- Faculty of Art and Science Department of Chemistry Sakarya University, Serdivan Sakarya Turkey
| | - Tamer Eren
- Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan Kırıkkale Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toh YK, Shin J, Balakrishna AM, Kamariah N, Grüber A, Eisenhaber F, Eisenhaber B, Grüber G. Effect of the additional cysteine 503 of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (V583) alkylhydroperoxide reductase subunit F (AhpF) and the mechanism of AhpF and subunit C assembling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 138:10-22. [PMID: 31047989 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis alkyl hydroperoxide reductase complex (AhpR) with its subunits AhpC (EfAhpC) and AhpF (EfAhpF) is of paramount importance to restore redox homeostasis. Therefore, knowledge about this defense system is essential to understand its antibiotic-resistance and survival in hosts. Recently, we described the crystallographic structures of EfAhpC, the two-fold thioredoxin-like domain of EfAhpF, the novel phenomenon of swapping of the catalytic domains of EfAhpF as well as the unique linker length, connecting the catalytically active N-and C-terminal domains of EfAhpF. Here, using mutagenesis and enzymatic studies, we reveal the effect of an additional third cysteine (C503) in EfAhpF, which might optimize the functional adaptation of the E. faecalis enzyme under various physiological conditions. The crystal structure and solution NMR data of the engineered C503A mutant of the thioredoxin-like domain of EfAhpF were used to describe alterations in the environment of the additional cysteine residue during modulation of the redox-state. To glean insight into the epitope and mechanism of EfAhpF and -AhpC interaction as well as the electron transfer from the thioredoxin-like domain of EfAhpF to AhpC, NMR-titration experiments were performed, showing a coordinated disappearance of peaks in the thioredoxin-like domain of EfAhpF in the presence of full length EfAhpC, and indicating a stable EfAhpF-AhpC-complex. Combined with docking studies, the interacting residues of EfAhpF were identified and a mechanism of electron transfer of the EfAhpF donor to the electron acceptor EfAhpC is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yew Kwang Toh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Asha Manikkoth Balakrishna
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neelagandan Kamariah
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ardina Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore; School of Computer Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Republic of Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okagu OD, Ugwu KC, Ibeji CU, Ekennia AC, Okpareke OC, Ezeorah CJ, Anarado CJ, Babahan I, Coban B, Yıldız U, Cömert F, Ujam OT. Synthesis and characterization of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of a benzohydrazone derivative: Spectroscopic, DFT, antipathogenic and DNA binding studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
8
|
Ekennia AC, Ibezim EC, Okpareke OC, Ibeji CU, Anarado CJ, Babahan I, Coban B, Abulhasanov B, Cömert F, Ujam OT. Novel 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic hydrazone and Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antimicrobial, DNA Cleavage and Computational Studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Ekennia
- Department of ChemistryAlex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu‐Alike (AE‐FUNAI) Ikwo, P.M.B 1010 Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria
| | - Elochukwu C. Ibezim
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Obinna C. Okpareke
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Collins U. Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4041 South Africa
| | - Chigozie J.O. Anarado
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryNnamdi Azikwe University Awka Anambra State Nigeria
| | - Ilknur Babahan
- Department of ChemistryAdnan Menderes University Aydin 09010 Turkey
| | - Burak Coban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and SciencesZonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Bahruz Abulhasanov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and SciencesZonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Füsun Cömert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineZonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Zonguldak 67100 Turkey
| | - Oguejiofo T. Ujam
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Inactivation of ahpC renders Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant to the disinfectant hydrogen peroxide. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:809-814. [PMID: 30467663 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of ahpC, encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, rendered Stenotrophomonas maltophilia more resistant to H2O2; the phenotype was directly correlated with enhanced total catalase activity, resulting from an increased level of KatA catalase. Plasmid-borne expression of ahpC from pAhpCsm could complement all of the mutant phenotypes. Mutagenesis of the proposed AhpC peroxidactic and resolving cysteine residues to alanine (C47A and C166A) on the pAhpCsm plasmid diminished its ability to complement the ahpC mutant phenotypes, suggesting that the mutagenized ahpC was non-functional. As mutations commonly occur in bacteria living in hostile environment, our data suggest that point mutations in ahpC at codons required for the enzyme function (such as C47 and C166), the AhpC will be non-functional, leading to high resistance to the disinfectant H2O2.
Collapse
|