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Anjo SI, He Z, Hussain Z, Farooq A, McIntyre A, Laughton CA, Carvalho AN, Finelli MJ. Protein Oxidative Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Advances in Detection and Modelling to Their Use as Disease Biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:681. [PMID: 38929122 PMCID: PMC11200609 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidation-reduction post-translational modifications (redox-PTMs) are chemical alterations to amino acids of proteins. Redox-PTMs participate in the regulation of protein conformation, localization and function, acting as signalling effectors that impact many essential biochemical processes in the cells. Crucially, the dysregulation of redox-PTMs of proteins has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review aims to highlight the current gaps in knowledge in the field of redox-PTMs biology and to explore new methodological advances in proteomics and computational modelling that will pave the way for a better understanding of the role and therapeutic potential of redox-PTMs of proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the main types of redox-PTMs of proteins while providing examples of their occurrence in neurodegenerative diseases and an overview of the state-of-the-art methods used for their detection. We explore the potential of novel computational modelling approaches as essential tools to obtain insights into the precise role of redox-PTMs in regulating protein structure and function. We also discuss the complex crosstalk between various PTMs that occur in living cells. Finally, we argue that redox-PTMs of proteins could be used in the future as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I. Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zhicheng He
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zohaib Hussain
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aruba Farooq
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Charles A. Laughton
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andreia Neves Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mattéa J. Finelli
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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2
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Wu Y, Wang L, Li Y, Cao Y, Wang M, Deng Z, Kang H. Immunotherapy in the context of sepsis-induced immunological dysregulation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391395. [PMID: 38835773 PMCID: PMC11148279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome caused by uncontrollable immune dysregulation triggered by pathogen infection, characterized by high incidence, mortality rates, and disease burden. Current treatments primarily focus on symptomatic relief, lacking specific therapeutic interventions. The core mechanism of sepsis is believed to be an imbalance in the host's immune response, characterized by early excessive inflammation followed by late immune suppression, triggered by pathogen invasion. This suggests that we can develop immunotherapeutic treatment strategies by targeting and modulating the components and immunological functions of the host's innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of immune dysregulation in sepsis and, based on this foundation, discusses the current state of immunotherapy applications in sepsis animal models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Deng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Graduate School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
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3
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De Caro S, De Soricellis G, Dell'Acqua S, Monzani E, Nicolis S. Biological Oxidations and Nitrations Promoted by the Hemin-Aβ 16 Complex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1319. [PMID: 37507859 PMCID: PMC10376006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and oxidative stress conditions play key roles in Alzheimer's disease. Hemin contributes to the development of the disease as it possesses redox properties and its level increases in pathological conditions or traumatic brain injuries. The aim of this work was to deepen the investigation of the reactivity of the hemin-Aβ16 complex, considering its ability to catalyze oxidation and nitration reactions. We performed kinetic studies in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite with phenolic and catechol substrates, as well as mass spectrometry studies to investigate the modifications occurring on the peptide itself. The kinetic constants were similar for oxidation and nitration reactions, and their values suggest that the hemin-Aβ16 complex binds negatively charged substrates with higher affinity. Mass spectrometry studies showed that tyrosine residue is the endogenous target of nitration. Hemin degradation analysis showed that hemin bleaching is only partly prevented by the coordinated peptide. In conclusion, hemin has rich reactivity, both in oxidation and nitration reactions on aromatic substrates, that could contribute to redox equilibrium in neurons. This reactivity is modulated by the coordination of the Aβ16 peptide and is only partly quenched when oxidative and nitrative conditions lead to hemin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Caro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- IUSS School for Advanced Studies of Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia De Soricellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Chhimpa N, Singh N, Puri N, Kayath HP. The Novel Role of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase and Citrate in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S453-S472. [PMID: 37393492 PMCID: PMC10473122 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrate synthase is a key mitochondrial enzyme that utilizes acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate in the mitochondrial membrane, which participates in energy production in the TCA cycle and linked to the electron transport chain. Citrate transports through a citrate malate pump and synthesizes acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine (ACh) in neuronal cytoplasm. In a mature brain, acetyl-CoA is mainly utilized for ACh synthesis and is responsible for memory and cognition. Studies have shown low citrate synthase in different regions of brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, which reduces mitochondrial citrate, cellular bioenergetics, neurocytoplasmic citrate, acetyl-CoA, and ACh synthesis. Reduced citrate mediated low energy favors amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Citrate inhibits Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-40 aggregation in vitro. Hence, citrate can be a better therapeutic option for AD by improving cellular energy and ACh synthesis, and inhibiting Aβ aggregation, which prevents tau hyperphosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. Therefore, we need clinical studies if citrate reverses Aβ deposition by balancing mitochondrial energy pathway and neurocytoplasmic ACh production. Furthermore, in AD's silent phase pathophysiology, when neuronal cells are highly active, they shift ATP utilization from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and prevent excessive generation of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress) as neuroprotective action, which upregulates glucose transporter-3 (GLUT3) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-3 (PDK3). PDK3 inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, which decreases mitochondrial-acetyl-CoA, citrate, and cellular bioenergetics, and decreases neurocytoplasmic citrate, acetyl-CoA, and ACh formation, thus initiating AD pathophysiology. Therefore, GLUT3 and PDK3 can be biomarkers for silent phase of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chhimpa
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Science & Research, Ambala, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikkita Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Rommer PS, Bsteh G, Zrzavy T, Hoeftberger R, Berger T. Immunosenescence in Neurological Diseases-Is There Enough Evidence? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2864. [PMID: 36359383 PMCID: PMC9687682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the immune system has recently attracted a lot of attention. Immune senescence describes changes that the immune system undergoes over time. The importance of immune senescence in neurological diseases is increasingly discussed. For this review, we considered studies that investigated cellular changes in the aging immune system and in neurological disease. Twenty-six studies were included in our analysis (for the following diseases: multiple sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and dementia). The studies differed considerably in terms of the patient groups included and the cell types studied. Evidence for immunosenescence in neurological diseases is currently very limited. Prospective studies in well-defined patient groups with appropriate control groups, as well as comprehensive methodology and reporting, are essential prerequisites to generate clear insights into immunosenescence in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Bsteh
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Hoeftberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Comprohensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Alberio T, Brughera M, Lualdi M. Current Insights on Neurodegeneration by the Italian Proteomics Community. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092297. [PMID: 36140397 PMCID: PMC9496271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders represents a huge problem for healthcare systems, human society, and economics. In this context, omics strategies are crucial for the identification of molecular factors involved in disease pathobiology, and for the discovery of biomarkers that allow early diagnosis, patients’ stratification, and treatment response prediction. The integration of different omics data is a required step towards the goal of personalized medicine. The Italian proteomics community is actively developing and applying proteomics approaches to the study of neurodegenerative disorders; moreover, it is leading the mitochondria-focused initiative of the Human Proteome Project, which is particularly important given the central role of mitochondrial impairment in neurodegeneration. Here, we describe how Italian research groups in proteomics have contributed to the knowledge of many neurodegenerative diseases, through the elucidation of the pathobiology of these disorders, and through the discovery of disease biomarkers. In particular, we focus on the central role of post-translational modifications analysis, the implementation of network-based approaches in functional proteomics, the integration of different omics in a systems biology view, and the development of novel platforms for biomarker discovery for the high-throughput quantification of thousands of proteins at a time.
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7
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Fohner AE, Sitlani CM, Buzkova P, Doyle MF, Liu X, Bis JC, Fitzpatrick A, Heckbert SR, Huber SA, Kuller L, Longstreth WT, Feinstein MJ, Freiberg M, Olson NC, Seshadri S, Lopez O, Odden MC, Tracy RP, Psaty BM, Delaney JA, Floyd JS. Association of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets with Cognitive Decline and Dementia: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:7-15. [PMID: 35527553 PMCID: PMC9277688 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Fohner
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colleen M. Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petra Buzkova
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Fitzpatrick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally A. Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lewis Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William T. Longstreth
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Feinstein
- Departments of Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Pathology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Freiberg
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nels C. Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Delaney
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James S. Floyd
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Kehm R, Baldensperger T, Raupbach J, Höhn A. Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101901. [PMID: 33744200 PMCID: PMC8113053 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species and related oxidants is an inevitable consequence of life. Proteins are major targets for oxidation reactions, because of their rapid reaction rates with oxidants and their high abundance in cells, extracellular tissues, and body fluids. Additionally, oxidative stress is able to degrade lipids and carbohydrates to highly reactive intermediates, which eventually attack proteins at various functional sites. Consequently, a wide variety of distinct posttranslational protein modifications is formed by protein oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation. Reversible modifications are relevant in physiological processes and constitute signaling mechanisms ("redox signaling"), while non-reversible modifications may contribute to pathological situations and several diseases. A rising number of publications provide evidence for their involvement in the onset and progression of diseases as well as aging processes. Certain protein oxidation products are chemically stable and formed in large quantity, which makes them promising candidates to become biomarkers of oxidative damage. Moreover, progress in the development of detection and quantification methods facilitates analysis time and effort and contributes to their future applicability in clinical routine. The present review outlines the most important classes and selected examples of oxidative protein modifications, elucidates the chemistry beyond their formation and discusses available methods for detection and analysis. Furthermore, the relevance and potential of protein modifications as biomarkers in the context of disease and aging is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kehm
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Tim Baldensperger
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Jana Raupbach
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
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9
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Abate G, Vezzoli M, Polito L, Guaita A, Albani D, Marizzoni M, Garrafa E, Marengoni A, Forloni G, Frisoni GB, Cummings JL, Memo M, Uberti D. A Conformation Variant of p53 Combined with Machine Learning Identifies Alzheimer Disease in Preclinical and Prodromal Stages. J Pers Med 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 33375220 PMCID: PMC7823360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a crucial starting point in disease management. Blood-based biomarkers could represent a considerable advantage in providing AD-risk information in primary care settings. Here, we report new data for a relatively unknown blood-based biomarker that holds promise for AD diagnosis. We evaluate a p53-misfolding conformation recognized by the antibody 2D3A8, also named Unfolded p53 (U-p532D3A8+), in 375 plasma samples derived from InveCe.Ab and PharmaCog/E-ADNI longitudinal studies. A machine learning approach is used to combine U-p532D3A8+ plasma levels with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOEε4) and is able to predict AD likelihood risk in InveCe.Ab with an overall 86.67% agreement with clinical diagnosis. These algorithms also accurately classify (AUC = 0.92) Aβ+-amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients who will develop AD in PharmaCog/E-ADNI, where subjects were stratified according to Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD markers (Aβ42 and p-Tau). Results support U-p532D3A8+ plasma level as a promising additional candidate blood-based biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- GolgiCenci Foundation, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy; (L.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Guaita
- GolgiCenci Foundation, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy; (L.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandra Marengoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Lombardy, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) and Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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10
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Abate G, Vezzoli M, Sandri M, Rungratanawanich W, Memo M, Uberti D. Mitochondria and cellular redox state on the route from ageing to Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111385. [PMID: 33129798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several theories have been postulated, trying to explain why and how living organisms age. Despite some controversies and still huge open questions, a growing body of evidence suggest alterations of mitochondrial functionality and redox-homeostasis occur during the ageing process. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction do not represent the cause of ageing per se but they have to be analyzed within the complexity of those series of processes occurring during lifespan. The establishment of a crosstalk among them is a shared common feature of many chronic age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, for which ageing is a major risk factor. The challenge is to understand when and how the interplay between these two systems move towards from normal ageing process to a pathological phenotype. Here in this review, we discuss the crosstalk between mitochondria and cytosolic-ROS. Furthermore, through a visual data mining approach, we attempt to describe the dynamic interplay between mitochondria and cellular redox state on the route from ageing to an AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - M Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - M Sandri
- Big & Open Data Innovation Laboratory (BODaI-Lab), Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - W Rungratanawanich
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - M Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - D Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy; Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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11
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Early neurotransmission impairment in non-invasive Alzheimer Disease detection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16396. [PMID: 33009473 PMCID: PMC7532202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a pathology suffered by millions of people worldwide and it has a great social and economic impact. Previous studies reported a relationship between alterations in different amino acids and derivatives involved in neurotransmission systems and cognitive impairment. Therefore, in this study the neurotransmission impairment associated to early AD has been evaluated. For this purpose, different amino acids and derivatives were determined in saliva samples from AD patients and healthy subjects, by means of an analytical method based on chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed statistically significant differences in salivary levels for the compounds myo-inositol, creatine and acetylcholine; and other compounds (myo-inositol, glutamine, creatine, acetylcholine) showed significant correlations with some cognitive tests scores. Therefore, these compounds were included in a multivariate analysis and the corresponding diagnosis model showed promising indices (AUC 0.806, sensitivity 61%, specificity 92%). In conclusion, some amino acids and derivatives involved in neurotransmission impairment could be potential biomarkers in early and non-invasive AD detection.
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12
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Xiong X, Li S, Han TL, Zhou F, Zhang X, Tian M, Tang L, Li Y. Study of mitophagy and ATP-related metabolomics based on β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112266. [PMID: 32905804 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy impairment. Mitophagy is a homeostatic mechanism by which autophagy selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria. Valinomycin is a respiratory chain inhibitor that activates mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. However, the mechanism underlying the association between mitophagy and valinomycin in Aβ formation has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that genetically modified (N2a/APP695swe) cells overexpressing a mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) serve as an in vitro model of AD for studying mitophagy and ATP-related metabolomics. Our results prove that valinomycin induced a time-dependent increase in the mitophagy activation of N2a/APP695swe cells as indicated by increased levels of PINK1, Parkin, and LC3II as well as increased the colocalization of Parkin-Tom20 and fewer mitochondria (indicated by decreased Tom20 levels). Valinomycin significantly decreased Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels after 3 h of treatment. ATP levels and ATP-related metabolites were significantly increased at this time. Our findings suggest that the elimination of impaired mitochondria via valinomycin-induced mitophagy ameliorates AD by decreasing Aβ and improving ATP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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14
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Abate G, Memo M, Uberti D. Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer's Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E286. [PMID: 32839380 PMCID: PMC7551579 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the middle of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak, the main efforts of the scientific community are rightly all focused on identifying efficient pharmacological treatments to cure the acute severe symptoms and developing a reliable vaccine. On the other hand, we cannot exclude that, in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive subjects, the virus infection could have long-term consequences, leading to chronic medical conditions such as dementia and neurodegenerative disease. Considering the age of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, the neuroinvasive potential might lead/contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we analyzed a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Alzheimer's disease risk, hypothesizing possible mechanisms at the base of disease development. This reflection raises the need to start to experimentally investigating today the mechanistic link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and COVID-19 to be ready tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (D.U.)
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15
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Hannan MA, Dash R, Sohag AAM, Haque MN, Moon IS. Neuroprotection Against Oxidative Stress: Phytochemicals Targeting TrkB Signaling and the Nrf2-ARE Antioxidant System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:116. [PMID: 32714148 PMCID: PMC7346762 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several brain-related disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke, which are the major causes of dementia. The Nrf2-ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element antioxidant) system, the primary cellular defense against OS, plays an essential role in neuroprotection by regulating the expressions of antioxidant molecules and enzymes. However, simultaneous events resulting in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deregulation of the Nrf2-ARE system damage essential cell components and cause loss of neuron structural and functional integrity. On the other hand, TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase B) signaling, a classical neurotrophin signaling pathway, regulates neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity, which play pivotal roles in memory and cognition. Also, TrkB signaling, specifically the TrkB/PI3K/Akt (TrkB/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B) pathway promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and thus, confers neuroprotection against OS. However, the TrkB signaling pathway is also known to be downregulated in brain disorders due to lack of neurotrophin support. Therefore, activations of TrkB and the Nrf2-ARE signaling system offer a potential approach to the design of novel therapeutic agents for brain disorders. Here, we briefly overview the development of OS and the association between OS and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. We propose the cellular antioxidant defense and TrkB signaling-mediated cell survival systems be considered pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and review the literature on the neuroprotective effects of phytochemicals that can co-activate these neuronal defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazmul Haque
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
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Proteostasis Failure in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5497046. [PMID: 32308803 PMCID: PMC7140146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5497046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is an essential balance of cellular protein levels mediated through an extensive network of biochemical pathways that regulate different steps of the protein quality control, from the synthesis to the degradation. All proteins in a cell continuously turn over, contributing to development, differentiation, and aging. Due to the multiple interactions and connections of proteostasis pathways, exposure to stress conditions may cause various types of protein damage, altering cellular homeostasis and disrupting the entire network with additional cellular stress. Furthermore, protein misfolding and/or alterations during protein synthesis results in inactive or toxic proteins, which may overload the degradation mechanisms. The maintenance of a balanced proteome, preventing the formation of impaired proteins, is accomplished by two major catabolic routes: the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal system. The proteostasis network is particularly important in nondividing, long-lived cells, such as neurons, as its failure is implicated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These neurological disorders share common risk factors such as aging, oxidative stress, environmental stress, and protein dysfunction, all of which alter cellular proteostasis, suggesting that general mechanisms controlling proteostasis may underlay the etiology of these diseases. In this review, we describe the major pathways of cellular proteostasis and discuss how their disruption contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the role of oxidative stress.
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Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 Attenuates Macrophage Aging Induced by D-Galactose and Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4657928. [PMID: 31930149 PMCID: PMC6942849 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4657928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence comprises a set of dynamic changes occurring in innate and adaptive immune systems, and macrophage aging plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunosenescence. However, function and polarization changes in aging macrophages have not been fully evaluated, and no effective method for delaying macrophage senescence is currently available. The results of this study reveal that D-galactose (D-gal) can promote J774A.1 macrophage senescence and induce macrophage M1 polarization differentiation. Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 can significantly inhibit J774A.1 macrophage senescence induced by D-gal. IL-6 and IL-12 levels in the BB-12 groups remarkably decreased compared with that in the D-gal group, and the M2 marker, IL-10, and Arg-1 mRNA levels increased in the BB-12 group. BB-12 inhibited the expression of p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and promoted p-STAT6 expression. In summary, the present study indicates that BB-12 can attenuate the J774A.1 macrophage senescence and induce M2 macrophage polarization, thereby indicating the potential of BB-12 to slow down immunosenescence and inflamm-aging.
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Prokop S, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Neuroimmune interactions in Alzheimer's disease-New frontier with old challenges? PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:183-201. [PMID: 31699314 PMCID: PMC6939624 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The perceived role of the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases has undergone drastic changes over time. Initially considered as a passive bystander, then condemned as a mediator of neurodegeneration and now established as an important player in the pathogenetic cascade, neuroimmune interactions have come a long way to arrive center stage in Alzheimer's disease research. Despite major breakthroughs in recent years, basic questions remain unanswered as conflicting data describe immune overactivation, inadequate response or exhaustion of the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, difficulties in translating in vitro and in vivo studies in model systems to the complex human disease condition with multiple overlapping pathologies and the long disease duration in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases have hampered progress. Development of novel, advanced model systems, as well as new technologies to interrogate existing disease models and valuable collections of human tissue samples, including brain tissue in parallel with improved imaging and biomarker technologies are guiding the way to better understand the role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease with hopes for more effective interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AD Center Core (ADCC), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania (PENN), School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AD Center Core (ADCC), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania (PENN), School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Cenini G, Voos W. Mitochondria as Potential Targets in Alzheimer Disease Therapy: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:902. [PMID: 31507410 PMCID: PMC6716473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder that affects mostly the elderly population. At the moment, no effective treatments are available in the market, making the whole situation a compelling challenge for societies worldwide. Recently, novel mechanisms have been proposed to explain the etiology of this disease leading to the new concept that AD is a multifactor pathology. Among others, the function of mitochondria has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD since the early stages and likely represents a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during the aging, reaching an extensive functional failure concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions, although the exact timeline of these events is still unclear. Thereby, it is not surprising that mitochondria have been already considered as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Together with an overview of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, this review examines the pros and cons of the tested therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria in the context of AD. Since mitochondrial therapies in AD have shown different degrees of progress, it is imperative to perform a detailed analysis of the significance of mitochondrial deterioration in AD and of a pharmacological treatment at this level. This step would be very important for the field, as an effective drug treatment in AD is still missing and new therapeutic concepts are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cenini
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Dementia is an overarching term which describes a group of symptoms that result in long-term decline in cognitive functioning that is significant enough to affect daily function. It is caused by a number of different diseases, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Currently, there are no definitive biomarkers for preclinical or diagnostic use, or which differentiate between underlying disease types. The purpose of this review is to highlight several important areas of research on blood-based biomarkers of dementia, with a specific focus on epigenetic biomarkers. A systematic search of the literature identified 77 studies that compared blood DNA methylation between individuals with dementia and controls and 45 studies that measured microRNA. Very few studies were identified that focused on histone modifications. There were many promising findings from studies in the field of blood-based epigenetic biomarkers of dementia, however, a lack of consistency in study design, technologies, and platforms used for the biomarker measurement, as well as statistical analysis methods, have hampered progress. To date, there are very few findings that have been independently replicated across more than one study, indicating a preponderance of false-positive findings and the field has likely been plagued by positive publication bias. Here, we highlight and discuss several of the limitations of existing studies and provide recommendations for how these could be overcome in future research. A robust framework should be followed to enable development of the most valid and reproducible biomarkers with the strongest clinical utility. Defining a series of biomarkers that may be complimentary to each other could permit a stronger multifactorial biomarker to be developed that would allow for not only accurate dementia diagnosis but preclinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fransquet
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
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Fišar Z, Jirák R, Zvěřová M, Setnička V, Habartová L, Hroudová J, Vaníčková Z, Raboch J. Plasma amyloid beta levels and platelet mitochondrial respiration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:71-80. [PMID: 30954436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Altered amyloid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We asked whether an association exists between disturbed platelet mitochondrial respiration and the plasma concentrations of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in patients with AD. DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations and mitochondrial respiration in intact and permeabilized platelets were measured in 50 patients with AD, 15 patients with vascular dementia and 25 control subjects. A pilot longitudinal study was performed to monitor the progression of AD in a subgroup 11 patients with AD. RESULTS The mean Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels were not significantly altered in patients with AD compared with controls. The mitochondrial respiratory rate in intact platelets was significantly reduced in patients with AD compared to controls, particularly the basal respiratory rate, maximum respiratory capacity, and respiratory reserve; however, the flux control ratio for basal respiration was increased. A correlation between the plasma Aβ42 concentration and mitochondrial respiration in both intact and permeabilized platelets differs in controls and patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data, (1) mitochondrial respiration in intact platelets, but not the Aβ level itself, may be included in a panel of biomarkers for AD; (2) dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration in platelets is not explained by changes in plasma Aβ concentrations; and (3) the association between mitochondrial respiration in platelets and plasma Aβ levels differs in patients with AD and controls. The results supported the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction is the primary factor contributing to the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Jirák
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Zvěřová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Habartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdislava Vaníčková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Raboch
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
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