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Zhao D, Li C, Zeng N, Wang D, Yu G, Zhang N, Li B. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the positive effect of moderate concentration of sodium chloride treatment on the production of β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin in oleaginous red yeast Rhodosporidiobolus odoratus XQR. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 9:100221. [PMID: 39399738 PMCID: PMC11470240 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids, a family of lipid-soluble pigments, have garnered growing interest for their health-promoting benefits and are widely utilized in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Rhodosporidiobolus odoratus, a representative oleaginous red yeast, is considered a promising alternative for producing high-value carotenoids including β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Here, the impact of varying concentrations of NaCl treatments on carotenoid contents in R. odoratus XQR after 120 h of incubation was examined. The results indicated that, as compared to the control (59.37 μg/gdw), the synthesis of total carotenoids was significantly increased and entirely suppressed under low-to-moderate (0.25 mol/L: 68.06 μg/gdw, 0.5 mol/L: 67.62 μg/gdw, and 0.75 mol/L: 146.47 μg/gdw) and high (1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 mol/L: 0 μg/gdw) concentrations of NaCl treatments, respectively. Moreover, the maximum production of β-carotene (117.62 μg/gdw), torulene (21.81 μg/gdw), and torularhodin (7.04 μg/gdw) was achieved with a moderate concentration (0.75 mol/L) of NaCl treatment. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses suggested that the increase in β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin production might be primarily attributed to the up-regulation of some key protein-coding genes involved in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (atoB, HMGCS, and mvaD), carotenoid biosynthesis (crtYB and crtI), and TCA cycle (pckA, DLAT, pyc, MDH1, gltA, acnA, IDH1/2, IDH3, sucA, sucB, sucD, LSC1, SDHA, and fumA/fumB). The present study not only demonstrates a viable method to concurrently increase the production of β-carotene, torulene, torularhodin, and total carotenoids in R. odoratus XQR, but it also establishes a molecular foundation for further enhancing their production through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Zhao
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chunji Li
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Guohui Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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2
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Liu M, Jiang X, Zeng X, Guo Y, Zhang T, Fan X, Xu J, Wu Z, Pan D. A protective mechanism of heat inactivation to enhance Levilactobacillus brevis PDD-2 against alcohol-induced chronic liver disease based on proteomic analysis. Food Funct 2024; 15:8356-8369. [PMID: 39023014 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A proteomics-based analysis of the effect of heat inactivation on the alleviation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using Levilactobacillus brevis PDD-2 is presented, aimed at exploring the potential and mechanisms of postbiotic elements prepared through heat inactivation in the treatment of ALD. It was found that L. brevis PDD-2 and its postbiotic (heat-inactivated L. brevis PDD-2) alleviate chronic ALD via the gut-liver axis. In particular, heat-inactivated L. brevis PDD-2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and better facilitated the oxidative stress balance in the liver. The tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics technique analyses revealed that heat-inactivated L. brevis PDD-2 was associated with up-regulated expression levels of proteins related to the redox system, cellular metabolism, amino acid and oligopeptide transport, and surface proteins with immunomodulatory capacity. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies and lay a solid foundation for further revealing its exhaustive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiankang Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jue Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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3
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Keskin A, Ünlü AE, Takaç S. Utilization of olive mill wastewater for selective production of lipids and carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12625-x. [PMID: 37329489 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a zero-cost substrate for numerous value-added compounds. Although several studies on the production of lipids and carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis in OMW exist, none of them has specifically focused on the conditions for a target lipid or carotenoid. This study presents cultivation conditions that selectively stimulate the cell biomass, individual carotenoids and lipids. It was found that supplemental carbon and nitrogen sources as well as illumination affected cell biomass the most. High temperature, low initial pH, illumination, lack of urea and presence of glycerol stimulated the lipid synthesis. The highest total lipid content obtained in undiluted OMW supplemented with urea was 11.08 ± 0.17% (w/w) whilst it was 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) when supplemented with glycerol. Moreover, the main fatty acid produced by R. glutinis in all media was oleic acid, whose fraction reached 63.94 ± 0.58%. Total carotenoid yield was significantly increased with low initial pH, high temperature, illumination, certain amounts of urea, glycerol and cultivation time. Up to 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield was achieved. Torularhodin could be selectively produced at high pH, low temperature and with urea and glycerol supplementation. To selectively induce torulene synthesis, cultivation conditions should have low pH, high temperature and illumination. In addition, low pH, high temperature and urea supplementation served high production of β-carotene. Up to 85.40 ± 0.76, 80.67 ± 1.40 and 39.45 ± 0.69% of torulene, torularhodin and β-carotene, respectively, were obtained under selected conditions. KEY POINTS: • Cultivation conditions selectively induced target carotenoids and lipids • 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) lipid content and 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield were achieved • Markedly high selectivity values for torularhodin and torulene were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Keskin
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Tandoğan, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Ezgi Ünlü
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Tandoğan, Turkey
| | - Serpil Takaç
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Tandoğan, Turkey.
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Effects of torularhodin against acetaminophen induced liver injury base on antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Li Z, Li C, Cheng P, Yu G. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa—alternative sources of natural carotenoids, lipids, and enzymes for industrial use. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Torularhodin Alleviates Hepatic Dyslipidemia and Inflammations in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice via PPARα Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196398. [PMID: 36234935 PMCID: PMC9572851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Torularhodin is a β-carotene-like compound from Sporidiobolus pararoseus, and its protective effect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic dyslipidemia and inflammation was investigated. Compared to mice of C57BL/6J fed on HFD, the addition of Torularhodin into the HFD (HFD-T) significantly reduced body weight, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and the inflammatory mediators of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A significant increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), which is beneficial to cholesterol clearance, was also observed in HFD-T group. Proteomic analysis showed HDL-C-c is highly correlated with proteins (e.g., CPT1A and CYP7A1) involved in lipid β-oxidation and bile acid synthesis, whereas the other phenotypic parameters (TC, TG, LDL, and inflammatory cytokines) are highly associated with proteins (e.g., SLC27A4) involved in lipid-uptake. The up-regulated anti-inflammation proteins FAS, BAX, ICAM1, OCLN, GSTP1, FAF1, LRP1, APEX1, ROCK1, MANF, STAT3, and INSR and down-regulated pro-inflammatory proteins OPTN, PTK2B, FADD, MIF, CASP3, YAP1, DNM1L, and NAMPT not only demonstrate the occurrence of HFD-induced hepatic inflammation, but also prove the anti-inflammatory property of Torularhodin. KEGG signaling pathway analysis revealed that the PPARα signaling pathway is likely fundamental to the health function of Torularhodin through up-regulating genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation, cholesterol excretion, HDL-Cc formation, and anti-inflammation. Torularhodin, as a new food resource, may act as a therapeutic agent to prevent hepatic dyslipidemia and related inflammation for improved health.
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Li J, Qian H, Pi F, Wang BX. Bioavailability evaluation of the intestinal absorption and liver accumulation of torularhodin using a rat postprandial model. Food Funct 2022; 13:5946-5952. [PMID: 35617027 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Torularhodin, as a new functional carotenoid, possesses great application potential in disease intervention. However, its absorption process and corresponding mechanism have not been studied. In this study, a rat postprandial model was established to explore the absorption and mechanism of torularhodin by investigating the bioavailability of torularhodin in different tissues, the expression of related enzymes and several transporters in the intestine. The results showed that torularhodin entered the intestine faster from micelles (45.21 ± 2.61% was absorbed in the duodenum), and part of it was metabolized into retinol in the anterior segment of the intestine. The expression of genes indicated that absorption of torularhodin in the intestine might require transporter CD36 and SR-B1. The special structure and target organ might be speculated to be the main reason for the low bioavailability of torularhodin in the serum and liver. The results could lay a theoretical foundation for the chemical modification, carrier and subsequent development of torularhodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Xin Wang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Li C, Xu Y, Li Z, Cheng P, Yu G. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the potential mechanisms underlying the improvement of β-carotene and torulene production in Rhodosporidiobolus colostri under low temperature treatment. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Mussagy CU, Gonzalez-Miquel M, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Pereira JFB. Microbial torularhodin – a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:540-558. [PMID: 35430937 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The demand for food, feed, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical supplements/additives from natural sources has been rapidly increasing, with expectations for a faster expansion than the growth of the global markets in the coming years. In this framework, a particular interest is given to carotenoids due to their outstanding antioxidant activities, particularly the xanthophylls class. Torularhodin is one of these carotenoids that stands out for its multifunctional role as: antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial, yet its commercial potential is still unexplored. Although most xanthophylls can be naturally found in: microbial, plant and animal sources, torularhodin is only produced by microbial species, especially red oleaginous yeast. The microbial production of xanthophylls has many advantages as compared to other natural sources, such as: the need for low production area, easier extraction, high yields (at optimum operating conditions), and low (or no) seasonal, climatic, and geographic variation dependency. Due to the importance of natural products and their relevance to the market, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the: properties, characteristics and potential health benefits of torularhodin. Moreover, the most promising developments in both upstream and downstream processing to obtain this colorant from microbial sources are considered. For this purpose, the main microorganisms used for torularhodin production are firstly reviewed, including biosynthesis pathway and torularhodin properties. Following, an overall analysis of the processing aspects related with its: extraction, separation and purification is provided. Lastly, current status and future trends of torularhodin-based processes and products such as therapeutic agents or biomaterials are discussed, indicating promising directions toward biorefinery and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U. Mussagy
- Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Miquel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineers, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge F. B. Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Coimbra, Portugal
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Hu B, Jiang W, Yang Y, Xu W, Liu C, Zhang S, Qian H, Zhang W. Gut-Liver Axis reveals the protective effect of exopolysaccharides isolated from Sporidiobolus pararoseus on alcohol-induced liver injury. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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11
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Li C, Cheng P, Sun Y, Qin D, Yu G. High-Quality Genome Assembly of Oleaginous Red Yeast Sporobolomyces roseus CGMCC 2.4355. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6433157. [PMID: 34864973 PMCID: PMC8643702 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporobolomyces roseus is an important oleaginous red yeast with critical biotechnological applications and has received significant recognition as a valuable source of industrial enzymes, carotenoids, and lipids. To reveal the genetic basis and functional components underlying its biotechnological applications, a high-quality genome assembly is required. Here, we present a novel genome assembly of S. roseus CGMCC 2.4355 using a combination of Illunima and Oxford Nanopore technologies. The genome has an assembly size of 21.4 Mb and consists of 15 scaffolds with an N50 length of 2,126,566 bp and GC content of 49.52%. The assembly is of high integrity, comprising 95.2% complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) as evaluated by a genome completeness assessment. The genome was predicted to contain 8,124 protein-coding genes, 6,890 of which were functionally annotated. We believe that the combination of our analyses and high-quality genome assembly will promote the basic development of S. roseus as an agent for biotechnological applications and make a significant contribution to assess the evolutionary relationship of Sporobolomyces species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Qin
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Cao H, Xi S, He W, Ma X, Liu L, Xu J, Zhang K, Li Y, Jin L. The effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch on alcoholic liver disease revealed by RNA sequencing. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113422. [PMID: 33007391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Gentiana dahurica Fisch (called Qin-Jiao in China), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used in China to treat alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but there has been no scientific report on the treatment of ALD. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch ethanol extract (GDEE) on ALD and to reveal its possible mechanism of action using RNA sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of ALD was established by continuous gavage with alcohol in mice, and GDEE was used to treat ALD. Pathological observation (HE staining, oil red O staining) and biochemical indicators were performed to evaluate liver tissue lesions and efficacy of GDEE. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues was carried out to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALD and the mechanism of hepatoprotective effect by GDEE. The RNA sequencing results were verified by detecting mRNA and protein expressions of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase α (Acacα), fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Measurements of biochemical parameters showed that GDEE could inhibit the increased transaminase activities in the serum and lipid levels in the liver caused by alcohol. It was observed that GDEE could alleviate fatty degeneration, edema and cell necrosis caused by alcohol in the liver tissue. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues found that 719 genes and 1137 genes were significantly changed by alcohol and GDEE, respectively. GDEE reversed most of the changes in triglycerides synthesis-related genes up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated most of the genes involved in the fatty acid degradation in ALD mice, while alcohol had little effect on them. In addition, GDEE suppressed most of the genes involved in cholesterol synthesis that were up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated genes related to bile acid synthesis in ALD mice, and down-regulated genes related to bile acid reabsorption, while alcohol had no significant effect on genes related to bile acid metabolism. In the validation experiments, the Acacα, Fasn and Cpt1a expressions quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. CONCLUSIONS GDEE can alleviate liver damage and steatosis in ALD mice, and its mechanism of action may be related to the process of regulating triglycerides and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houkang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shaoyang Xi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Weiwei He
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, PR China.
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, PR China.
| | - Yingdong Li
- College of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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13
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Li X, He Q, Zhang G. The impact of the physical form of torularhodin on its metabolic fate in the gastrointestinal tract. Food Funct 2021; 12:9955-9964. [PMID: 34494058 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Torularhodin is a fungal carotenoid with multiple health benefits. However, the relationship between its physical form and metabolic fate in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is essential to its bioavailability and health efficacy, has rarely been studied. Thus, physical forms of torularhodin including nanoemulsion powder (T-EP), capsules of the T-EP by alginate (T-EPA), and solution in MCT oil (T-oil) were used in the study. T-EP was produced through OSA-starch-mediated torularhodin emulsification and spray drying whereas the T-EPA was alginate-based capsules of the T-EP particles that were entrapped in the network structure of the alginate matrix as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oil digestibility in the simulated small intestine was decreased from T-EP (100%), T-oil (60%) to T-EPA (40%), and the bioaccessibilities were 27%, 15% and 12%, respectively. The in vivo study using mice revealed that the content of torularhodin gradually decreased along with the digestion time in both the stomach and small intestine while a significantly higher colonic accumulation was observed in T-EPA compared to T-oil and T-EP. In vitro fecal fermentation showed that propionate (32 mM) was the predominant metabolite produced by torularhodin in the physical form of T-EPA. Thus, the physical form of torularhodin is a significant contributing factor to its GIT metabolic fate, and a health outcome-oriented design of the physical form of torularhodin or other nutraceuticals is beneficial for the development of functional foods with enhanced health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122. .,Yitong Food Industry Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, China 221000
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122.
| | - Genyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122.
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Li C, Cheng P, Li Z, Xu Y, Sun Y, Qin D, Yu G. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights into the Enhancement of Torulene and Torularhodin Production in Rhodotorula glutinis ZHK under Moderate Salt Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11523-11533. [PMID: 34545740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of tetraterpene pigments widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Torulene, torularhodin, and β-carotene, three principal carotenoids synthesized by Rhodotorula glutinis ZHK, possess strong health-promoting properties such as antioxidant, provitamin A, and antitumor. Here, the effect of different salt conditions on carotenoids production of R. glutinisZHK was investigated. The results showed that the total carotenoids were significantly enhanced in 0.5 M (3.91 mg/L) and 0.75 M (5.41 mg/L) NaCl treatments than that in 1.0 M (0.35 mg/L) and control (1.42 mg/L) after 120 h of cultivation. Of which, the increase in torulene and torularhodin production acts as the main contributor to the enhancement of total carotenoids. Transcriptome profiling revealed that salt stress efficiently promotes the gene expression of crtI, which could explain the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced torulene and torularhodin production under salt stress. Further experiments indicated that torulene and torularhodin play an important role in quenching excrescent reactive oxygen species induced by salt stress. Together, the present study reports an effective strategy for simultaneously improving torulene and torularhodin production in R. glutinis ZHK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhao Xu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Qin
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
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Liu C, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Magnesium-L-threonate alleviate colonic inflammation and memory impairment in chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:184-193. [PMID: 34144203 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-l-threonate (MgT) is considered a food supplement. Alcohol-mediated diseases (AMD) are accompanied by inflammation and memory impairment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of MgT in AMD. Hence, chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding mice model and multiply bioinformatics analysis were performed. Consequently, the expression of inflammatory cytokines downregulated, while the activities of antioxidases decreased in serum, colon, and brain. Interestingly, MgT relieved gut barrier dysfunction and reshaped microbiota. The relative abundance of Akkermansia, Odoribacter, and Blautia were increased, while that of Alloprevotella and Clostridium were decreased. Metabolic analysis elucidated amino acids and glutamate metabolism were enhanced in MgT-treated mice. Furthermore, morris water maze test confirmed memory ability was enhanced. Inflammation cytokines were negatively correlated with Blautia, and Akkermansia. Collectively, MgT relieved inflammation in gut-brain axis of mice, reshaped gut microbiota, and enhanced the amino acids and glutamate metabolism. MgT may be used as a food supplement to prevent inflammation and memory impairment induced by alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
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Genomics and lipidomics analysis of the biotechnologically important oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis ZHK provides new insights into its lipid and carotenoid metabolism. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:834. [PMID: 33243144 PMCID: PMC7690147 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhodotorula glutinis is recognized as a biotechnologically important oleaginous red yeast, which synthesizes numerous meritorious compounds with wide industrial usages. One of the most notable properties of R. glutinis is the formation of intracellular lipid droplets full of carotenoids. However, the basic genomic features that underlie the biosynthesis of these valuable compounds in R. glutinis have not been fully documented. To reveal the biotechnological potential of R. glutinis, the genomics and lipidomics analysis was performed through the Next-Generation Sequencing and HPLC-MS-based metabolomics technologies. Results Here, we firstly assemble the genome of R. glutinis ZHK into 21.8 Mb, containing 30 scaffolds and 6774 predicted genes with a N50 length of 14, 66,672 bp and GC content of 67.8%. Genome completeness assessment (BUSCO alignment: 95.3%) indicated the genome assembly with a high-quality features. According to the functional annotation of the genome, we predicted several key genes involved in lipids and carotenoids metabolism as well as certain industrial enzymes biosynthesis. Comparative genomics results suggested that most of orthologous genes have underwent the strong purifying selection within the five Rhodotorula species, especially genes responsible for carotenoids biosynthesis. Furthermore, a total of 982 lipids were identified using the lipidomics approaches, mainly including triacylglycerols, diacylglyceryltrimethylhomo-ser and phosphatidylethanolamine. Conclusion Using whole genome shotgun sequencing, we comprehensively analyzed the genome of R. glutinis and predicted several key genes involved in lipids and carotenoids metabolism. By performing comparative genomic analysis, we show that most of the ortholog genes have undergone strong purifying selection within the five Rhodotorula species. Furthermore, we identified 982 lipid species using lipidomic approaches. These results provided valuable resources to further advance biotechnological applications of R .glutinis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07244-z.
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