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Yao H, Jiang W, Liao X, Wang D, Zhu H. Regulatory mechanisms of amino acids in ferroptosis. Life Sci 2024; 351:122803. [PMID: 38857653 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic regulated cell death process, is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases. Amino acids, which are indispensable substrates of vital activities, significantly regulate ferroptosis. Amino acid metabolism is involved in maintaining iron and lipid homeostasis and redox balance. The regulatory effects of amino acids on ferroptosis are complex. An amino acid may exert contrasting effects on ferroptosis depending on the context. This review systematically and comprehensively summarized the distinct roles of amino acids in regulating ferroptosis and highlighted the emerging opportunities to develop clinical therapeutic strategies targeting amino acid-mediated ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Yao
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
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2
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Fujii J, Imai H. Oxidative Metabolism as a Cause of Lipid Peroxidation in the Execution of Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7544. [PMID: 39062787 PMCID: PMC11276677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of nonapoptotic cell death that is characteristically caused by phospholipid peroxidation promoted by radical reactions involving iron. Researchers have identified many of the protein factors that are encoded by genes that promote ferroptosis. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a key enzyme that protects phospholipids from peroxidation and suppresses ferroptosis in a glutathione-dependent manner. Thus, the dysregulation of genes involved in cysteine and/or glutathione metabolism is closely associated with ferroptosis. From the perspective of cell dynamics, actively proliferating cells are more prone to ferroptosis than quiescent cells, which suggests that radical species generated during oxygen-involved metabolism are responsible for lipid peroxidation. Herein, we discuss the initial events involved in ferroptosis that dominantly occur in the process of energy metabolism, in association with cysteine deficiency. Accordingly, dysregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle coupled with the respiratory chain in mitochondria are the main subjects here, and this suggests that mitochondria are the likely source of both radical electrons and free iron. Since not only carbohydrates, but also amino acids, especially glutamate, are major substrates for central metabolism, dealing with nitrogen derived from amino groups also contributes to lipid peroxidation and is a subject of this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Medical Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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3
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Yang H, Li Q, Chen X, Weng M, Huang Y, Chen Q, Liu X, Huang H, Feng Y, Zhou H, Zhang M, Pei W, Li X, Fu Q, Zhu L, Wang Y, Kong X, Lv K, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ma M. Targeting SOX13 inhibits assembly of respiratory chain supercomplexes to overcome ferroptosis resistance in gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4296. [PMID: 38769295 PMCID: PMC11106335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance represents a bottleneck to treatment in advanced gastric cancer (GC). Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death and is associated with anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy. Further investigations are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Ferroptosis-resistant GC cell lines are constructed. Dysregulated mRNAs between ferroptosis-resistant and parental cell lines are identified. The expression of SOX13/SCAF1 is manipulated in GC cell lines where relevant biological and molecular analyses are performed. Molecular docking and computational screening are performed to screen potential inhibitors of SOX13. We show that SOX13 boosts protein remodeling of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes by directly transactivating SCAF1. This leads to increased supercomplexes (SCs) assembly, mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial energetics and chemo- and immune-resistance. Zanamivir, reverts the ferroptosis-resistant phenotype via directly targeting SOX13 and promoting TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of SOX13. Here we show, SOX13/SCAF1 are important in ferroptosis-resistance, and targeting SOX13 with zanamivir has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Research Center of Health Big Data Mining and Applications, School of Medical Information, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yakai Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwen Chen
- Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaocen Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Haoyu Huang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanhuizhi Feng
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hanyu Zhou
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Weiya Pei
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qingsheng Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Liangyu Zhu
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Kong
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Diao J, Jia Y, Dai E, Liu J, Kang R, Tang D, Han L, Zhong Y, Meng L. Ferroptotic therapy in cancer: benefits, side effects, and risks. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:89. [PMID: 38702722 PMCID: PMC11067110 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, leading to plasma membrane rupture and intracellular content release. Originally investigated as a targeted therapy for cancer cells carrying oncogenic RAS mutations, ferroptosis induction now exhibits potential to complement chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in various cancer types. However, it can lead to side effects, including immune cell death, bone marrow impairment, liver and kidney damage, cachexia (severe weight loss and muscle wasting), and secondary tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the advantages and offer an overview of the diverse range of documented side effects. Furthermore, we examine the underlying mechanisms and explore potential strategies for side effect mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Diao
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- DAMP laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Leng Han
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Lingjun Meng
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
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5
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Ye L, Wen X, Qin J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou T, Di Y, He W. Metabolism-regulated ferroptosis in cancer progression and therapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:196. [PMID: 38459004 PMCID: PMC10923903 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism mainly includes carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism, each of which can be reprogrammed. These processes interact with each other to adapt to the complicated microenvironment. Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which is morphologically different from apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death and cuprotosis. Cancer metabolism plays opposite roles in ferroptosis. On the one hand, carbohydrate metabolism can produce NADPH to maintain GPX4 and FSP1 function, and amino acid metabolism can provide substrates for synthesizing GPX4; on the other hand, lipid metabolism might synthesize PUFAs to trigger ferroptosis. The mechanisms through which cancer metabolism affects ferroptosis have been investigated extensively for a long time; however, some mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the interaction between cancer metabolism and ferroptosis. Importantly, we were most concerned with how these targets can be utilized in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvlan Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China
| | - Xiangqiong Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Youpeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China.
| | - Yuqin Di
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
- Molecular Diagnosis and Gene Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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6
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Arabpour J, Rezaei K, Khojini JY, Razi S, Hayati MJ, Gheibihayat SM. The potential role and mechanism of circRNAs in Ferroptosis: A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155203. [PMID: 38368664 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cell death encompasses various mechanisms, including necrosis and apoptosis. Ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death, emerged as a non-apoptotic process reliant on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Distinguishing itself from other forms of cell death, ferroptosis exhibits distinct morphological, biochemical, and genetic features. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of RNA molecules, play crucial regulatory roles in ferroptosis-mediated pathways and cellular processes. With their circular structure and stability, circRNAs function as microRNA sponges and participate in protein regulation, offering diverse mechanisms for cellular control. Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs are key players in diseases associated with ferroptosis, presenting opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This study explores the regulatory roles of circRNAs in ferroptosis and their potential in diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. By investigating the relationship between circRNAs and ferroptosis, this research provides new insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ferroptosis-related diseases. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of targeting circRNAs in cancer treatment and the modulation of ferroptosis pathways demonstrate the potential of circRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Overall, understanding the involvement of circRNAs in regulating ferroptosis opens up new avenues for advancements in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Arabpour
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Rezaei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yaghmoorian Khojini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shokufeh Razi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hayati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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7
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Xiao P, Li C, Liu Y, Gao Y, Liang X, Liu C, Yang W. The role of metal ions in the occurrence, progression, drug resistance, and biological characteristics of gastric cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333543. [PMID: 38370477 PMCID: PMC10869614 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal ions exert pivotal functions within the human body, encompassing essential roles in upholding cell structure, gene expression regulation, and catalytic enzyme activity. Additionally, they significantly influence various pathways implicated in divergent mechanisms of cell death. Among the prevailing malignant tumors of the digestive tract worldwide, gastric cancer stands prominent, exhibiting persistent high mortality rates. A compelling body of evidence reveals conspicuous ion irregularities in tumor tissues, encompassing gastric cancer. Notably, metal ions have been observed to elicit distinct contributions to the progression, drug resistance, and biological attributes of gastric cancer. This review consolidates pertinent literature on the involvement of metal ions in the etiology and advancement of gastric cancer. Particular attention is directed towards metal ions, namely, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn, elucidating their roles in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer, cellular demise processes, drug resistance phenomena, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtuo Xiao
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanda Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Liu N, Chen M. Crosstalk between ferroptosis and cuproptosis: From mechanism to potential clinical application. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116115. [PMID: 38181713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis and cuproptosis, regulated forms of cell death resulting from metal ion accumulation, are closely related in terms of occurrence, cell metabolism, signaling pathways, and drug resistance. Notably, it is now understood that these processes play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumor development. Consequently, ferroptosis and cuproptosis have gained increasing significance as potential targets for anti-cancer drug development. This article systematically outlines the molecular mechanisms and cross-talk components of both ferroptosis and cuproptosis, elucidating their impacts on cancer. Furthermore, it investigates the clinical perspective of targeted ferroptosis and cuproptosis in cancer chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Our discussion extends to a comparative analysis of nanoparticles developed based on the mechanisms of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in cancer, contrasting them with current conventional therapies. Opportunities and challenges in cancer treatment are explored, emphasizing the potential therapeutic direction of co-targeting ferroptosis and cuproptosis. The article also attempts to analyze the clinical applications of this co-targeting approach for cancer treatment while summarizing the existing barriers that require overcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Minbin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China.
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9
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Zou Y, Yuan Y, Zhou Q, Yue Z, Liu J, Fan L, Xu H, Xin L. The Role of Methionine Restriction in Gastric Cancer: A Summary of Mechanisms and a Discussion on Tumor Heterogeneity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:161. [PMID: 38397398 PMCID: PMC10887009 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is ranked as the fifth most prevalent cancer globally and has long been a topic of passionate discussion among numerous individuals. However, the incidence of gastric cancer in society has not decreased, but instead has shown a gradual increase in recent years. For more than a decade, the treatment effect of gastric cancer has not been significantly improved. This is attributed to the heterogeneity of cancer, which makes popular targeted therapies ineffective. Methionine is an essential amino acid, and many studies have shown that it is involved in the development of gastric cancer. Our study aimed to review the literature on methionine and gastric cancer, describing its mechanism of action to show that tumor heterogeneity in gastric cancer does not hinder the effectiveness of methionine-restricted therapies. This research also aimed to provide insight into the inhibition of gastric cancer through metabolic reprogramming with methionine-restricted therapies, thereby demonstrating their potential as adjuvant treatments for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Xin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Y.); (J.L.); (L.F.); (H.X.)
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10
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Zhang X, Li X, Xia R, Zhang HS. Ferroptosis resistance in cancer: recent advances and future perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115933. [PMID: 37995980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death and has been implicated in the occurrence and development of various diseases, including heart disease, nervous system diseases and cancer. Ferroptosis induction recently emerged as an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. Ferroptosis has become a potential target for intervention in these diseases or injuries in relevant preclinical models. This review summarizes recent progress on the mechanisms of ferroptosis resistance in cancer, highlights redox status and metabolism's role in it. Combination therapy for ferroptosis has great potential in cancer treatment, especially malignant tumors that are resistant to conventional therapies. This review will lead us to have a comprehensive understanding of the future exploration of ferroptosis and cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis resistance and metabolism reprogramming may provide new strategies for tumor treatment and drug development based on ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ran Xia
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing 100124, China.
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11
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Xiang Y, Wan F, Ren Y, Yang D, Xiang K, Zhu B, Ruan X, Li S, Zhang L, Liu X, Si Y, Liu Y. Polyphyllin VII induces autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in human gastric cancer through targeting T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5803-5820. [PMID: 37632389 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a serine-threonine kinase that is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) and promotes tumor progression. Polyphyllin VII (PPVII), a pennogenin isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla, shows anticancer effects. Here, we explored the antitumor activity and mechanism of PPVII in GC. Ferroptosis was detected by transmission electron microscope, malondialdehyde, and iron determination assays. Autophagy and its upstream signaling pathway were detected by Western blot, and gene alterations. The binding of PPVII and TOPK was examined through microscale thermophoresis and drug affinity responsive target stability assays. An in vivo mouse model was performed to evaluate the therapeutic of PPVII. PPVII inhibits GC by inducing autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. PPVII promotes the degradation of ferritin heavy chain 1, which is responsible for autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. PPVII activates the Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1) upstream of autophagy. PPVII inhibits the activity of TOPK, thereby weakening the inhibition of downstream ULK1. PPVII stabilizes the dimer of the inactive form of TOPK by direct binding. PPVII inhibits tumor growth without causing obvious toxicity in vivo. Collectively, this study suggests that PPVII is a potential agent for the treatment of GC by targeting TOPK to activate autophagy-mediated ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuliang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Gucheng People's Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Bingxin Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Si
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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12
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Hao M, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Han J. Ferroptosis regulation by methylation in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188972. [PMID: 37634887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in cancer development and progression. Methylation is an important epigenetic modification that influences gene expression by adding a methyl group to nucleic acids and proteins. Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death triggered by the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation. Emerging evidence have shown that methylation regulation plays a significant role in the regulation of ferroptosis in cancer. This review aims to explore the methylation regulation of ferroptosis in cancer, including reactive oxygen species and iron bio-logical activity, amino acid and lipid metabolism, and drugs interaction. The findings of this review may provide new insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Hao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yixin Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuyang Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Junhong Han
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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13
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Su Y, Liu J, Zheng Z, Shi L, Huang W, Huang X, Ye C, Qi J, Wang W, Zhuang H. NSUN5-FTH1 Axis Inhibits Ferroptosis to Promote the Growth of Gastric Cancer Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:553-560. [PMID: 37528314 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 5 (NSUN5) - ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) pathway is associated with ferroptosis in stem cells, whereas its roles in gastric cancer are still unclear. Our study aims to investigate the roles of the NSUN5-FTH1 axis in gastric cancer (GC) and its molecular mechanisms. Stable cell lines were constructed on SGC7901 cells by using shRNAs and pcDNA3.1 expression vectors, respectively. CCK-8 kits were used to determine cell viability. Biochemicals assays were used to detect lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular Fe2+ levels. RNA immunoprecipitation assay, qPCR, and Western blotting were used to determine the changes in biomarkers. GC xenograft mouse model was established to confirm the observation in vivo. An elevation of NSUN5 was observed in GC tumor tissues. NSUN5 inhibited ferroptosis including decreasing cell viability and increasing levels of lipid ROS and Fe2+ in GC cells. Besides, a positive correlation was also observed between NSUN5 and FTH1. Interestingly, NSUN5 regulated the levels of FTH1, instead of FTH1 regulating NSUN5 in GC cells. NSUN5-FTH1 axis regulated erastin-induced ferroptosis in SGC7901 cells. Consistently, silencing NSUN5 or FTH1 inhibited the growth of the SGC7901 tumor in vivo. NSUN5-FTH1 axis promoted the growth of GC cells in part by the regulation of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
| | - Jiangrui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Liangpan Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Wenchang Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Chengwei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Jinyu Qi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Haibin Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
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Xia S, Liang Y, Shen Y, Zhong W, Ma Y. MAT2A inhibits the ferroptosis in osteosarcoma progression regulated by miR-26b-5p. J Bone Oncol 2023; 41:100490. [PMID: 37457846 PMCID: PMC10339204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor. Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, is a key tumor suppression mechanism. Although methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A) has been reported to inhibit several tumor cells, it is unclear whether inhibition of MAT2A in OS cells can reduce ferroptosis. CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell apoptosis/cycle, and cell migration, respectively. The levels of ferrous iron and glutathione (GSH) levels in cells were measured to evaluate the degree of cell ferroptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein levels of MAT2A, p-STAT3 (Ser727)/STAT3, and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in OS cells. MAT2A was significantly upregulated in OS specimens and high MAT2A expression was associated with a poorer prognosis in OS patients. shRNA targeting MAT2A significantly increased OS cell apoptosis, triggered cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, and attenuated migration ability in vitro. MAT2A depletion dramatically inhibited tumor progression of OS in vivo. Overexpression of MAT2A rescued the tumor inhibition caused by miR-26b-5p. MAT2A knockdown promoted OS cell ferroptosis. miR-26b-5p/MAT2A regulates tumor malignant progression and OS cell ferroptosis by controlling p-STAT3 and SLC7A11 expressions. Taken together, our study displayed that miR-26b-5p/MAT2A triggers ferroptosis in OS cells by increasing intracellular ferrous iron levels and inhibiting the STAT3/SLC7A11 axis. Our results reveal a MAT2A-mediated ferroptosis defense mechanism used by OS cells and propose a potential ferroptosis-inducing strategy for the treatment of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Xia
- Department of Dentistry, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Department of Dentistry, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuxue Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiqun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu B, Gao X, Li Y, Li F, Zhou H. Mapping the tumor microenvironment in clear cell renal carcinoma by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1207233. [PMID: 37533434 PMCID: PMC10392130 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1207233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. To identify viable therapeutic targets, a comprehensive understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity is crucial. In this study, we conducted bioinformatic analysis to scrutinize single-cell RNA sequencing data of ccRCC tumor and para-tumor samples, aiming to elucidate the intratumoral heterogeneity in the ccRCC tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods: A total of 51,780 single cells from seven ccRCC tumors and five para-tumor samples were identified and grouped into 11 cell lineages using bioinformatic analysis. These lineages included tumor cells, myeloid cells, T-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity in the TME. Copy number variation (CNV) analysis was performed to compare CNV frequencies between tumor and normal cells. The myeloid cell population was further re-clustered into three major subgroups: monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Differential expression analysis, gene ontology, and gene set enrichment analysis were employed to assess inter-cluster and intra-cluster functional heterogeneity within the ccRCC TME. Results: Our findings revealed that immune cells in the TME predominantly adopted an inflammatory suppression state, promoting tumor cell growth and immune evasion. Additionally, tumor cells exhibited higher CNV frequencies compared to normal cells. The myeloid cell subgroups demonstrated distinct functional properties, with monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells displaying diverse roles in the TME. Certain immune cells exhibited pro-tumor and immunosuppressive effects, while others demonstrated antitumor and immunostimulatory properties. Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity in the ccRCC TME and provides potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC treatment. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the diverse functional roles of immune cells in the TME for effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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16
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Yang M, Luo H, Yi X, Wei X, Jiang D. The epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications for biological processes and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e267. [PMID: 37229485 PMCID: PMC10203370 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death triggered by the iron-dependent peroxidation of phospholipids. Interactions of iron and lipid metabolism factors jointly promote ferroptosis. Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of various diseases, such as tumors and degenerative diseases (e.g., aortic dissection), and targeting ferroptosis is expected to be an effective strategy for the treatment of these diseases. Recent studies have shown that the regulation of ferroptosis is affected by multiple mechanisms, including genetics, epigenetics, posttranscriptional modifications, and protein posttranslational modifications. Epigenetic changes have garnered considerable attention due to their importance in regulating biological processes and potential druggability. There have been many studies on the epigenetic regulation of ferroptosis, including histone modifications (e.g., histone acetylation and methylation), DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs). In this review, we summarize recent advances in research on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in ferroptosis, with a description of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation included, and the importance of epigenetic regulation in biological processes and ferroptosis-related diseases, which provides reference for the clinical application of epigenetic regulators in the treatment of related diseases by targeting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molin Yang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hanshen Luo
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ding‐Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhanHubeiChina
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17
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Yang P, Yang W, Wei Z, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang J. Novel targets for gastric cancer: The tumor microenvironment (TME), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114883. [PMID: 37196545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a fatal illness, and its mortality rate is very high all over the world. At present, it is a serious health problem for any country. It is a multifactorial disease due to the rising drug resistance and the increasing global cancer burden, the treatment of GC still faces many obstacles and problems. In recent years, research on GC is being carried out continuously, and we hope to address the new targets of GC treatment through this review. At the same time, we also hope to discover new ways to fight GC and create more gospel for clinical patients. First, we discuss the descriptive tumor microenvironment (TME), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Finally, we expounded on the new or potential targets of GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizheng Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Wanting Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
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18
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Hu Q, Li Z, Li Y, Deng X, Chen Y, Ma X, Zeng J, Zhao Y. Natural products targeting signaling pathways associated with regulated cell death in gastric cancer: Recent advances and perspectives. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37157181 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most serious gastrointestinal malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. The complexity of GC process lies in the multi-phenotypic linkage regulation, in which regulatory cell death (RCD) is the core link, which largely dominates the fate of GC cells and becomes a key determinant of GC development and prognosis. In recent years, increasing evidence has been reported that natural products can prevent and inhibit the development of GC by regulating RCDs, showing great therapeutic potential. In order to further clarify its key regulatory characteristics, this review focused on specific expressions of RCDs, combined with a variety of signaling pathways and their crosstalk characteristics, sorted out the key targets and action rules of natural products targeting RCD. It is highlighted that a variety of core biological pathways and core targets are involved in the decision of GC cell fate, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK-related signaling pathways, p53 signaling pathway, ER stress, Caspase-8, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and so on. Moreover, natural products target the crosstalk of different RCDs by modulating above signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting various RCDs in GC with natural products is a promising strategy, providing a reference for further clarifying the molecular mechanism of natural products treating GC, which warrants further investigations in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Yan P, Cheng M, Wang L, Zhao W. A ferroptosis-related gene in Helicobacter pylori infection, SOCS1, serves as a potential prognostic biomarker and corresponds with tumor immune infiltration in stomach adenocarcinoma: In silico approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110263. [PMID: 37156031 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major risk factor for the stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). This study aimed to investigate the potential role of a H. pylori infection-related gene, SOCS1, in STAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Online available databases were analyzed to determine the expression, correlations with clinicopathologic parameters, patients' survival, and immunological characteristics of SOCS1 in TCGA-STAD or GEO datasets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine independent risk factors, which were further integrated to establish a nomogram. A comparison of drug sensitivity was conducted for the chemotherapy responses between individuals with low- and high-SOCS1. Prediction of tumor response to checkpoint inhibitors was based on the tumor immunodeficiency and exclusion (TIDE) score. RESULTS SOCS1 expression was significantly increased in both H. pylori-infected and STAD patients. Higher SOCS1 expression indicated an undesirable prognosis in STAD patients. SOCS1 upregulation was related to enhanced immune cell infiltrations and the upregulation of immune checkpoints in STAD patients. N stage, age and SOCS1 were identified as independent risk factors for higher mortality of STAD patients and confirmed using the nomogram. Drug sensitivity analyses demonstrated that high expression of SOCS1 in STAD patients could improve the sensitivity to chemotherapy. TIDE score showed that STAD patients with high SOCS1 expression would have superior response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS SOCS1 may act as a potential biomarker for uncovering the underlying mechanisms of gastric cancer. Increasing the activity of immunotherapy through ferroptosis-immunomodulation may be a viable strategy in STAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Mingjing Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Infectious Disease Hospital of Yunnan Province, Dali, China; Immunology Discipline Team, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China.
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Fujii J, Yamada KI. Defense systems to avoid ferroptosis caused by lipid peroxidation-mediated membrane damage. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:353-372. [PMID: 37551716 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2244155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hydrogen peroxide along with ferrous iron produces hydroxyl radicals that preferably oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to alkyl radicals (L•). The reaction of L• with an oxygen molecule produces lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) that collectively trigger chain reactions, which results in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (LOOH). Oxygenase enzymes, such as lipoxygenase, also stimulate the peroxidation of PUFA. The production of phospholipid hydroperoxides (P-LOOH) can result in the destruction of the architecture of cell membranes and ultimate cell death. This iron-dependent regulated cell death is generally referred to as ferroptosis. Radical scavengers, which include tocopherol and nitric oxide (•NO), react with lipid radicals and terminate the chain reaction. When tocopherol reductively detoxifies lipid radicals, the resultant tocopherol radicals are recycled via reduction by coenzyme Q or ascorbate. CoQ radicals are reduced back by the anti-ferroptotic enzyme FSP1. •NO reacts with lipid radicals and produces less reactive nitroso compounds. The resulting P-LOOH is reductively detoxified by the action of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) or peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6). The hydrolytic removal of LOOH from P-LOOH by calcium-independent phospholipase A2 leads the preservation of membrane structure. While the expression of such protective genes or the presence of these anti-oxidant compounds serve to maintain a healthy condition, tumor cells employ them to make themselves resistant to anti-tumor treatments. Thus, these defense mechanisms against ferroptosis are protective in ordinary cells but are also potential targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Zhang R, Kang R, Tang D. Ferroptosis in gastrointestinal cancer: From mechanisms to implications. Cancer Lett 2023; 561:216147. [PMID: 36965540 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is initiated by excessive lipid peroxidation that results in plasma membrane damage and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. In recent years, ferroptosis has gained significant attention in cancer research due to its unique mechanism compared to other forms of regulated cell death, especially caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer encompasses malignancies that arise in the digestive tract, including the stomach, intestines, pancreas, colon, liver, rectum, anus, and biliary system. These cancers are a global health concern, with high incidence and mortality rates. Despite advances in medical treatments, drug resistance caused by defects in apoptotic pathways remains a persistent challenge in the management of GI cancer. Hence, exploring the role of ferroptosis in GI cancers may lead to more efficacious treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the core mechanism of ferroptosis and discuss its function, regulation, and implications in the context of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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22
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Ji L, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Liu L. A prognostic risk model, tumor immune environment modulation, and drug prediction of ferroptosis and amino acid metabolism-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1173-1189. [PMID: 36892792 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging due to its heterogeneity. Ferroptosis and amino acid metabolism have been shown to be closely related to HCC. We obtained HCC-related expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. We then crossed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), amino acid metabolism genes, and ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) to obtain amino acid metabolism-ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (AAM-FR DEGs). Moreover, we developed a prognostic model using Cox analysis, followed by a correlation analysis of risk scores with clinical characteristics. We also performed an immune microenvironment analysis and drug sensitivity analysis. Finally, the expression levels of model genes were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical assays. We found that the 18 AAM-FR DEGs were mainly enriched to the alpha-amino acid metabolic process and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Cox analysis identified CBS, GPT2, SUV39H1, and TXNRD1 as prognostic biomarkers for the risk model construction. Our results showed that the risk scores differed between pathology stage, pathology T stage, and HBV, and the number of HCC patients in the two groups. In addition, the expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 was high in the high-risk group, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of sorafenib also differed between the two groups. Finally, the experimental validation demonstrated that the expression of biomarkers was consistent with the study analysis. Therefore, in this study, we constructed and validated a prognostic model (CBS, GPT2, SUV39H1, and TXNRD1) related to ferroptosis and amino acid metabolism and examined their prognostic value for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Cancer Center, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan, China
- Experimental Center of Science and Research, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan, China.
- Experimental Center of Science and Research, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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23
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Wu YL, Lou XJ, Fan YJ. Role of circRNAs in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:85-91. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of non-coding RNAs with single-strand covalently closed loops, formed by reverse splicing, which widely exist in many cell lines and diverse species. Some circRNAs have highly evolutionarily conserved sequences, or tissue-specific or cell-specific expression patterns, and many circRNAs are extremely stable. In the past decades, accumulating evidence has indicated that circRNAs participate in the mechanisms associated with the development of many kinds of tumors, exert important biological functions by acting as microRNA or protein ‘sponges’, transcriptional regulatory factors, and protein translation templates, and play key roles in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. This review comprehensively summarizes the biogenesis, characteristics, and biological functions of circRNAs, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of circRNAs in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wu
- The Fourth Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lou
- Jiaxing Hospital of T.C.M, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Jing Fan
- The Fourth Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
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ACSL3 and ACSL4, Distinct Roles in Ferroptosis and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235896. [PMID: 36497375 PMCID: PMC9739553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase (ACSLs) family of enzymes contributes significantly to lipid metabolism and produces acyl-coenzyme A by catalyzing fatty acid oxidation. The dysregulation of ACSL3 and ACSL4, which belong to the five isoforms of ACSLs, plays a key role in cancer initiation, development, metastasis, and tumor immunity and may provide several possible therapeutic strategies. Moreover, ACSL3 and ACSL4 are crucial for ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death triggered by the accumulation of membrane lipid peroxides due to iron overload. Here, we present a summary of the current knowledge on ACSL3 and ACSL4 and their functions in various cancers. Research on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis is critical to developing targeted therapies for cancer.
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25
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Lu L, Chen B, Xu Y, Zhang X, Jin L, Qian H, Wang Y, Liang ZF. Role of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related non-coding RNAs in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902302. [PMID: 36046827 PMCID: PMC9421149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant cancer of the digestive tract and is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death, which involves the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. It has been found that ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence, development, drug resistance, and prognosis of GC. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a critical role in the occurrence and progression of a variety of diseases including GC. In recent years, the role of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs (miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA) in the occurrence, development, drug resistance, and prognosis of GC has attracted more and more attention. Herein, we briefly summarize the roles and functions of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in GC tumorigenesis, development, and prognosis. We also prospected the future research direction and challenges of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Child Healthcare Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
- Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, JS, China
| | - Yumeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
| | - Longtao Jin
- Child Healthcare Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wang, ; Zhao Feng Liang,
| | - Zhao Feng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, JS, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wang, ; Zhao Feng Liang,
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