Trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibits Penicillium italicum by damaging mitochondria and inducing apoptosis mechanisms

Insights into the antifungal activity and mechanisms of cinnamon components against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum

Fungal spoilage of food and the excessive use of chemical disinfectants serves potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives, particularly plant-derived antimicrobial preservatives. Cinnamon extracts are known for their antifungal activity, but most research has focused on essential oils, rarely on other bioactive components. This study assessed the antifungal activity and underlying mechanisms of four components-trans-cinnamaldehyde, cis-2-methoxycinnamic acid, coumarin, and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde-extracted from Cinnamomum cassia Presl (cinnamon) against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. These cinnamon components can inhibit the two fungi strains at the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.30 to 8.55 mmol/L. These components can disrupt fungal cell membranes by enhancing relative electrical conductivity and cytoplasmic content leakage, reducing ergosterol content, and increasing malondialdehyde level. Additionally, they can affect fungal cell wall integrity, leading to the leakage of alkaline phosphatase and alterations in the contents of β-1,3-glucan and chitin. Moreover, the cinnamon components influenced the activities of malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, as well as adenosine triphosphate levels. The observed suppression of fungal contamination in A. flavus and P. citrinum suggests that these cinnamon components as potential natural antifungal agents.

Activity-based protein profiling technology reveals malate dehydrogenase as the target protein of cinnamaldehyde against Aspergillus niger

Cinnamaldehyde displays strong antifungal activity against fungi such as Aspergillus niger, but its precise molecular mechanisms of antifungal action remain inadequately understood. In this investigation, we applied chemoproteomics and bioinformatic analysis to unveil the target proteins of cinnamaldehyde in Aspergillus niger cells. Additionally, our study encompassed the examination of cinnamaldehyde's effects on cell membranes, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activity, and intracellular ATP levels in Aspergillus niger cells. Our findings suggest that malate dehydrogenase could potentially serve as an inhibitory target of cinnamaldehyde in Aspergillus niger cells. By disrupting the activity of malate dehydrogenase, cinnamaldehyde interferes with the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to a significant decrease in intracellular ATP levels. Following treatment with cinnamaldehyde at a concentration of 1 MIC, the inhibition rate of MDH activity was 74.90 %, accompanied by an 84.5 % decrease in intracellular ATP content. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde disrupts cell membrane integrity, resulting in the release of cellular contents and subsequent cell demise. This study endeavors to unveil the molecular-level antifungal mechanism of cinnamaldehyde via a chemoproteomics approach, thereby offering valuable insights for further development and utilization of cinnamaldehyde in preventing and mitigating food spoilage.

The efficient activity of plant essential oils for inhibiting Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum: Mechanistic insights into antifungal activity

Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum produce deterioration in fruit quality, causing losses to the food industry. Thus, plant essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as a sustainable alternative for minimizing the application of synthetic fungicides due to their broad-spectrum antifungal properties. This study investigated the efficacy of five EOs in suppressing the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum and their potential antifungal mechanisms. EOs of Mentha × piperita L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L., Eucalyptus globules Labill., and Lavandula angustifolia Mill., were screened for both fungi. The results showed that the EO of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare were the most efficient in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum. The concentration increase of all EO tested increased fungi growth inhibition. Exposure of fungi to EOs of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare increased the pH and the release of constituents absorbing 260 nm and soluble proteins, reflecting membrane permeability alterations. Fluorescence microscopic examination revealed that tested EOs produce structural alteration in cell wall component deposition, decreasing the hypha width. Moreover, propidium iodide and Calcein-AM stains evidenced the loss of membrane integrity and reduced cell viability of fungi treated with EOs. Fungi treated with EOs decreased the mitochondria activity and the respiratory process. Therefore, these EOs are effective antifungal agents against B. cinerea and P. expansum, which is attributed to changes in the cell wall structure, the breakdown of the cell membrane, and the alteration of the mitochondrial activity.

Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde on Fusarium solani and its application in postharvest preservation of sweet potato

Root rot caused by Fusarium solani is one of major postharvest diseases limiting sweet potato production. Antifungal effect and possible mode of action of cinnamaldehyde (CA) against F. solani were investigated. CA concentration of 0.075 g/L inhibited conidial viability of F. solani. CA vapor of 0.3 g/L in air completely controlled the F. solani development in sweet potatoes during storage for 10 days at 28 °C, and protected soluble sugar and starch in the flesh from depletion by the fungus. Further results demonstrated that CA induced reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ_m), ROS accumulation, and cell apoptosis characterized by DNA fragmentation in F. solani. Moreover, CA facilitated decomposition of mitochondria-specific cardiolipin (CL) into its catabolites by the catalytic action of phospholipases. Altogether, the results revealed a specific antifungal mechanism of CA against F. solani, and suggest that CA holds promise as a preservative for postharvest preservation of sweet potato.

Protection of postharvest grains from fungal spoilage by biogenic volatiles

Fungal spoilage of postharvest grains poses serious problems with respect to food safety, human health, and the economic value of grains. The protection of cereal grains from deleterious fungi is a critical aim in postharvest grain management. Considering the bulk volume of grain piles in warehouses or bins and food safety, fumigation with natural gaseous fungicides is a promising strategy to control fungal contamination on postharvest grains. Increasing research has focused on the antifungal properties of biogenic volatiles. This review summarizes the literature related to the effects of biogenic volatiles from microbes and plants on spoilage fungi on postharvest grains and highlights the underlying antifungal mechanisms. Key areas for additional research on fumigation with biogenic volatiles in postharvest grains are noted. The research described in this review supports the protective effects of biogenic volatiles against grain spoilage by fungi, providing a basis for their expanded application in the management of postharvest grains.