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Xu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Li H, Han C, Wei B, Qin Q, Wei S. Development and immune evaluation of LAMP1 chimeric DNA vaccine against Singapore grouper iridovirus in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109218. [PMID: 37977543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Grouper is one of the most important and valuable mariculture fish in China, with a high economic value. As the production of grouper has increased, massive outbreaks of epidemic diseases have limited the development of the industry. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the most serious infectious viral pathogens and has caused huge economic losses to grouper farming worldwide due to its rapid spread and high lethality. To find new strategies for the effective prevention and control of SGIV, we constructed two chimeric DNA vaccines using Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) fused with major capsid proteins (MCP) against SGIV. In addition, we evaluated the immune protective effects of vaccines including pcDNA3.1-3HA, pcDNA3.1-MCP, pcDNA3.1-LAMP1, chimeric DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-MLAMP and pcDNA3.1-LAMCP by intramuscular injection. Our results showed that compared with groups injected with PBS, pcDNA3.1-3HA, pcDNA3.1-LAMP1 or pcDNA3.1-MCP, the antibody titer significantly increased in the chimeric vaccine groups. Moreover, the mRNA levels of immune-related factors in groupers, including IRF3, MHC-I, TNF-α, and CD8, showed the same trend. However, MHC-II and CD4 were significantly increased only in the chimeric vaccine groups. After 28 days of vaccination, groupers were challenged with SGIV, and mortality was documented for each group within 14 days. The data showed that two chimeric DNA vaccines provided 87 % and 91 % immune protection for groupers which were significantly higher than the 52 % protection rate of pcDNA3.1-MCP group, indicating that both forms of LAMP1 chimeric vaccines possessed higher immune protection against SGIV, providing the theoretical foundation for the creation of novel DNA vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuiFeng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YueXuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YeWen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YunXiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huang Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - ChengZong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - BaoCan Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
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Zhou S, Li Y, Yi J, Zheng X, Huang Q, Su L, Guo B, Yang Z, Xiu Y. Immune responses to Vibrio vulnificus formalin-killed vaccine and ghost vaccine in Scophthalmus maximus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1511-1527. [PMID: 35771999 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, Vibrio vulnificus formalin-killed (FKCs) vaccine and ghost (VVGs) vaccine were successfully developed, and shown to prevent vibriosis of Scophthalmus maximus resulting from V. vulnificus. The antibody titre of FKCs and VVGs vaccine was 1: 28 and 1: 211 . The RPS of FKCs and VVGs vaccine was 60% and 80%. In order to improve the understanding of vaccine protection mechanism, transcriptome data was used to analyse the immune response of S. maximus infected with V. vulnificus after vaccination with FKCs and VVGs vaccine. In the SmCon and SmIV groups, a series of innate immune-related genes were upregulated (such as, TLR5, Tp12, AP-1 and IL-1β) or downregulated (such as, CASP6 and CASP8), which suggested that the immune protection mechanism induced by inactivated vaccine was similar to that of autoimmune response. In the SmIV and SmGho group, a number of innate and adaptive immune-related genes (such as, STAT1, IFN-γ and MHC Ia) were activated, in which the expression of these genes was higher in SmGho, and VVGs vaccine induced stronger innate and acquired immune responses. In conclusion, the results lay a foundation for further study on the molecular mechanisms of immune protection induced by VVGs vaccine and FKCs vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyuan Yi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xujia Zheng
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Su
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoshan Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongrui Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunji Xiu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Kwon WJ, Choi JC, Hong S, Kim YC, Jeong MG, Min JG, Jeong JB, Kim KI, Jeong HD. Development of a high-dose vaccine formulation for prevention of megalocytivirus infection in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Vaccine 2020; 38:8107-8115. [PMID: 33189430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A formalin-inactivated red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) vaccine was prepared using the culture supernatant of a persistently infected Pagrus major fin cell line (PI-PMF) with IVS-1 strain (RSIV subtype II Meglaocytivirus). Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) were injected with a high-dose, ultracentrifuged megalocytivirus vaccine (Ultra HSCMV, 7.0 × 1010 copies/mL), a high-dose supernatant of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (HSCMV, 1.0 × 1010 copies/mL), a supernatant of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (SCMV, 1.0 × 109 copies/mL), and a low-dose of cultured megalocytivirus vaccine (LSCMV, 1.0 × 108 copies/mL). The vaccine efficacies for the various vaccine formulations were determined done following injection challenge with IVS-1 (1.0 × 104 copies/0.1 mL/fish), and the four different vaccines exhibited cumulative mortalities of 10.0 ± 0.0%, 48.3 ± 7.6%, 75.0 ± 5.0%, and 100.0 ± 0.0%, respectively. Additionally, the dose-dependent vaccine efficacy was also confirmed using two different cohabitation methods that included challenges G (general) and I (individual). When squalene + aluminum hydroxide (SqAl) was used as an adjuvant for the HSCMV or SCMV vaccine, cumulative mortalities of 30.0 ± 5.0% and 48.3 ± 7.6%, respectively, were obtained; moreover, these two adjuvants exhibited the highest efficacy in this study. The observed difference in survival post-challenge for the different vaccine concentrations was not reflected in the differences in neutralizing antibody titers. It was found that the water temperature during immune induction plays a less important a role than the water temperature during the challenge test, in which lowering the water temperature from 25 °C to 21 °C during a challenge improved the level of protection from cumulative mortalities from 35% to 10%. This study demonstrated that protection against mortality using inactivated vaccines against RSIVD in rock bream, which are known to be the most susceptible species to RSIV infection, is dependent upon antigen dose and temperature during the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ju Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chan Choi
- Gyeongsangbuk-do Fisheries Technology Center, Pohang, 37556, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhee Hong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Kim
- National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyeong Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Gyu Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Biomedical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Do Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Guo X, Zhou Y, Fu X, Lin Q, Liu L, Liang H, Niu Y, Li N. Transcriptomic profiles reveal that inactivated iridovirus and rhabdovirus bivalent vaccine elicits robust adaptive immune responses against lethal challenge in marbled sleepy goby. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:429-437. [PMID: 31988017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxyeleotris marmoratus iridovirus (OMIV) and Oxyeleotris marmoratus rhabdovirus (OMRV) are the two major causative agents of disease leading to massive mortality and severe economic losses in marbled sleepy goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus) industry. It's urgent to develop an effective vaccine against these fatal diseases. In this study, we developed bivalent inactivated vaccine against OMIV and OMRV and evaluated its protective effect in Oxyeleotris marmoratus. The intraperitoneally vaccinated fish were protected against challenge with OMIV and OMRV with both relative percent survival (RPS) of 100%. In addition, deep RNA sequencing was used to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of the spleen tissues at progressive time points post-vaccination with bivalent inactivated vaccine and challenge with OMIV and OMRV infection. Results showed that adaptive immune response was induced in Oxyeleotris marmoratus injected with bivalent inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, robust adaptive immune responses were also detected in vaccinated fish at 7 d and 2 d post-challenge with OMIV and OMRV. Taken together, these results indicated that bivalent inactivated vaccine activated adaptive immune responses in Oxyeleotris marmoratus, and provided protection against OMIV and OMRV lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Guo
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Hongru Liang
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yinjie Niu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
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Shih TC, Ho LP, Wu JL, Chou HY, Pai TW. A voting mechanism-based linear epitope prediction system for the host-specific Iridoviridae family. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:192. [PMID: 31074372 PMCID: PMC6509842 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Iridoviridae family is categorized into five genera and clustered into two subfamilies: Alphairidovirinae includes Lymphocystivirus, Ranavirus (GIV), and Megalocystivirus (TGIV), which infect vertebrate hosts and Betairidovirinae includes Iridovirus and Chloriridovirus, which infect invertebrate hosts. Clustered Iridoviridae subfamilies possess host-specific characteristics, which can be considered as exclusive features for in-silico prediction of effective epitopes for vaccine development. A voting mechanism-based linear epitope (LE) prediction system was applied to identify and endorse LE candidates with a minimum length requirement for each clustered subfamily Results The experimental results showed that four conserved epitopes among the Iridovirideae family, one exclusive epitope for invertebrate subfamily and two exclusive epitopes for vertebrate family were predicted. These predicted LE candidates were further validated by ELISA assays for evaluating the strength of antigenicity and cross antigenicity. The conserved LEs for Iridoviridae family reflected high antigenicity responses for the two subfamilies, while exclusive LEs reflected high antigenicity responses only for the host-specific subfamily Conclusions Host-specific characteristics are important features and constraints for effective epitope prediction. Our proposed voting mechanism based system provides a novel approach for in silico LE prediction prior to vaccine development, and it is especially powerful for analyzing antigen sequences with exclusive features between two clustered groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Chuan Shih
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Ho
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yiu Chou
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. .,Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. .,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chinchar V, Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K. Ranaviruses and other members of the family Iridoviridae: Their place in the virosphere. Virology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cloning of the Major Capsid Protein (MCP) of Grouper Iridovirus of Taiwan (TGIV) and Preliminary Evaluation of a Recombinant MCP Vaccine against TGIV. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28647-56. [PMID: 26633384 PMCID: PMC4691065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish iridoviruses cause systemic diseases with high mortality in various species of wild and farm-raised fish, resulting in severe economic losses. In 1998, we isolated a new epizootic iridovirus in cultured grouper (Epinephelus sp.) in Taiwan, thus named as grouper iridovirus of Taiwan (TGIV). We report here the cloning of TGIV major capsid protein (MCP). Phylogenetic analysis of the iridoviral MCPs confirmed the classification of TGIV into the Megalocytivirus genus. Recombinant TGIV MCP and GIV MCP were then generated to produce polyclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis revealed that the two antisera were species-specific, indicating no common epitope shared by the MCPs of the two viruses. We further assayed the potency of a subunit vaccine containing recombinant TGIV MCP. The vaccine effectively protected grouper from TGIV infection. The result demonstrated that MCP is a suitable antigen for anti-TGIV vaccines.
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A Novel Virus Causes Scale Drop Disease in Lates calcarifer. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005074. [PMID: 26252390 PMCID: PMC4529248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1992 onwards, outbreaks of a previously unknown illness have been reported in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) kept in maricultures in Southeast Asia. The most striking symptom of this emerging disease is the loss of scales. It was referred to as scale drop syndrome, but the etiology remained enigmatic. By using a next-generation virus discovery technique, VIDISCA-454, sequences of an unknown virus were detected in serum of diseased fish. The near complete genome sequence of the virus was determined, which shows a unique genome organization, and low levels of identity to known members of the Iridoviridae. Based on homology of a series of putatively encoded proteins, the virus is a novel member of the Megalocytivirus genus of the Iridoviridae family. The virus was isolated and propagated in cell culture, where it caused a cytopathogenic effect in infected Asian seabass kidney and brain cells. Electron microscopy revealed icosahedral virions of about 140 nm, characteristic for the Iridoviridae. In vitro cultured virus induced scale drop syndrome in Asian seabass in vivo and the virus could be reisolated from these infected fish. These findings show that the virus is the causative agent for the scale drop syndrome, as each of Koch's postulates is fulfilled. We have named the virus Scale Drop Disease Virus. Vaccines prepared from BEI- and formalin inactivated virus, as well as from E. coli produced major capsid protein provide efficacious protection against scale drop disease.
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Zhang J, Li MF. ORF75 of megalocytivirus RBIV-C1: A global transcription regulator and an effective vaccine candidate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:486-494. [PMID: 25982404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus, a DNA virus belonging to the Iridoviridae family, is a severe pathogen to a wide range of marine and freshwater fish. In this study, using turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) as a host model, we examined the immunoprotective property of one megalocytivirus gene, ORF75, in the form of DNA vaccine (named pORF75). Immunofluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR analysis showed that P444, the protein encoded by ORF75, was naturally produced in the tissues of turbot during megalocytivirus infection, and that the vaccine gene in pORF75 was expressed in fish cells transfected with pORF75 and in the tissues of turbot immunized with pORF75. Following vaccination of turbot with pORF75, a high level of survival (73%) was observed against a lethal megalocytivirus challenge. Consistently, viral replication in the vaccinated fish was significantly inhibited. Immune response analysis showed that pORF75-vaccinated fish (i) exhibited upregulated expression of the genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) possessed specific memory immune cells that showed significant response to secondary antigen stimulation, and (iii) produced specific serum antibodies which, when co-introduced into turbot with megalocytivirus, blocked viral replication. Furthermore, whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that ORF75 knockdown altered the transcription of 43 viral genes. Taken together, these results indicate that ORF75 encoded a highly protective immunogen that is also a global transcription regulator of megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mo-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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A Review of Intra- and Extracellular Antigen Delivery Systems for Virus Vaccines of Finfish. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:960859. [PMID: 26065009 PMCID: PMC4433699 DOI: 10.1155/2015/960859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy in aquaculture has for a long time depended on evaluating relative percent survival and antibody responses after vaccination. However, current advances in vaccine immunology show that the route in which antigens are delivered into cells is deterministic of the type of adaptive immune response evoked by vaccination. Antigens delivered by the intracellular route induce MHC-I restricted CD8+ responses while antigens presented through the extracellular route activate MHC-II restricted CD4+ responses implying that the route of antigen delivery is a conduit to induction of B- or T-cell immune responses. In finfish, different antigen delivery systems have been explored that include live, DNA, inactivated whole virus, fusion protein, virus-like particles, and subunit vaccines although mechanisms linking these delivery systems to protective immunity have not been studied in detail. Hence, in this review we provide a synopsis of different strategies used to administer viral antigens via the intra- or extracellular compartments. Further, we highlight the differences in immune responses induced by antigens processed by the endogenous route compared to exogenously processed antigens. Overall, we anticipate that the synopsis put together in this review will shed insights into limitations and successes of the current vaccination strategies used in finfish vaccinology.
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Oh SY, Oh MJ, Nishizawa T. Potential for a live red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) vaccine in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at a low rearing temperature. Vaccine 2014; 32:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dong Y, Weng S, He J, Dong C. Field trial tests of FKC vaccines against RSIV genotype Megalocytivirus in cage-cultured mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) in an inland reservoir. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1598-1603. [PMID: 24035751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses are one of the most important causative agents in finfish industry in China, Japan and South East Asia. The viruses are mainly composed of ISKNV, RSIV and TRBIV genotypes. Among them, ISKNV genotype isolate is the most important causative agent in mandarin fish industry in South China. Since its first occurrence in mid-1990s in China, no effective drug has been developed to prevent and control this virus until our recent work. In this study, unusual RSIV genotype Megalocytivirus was validated as the causative agent in natural mass mortality of cage-cultured mandarin fish in an inland reservoir. One isolate was obtained using MFF-1 cells from natural mass mortality of mandarin fish and designated as Megalocyti-LJ2012. Based on two previous megalocytiviral isolates, formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccines were prepared to immunize 2000 and 9000 cage-cultured mandarin in October 2011 and August 2012, respectively. As results, greater than 70% protective effects were observed in vaccination group in both individual field tests. Adjuvant-emulsified FKC vaccine provided even greater than 99% protective effect (N = 1000). In contrast, almost all fish died in non-vaccination group (N = 1000). Immuno-protection test under laboratory condition showed that 100% relative percent survival was obtained in surviving fish from vaccination group after challenge with Megalocyti-LJ2012 at 4 months post vaccination. Taken together, the present study shows that FKC vaccine is also efficient in preventing RSIV genotype Megalocytivirus in cage-cultured mandarin fish in two field tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyong Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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13
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Dong C, Xiong X, Luo Y, Weng S, Wang Q, He J. Efficacy of a formalin-killed cell vaccine against infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and immunoproteomic analysis of its major immunogenic proteins. Vet Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Zhang M, Hu YH, Xiao ZZ, Sun Y, Sun L. Construction and analysis of experimental DNA vaccines against megalocytivirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1192-8. [PMID: 22986024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Iridoviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses with icosahedral capsid. The Iridoviridae family contains five genera, one of which is Megalocytivirus. Megalocytivirus has emerged in recent years as an important pathogen to a wide range of marine and freshwater fish. In this study, we aimed at developing effective genetic vaccines against megalocytivirus affecting farmed fish in China. For this purpose, we constructed seven DNA vaccines based on seven genes of rock bream iridovirus isolate 1 from China (RBIV-C1), a megalocytivirus with a host range that includes Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The protective potentials of these vaccines were examined in a turbot model. The results showed that after vaccination via intramuscular injection, the vaccine plasmids were distributed in spleen, kidney, muscle, and liver, and transcription of the vaccine genes and production of the vaccine proteins were detected in these tissues. Following challenge with a lethal-dose of RBIV-C1, fish vaccinated with four of the seven DNA vaccines exhibited significantly higher levels of survival compared to control fish. Of these four protective DNA vaccines, pCN86, which is a plasmid that expresses an 86-residue viral protein, induced the highest protection. Immunological analysis showed that pCN86 was able to (i) stimulate the respiratory burst of head kidney macrophages at 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d post-vaccination, (ii) upregulate the expression of immune relevant genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, and (iii) induce production of serum antibodies that, when incubated with RBIV-C1 before infection, significantly reduced viral loads in kidney and spleen following viral infection of turbot. Taken together, these results indicate that pCN86 is an effective DNA vaccine that may be used in the control of megalocytivirus-associated diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Fu X, Li N, Lai Y, Liu L, Lin Q, Shi C, Huang Z, Wu S. Protective immunity against iridovirus disease in mandarin fish, induced by recombinant major capsid protein of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:880-885. [PMID: 22971336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the causative agent of a disease causing high mortality and economic losses in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi in China. But little information about vaccine development against ISKNV disease is available. In this study the gene encoding the major capsid protein (MCP), which is predominant structural component of the iridovirus particles, was cloned into a temperature induction prokaryotic expression vector pBV220 and a recombinant protein was detected about 50 kDa in molecular weight and accounted for 23% of total proteins of whole cell. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against the purified protein and the reaction of the antibody was confirmed by western blotting using the purified protein and the spleen and kidney of healthy and diseased mandarin fish. The recombinant protein was renatured by dialysis and the juvenile mandarin fish were vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection with recombinant MCP emulsified with ISA 763 adjuvant at a dose of 20 μg/fish, 50 μg/fish and 100 μg/fish, respectively. Specific antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation were detected in three groups and the values of MCP50 group were higher than the other two groups. After challenge infection with ISKNV, fish of MCP50 group showed significantly greater survival than the others and the RPS was 64.3%. In conclusion, the humoral immunity and cellar immunity of mandarin fish were induced by recombinant MCP and the best immune dose was 50 μg/fish. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a recombinant protein vaccine against ISKNV disease was developed in mandarin fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Drug Development, MOA, NO.1 Xingyu Road, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
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16
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Ou-yang Z, Wang P, Huang X, Cai J, Huang Y, Wei S, Ji H, Wei J, Zhou Y, Qin Q. Immunogenicity and protective effects of inactivated Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) vaccines in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:254-261. [PMID: 22885634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the best methods against viral diseases. In this study, experimental inactivated Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) vaccines were prepared, and immunogenicity and protection against virus infection of the vaccines were investigated in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Two kinds of vaccines, including β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated virus at 4°C for 12 h and formalin inactivated virus at 4°C for 12 d, was highly protective against the challenge at 30-day post-vaccination and produced relative percent of survival rates of 91.7% and 100%, respectively. These effective vaccinations induced potent innate immune responses mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). It is noteworthy that ISGs, such as Mx and ISG15, were up-regulated only in the effective vaccine groups, which suggested that type I IFN system may be the functional basis of early anti-viral immunity. Moreover, effective vaccination also significantly up-regulated of the expression of MHC class I gene and produced substantial amount of specific serum antibody at 4 weeks post-vaccination. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrated that effective vaccination in grouper induced an early, nonspecific antiviral immunity, and later, a specific immune response involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Ou-yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
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17
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Ou-yang Z, Wang P, Huang Y, Huang X, Wan Q, Zhou S, Wei J, Zhou Y, Qin Q. Selection and identification of Singapore grouper iridovirus vaccine candidate antigens using bioinformatics and DNA vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Chinchar VG, Yu KH, Jancovich JK. The molecular biology of frog virus 3 and other iridoviruses infecting cold-blooded vertebrates. Viruses 2011; 3:1959-85. [PMID: 22069524 PMCID: PMC3205390 DOI: 10.3390/v3101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the best characterized member of the family Iridoviridae. FV3 study has provided insights into the replication of other family members, and has served as a model of viral transcription, genome replication, and virus-mediated host-shutoff. Although the broad outlines of FV3 replication have been elucidated, the precise roles of most viral proteins remain unknown. Current studies using knock down (KD) mediated by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (asMO) and small, interfering RNAs (siRNA), knock out (KO) following replacement of the targeted gene with a selectable marker by homologous recombination, ectopic viral gene expression, and recombinant viral proteins have enabled researchers to systematically ascertain replicative- and virulence-related gene functions. In addition, the application of molecular tools to ecological studies is providing novel ways for field biologists to identify potential pathogens, quantify infections, and trace the evolution of ecologically important viral species. In this review, we summarize current studies using not only FV3, but also other iridoviruses infecting ectotherms. As described below, general principles ascertained using FV3 served as a model for the family, and studies utilizing other ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses have confirmed and extended our understanding of iridovirus replication. Collectively, these and future efforts will elucidate molecular events in viral replication, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to disease outbreaks, and the role of the host immune system in protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Xu X, Huang L, Weng S, Wang J, Lin T, Tang J, Li Z, Lu Q, Xia Q, Yu X, He J. Tetraodon nigroviridis as a nonlethal model of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. Virology 2010; 406:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Shimmoto H, Kawai K, Ikawa T, Oshima SI. Protection of red sea bream Pagrus major against red sea bream iridovirus infection by vaccination with a recombinant viral protein. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:135-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Dong C, Weng S, Luo Y, Huang M, Ai H, Yin Z, He J. A new marine megalocytivirus from spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus, and its pathogenicity to freshwater mandarinfish, Siniperca chuatsi. Virus Res 2010; 147:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Phenotypic diversity of infectious red sea bream iridovirus isolates from cultured fish in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3535-41. [PMID: 19346349 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02255-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is causing economically serious mass mortality by infecting fish in and around the Pacific region of Asia. The recent emergence of many new iridoviruses has drawn attention to the marked taxonomic variation within this virus family. Most studies of these viruses have not included extensive study of these emergent species. We explored the emergence of red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) on a fish farm in Japan, and we specifically endeavored to quantify genetic and phenotypic differences between RSIV isolates using in vitro and in vivo methods. The three isolates had identical major capsid protein sequences, and they were closely related to Korean RSIV isolates. In vitro studies revealed that the isolates differed in replication rate, which was determined by real-time quantitative PCR of viral genomes in infected cells and cell culture supernatant, and in cell viability, estimated by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for infected cells. In vivo studies showed that the isolates exhibit different virulence characteristics: infected red sea bream showed either acute death or subacute death according to infection with different isolates. Significant differences were seen in the antigenicity of isolates by a formalin-inactivated vaccine test. These results revealed that variant characteristics exist in the same phylogenetic location in emergent iridoviruses. We suggest that this strain variation would expand the host range in iridoviral epidemics.
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Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae infect a diverse array of invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts and are currently viewed as emerging pathogens of fish and amphibians. Iridovirid replication is unique and involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, a circularly permuted, terminally redundant genome that, in the case of vertebrate iridoviruses, is also highly methylated, and the efficient shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis. Although initially neglected largely due to the perceived lack of health, environmental, and economic concerns, members of the genus Ranavirus, and the newly recognized genus Megalocytivirus, are rapidly attracting growing interest due to their involvement in amphibian population declines and their adverse impacts on aquaculture. Herein we describe the molecular and genetic basis of viral replication, pathogenesis, and immunity, and discuss viral ecology with reference to members from each of the invertebrate and vertebrate genera.
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Dong C, Weng S, Shi X, Xu X, Shi N, He J. Development of a mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi fry cell line suitable for the study of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Virus Res 2008; 135:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Dang TL, Yasuike M, Hirono I, Kondo H, Aoki T. Transcriptional profile of red seabream iridovirus in a fish model as revealed by viral DNA microarrays. Virus Genes 2007; 35:449-61. [PMID: 17393296 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) disease is a serious disease of many marine fish species in Japan and elsewhere. For a better understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanism, we examined the transcriptional profile of RSIV in infected fish using a DNA microarray. Expression of RSIV open reading frames (ORFs) was first detected at about 5 days post-infection (d.p.i.), and accounted for about 45% of total ORFs. Almost all the ORFs (97-99%) were expressed at their maximum levels during 7-9 d.p.i. The expression levels and the number of expressed ORFs started to decrease at 10 d.p.i. These results suggest that pathogenesis of RSIV infection began at around day 5, and continued with high levels of viral multiplication until viral clearance by host antiviral defenses starting from around 10 d.p.i. A comparison of viral gene expressions in the spleen and kidney over the course of the infection suggests that RSIV preferentially targets the spleen. The spleen may thus be the most susceptible organ for diagnosis of iridoviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Lua Dang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Yasuike M, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. Difference in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus gene expression profile following hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) G and N protein DNA vaccination. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:531-41. [PMID: 17449275 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein (G protein) gene, but not other genes, of fish rhabdoviruses, when used as a DNA vaccine was previously shown to be highly effective in inducing a protective immune response. In this study we used a DNA microarray to examine differential gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to a DNA vaccine made from the genes of hirame rhabdovirus (Rhabdovirus olivaceus) (HIRRV) G protein (pHRV-G) and nucleocapsid (N) protein (pHRV-N). A high level of protection against HIRRV infection was observed following vaccination with the pHRV-G but no protection was observed following vaccination with the pHRV-N. Microarray analyses showed that the set of genes induced by pHRV-G was different from the set induced by pHRV-N. Specifically, five genes (Interferon-stimulated gene, 15kDa (ISG15), Interferon-stimulated gene, 56kDa (ISG56), Mx and two unknown genes) were strongly induced after injection by the pHRV-G but not pHRV-N and three of these genes are known as type I IFN-inducible genes. Poly I:C, a known inducer of type I interferon that elicits immune response similar to that elicited by a virus infection, also induced these five genes in kidney cells. These results suggest that in order to be effective and confer protection, vaccines against HIRRV and probably fish rhabdoviruses may need to stimulate the type I IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshige Yasuike
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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27
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Caipang CMA, Takano T, Hirono I, Aoki T. Genetic vaccines protect red seabream, Pagrus major, upon challenge with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:130-8. [PMID: 16359871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the protective effect of immunization of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major, with DNA plasmids encoding the viral major capsid protein (MCP) and an open reading frame (ORF) containing a transmembrane domain against red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). The expression of the MHC class I transcript in the DNA-vaccinated fish was significantly upregulated at the 15th day post-vaccination and the relative level of expression was maintained until the 30th day post-vaccination. This pattern of expression was similar in fish vaccinated with a commercially prepared formalin-inactivated RSIV vaccine. In vaccine efficiency tests, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of fish receiving the DNA vaccines and their combination ranged from 42.8 to 71.4% in two experimental runs, and these were significantly different from the control groups. Our results clearly demonstrate that DNA vaccines are able to induce robust protection in fish against RSIV infection, and a cellular immune response as shown by the upregulation of the MHC class I transcript after vaccination, which may be associated with such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marlowe A Caipang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
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