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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Canesi L, Oyanedel D, Travers MA, Charrière GM, Pruzzo C, Vezzulli L. Vibrio-bivalve interactions in health and disease. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4323-4341. [PMID: 32363732 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the marine environment, bivalve mollusks constitute habitats for bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family. Vibrios belong to the microbiota of healthy oysters and mussels, which have the ability to concentrate bacteria in their tissues and body fluids, including the hemolymph. Remarkably, these important aquaculture species respond differently to infectious diseases. While oysters are the subject of recurrent mass mortalities at different life stages, mussels appear rather resistant to infections. Thus, Vibrio species are associated with the main diseases affecting the worldwide oyster production. Here, we review the current knowledge on Vibrio-bivalve interaction in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and mussels (Mytilus sp.). We discuss the transient versus stable associations of vibrios with their bivalve hosts as well as technical issues limiting the monitoring of these bacteria in bivalve health and disease. Based on the current knowledge of oyster/mussel immunity and their interactions with Vibrio species pathogenic for oyster, we discuss how differences in immune effectors could contribute to the higher resistance of mussels to infections. Finally, we review the multiple strategies evolved by pathogenic vibrios to circumvent the potent immune defences of bivalves and how key virulence mechanisms could have been positively or negatively selected in the marine environment through interactions with predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Canesi
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniel Oyanedel
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Li M, Wang M, Wang W, Wang L, Liu Z, Sun J, Wang K, Song L. The immunomodulatory function of invertebrate specific neuropeptide FMRFamide in oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:480-488. [PMID: 30877062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important neuropeptides identified only in invertebrates of Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda, FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) involves in multiple physiological processes, such as mediating cardiac frequency and contraction of somatic and visceral muscles. However, its modulatory role in the immune defense has not been well understood. In the present study, an FMRFamide precursor (designed as CgFMRFamide) was identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas, which could be processed into nineteen FMRFamide peptides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CgFMRFamide shared high similarity with other identified FMRFamides in mollusks. The mRNA of CgFMRFamide was mainly concentrated in the tissues of visceral ganglia, hepatopancreas and hemocytes, and a consistent distribution of FMRFamide peptide was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry assays. The mRNA expression level of CgFMRFamide in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated after immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After the concentration of FMRFamide was increased by exogenous injection, the in vivo expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokine CgIL17-5, as well as the apoptosis-related CgCaspase-1 and CgCaspase-3 in hemocytes were promptly increased (p < 0.05), but the concentration of signal molecule nitric oxide (NO) was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, an increased phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in hemocytes was also detected after the FMRFamide injection. These results collectively demonstrated that the conserved FMRFamide could not only respond to immune stimulation, but also regulate the expression of immune effectors and apoptosis-related genes, which might be mediated by p38 MAP kinase pathway, thereby effectively involved in clearing pathogens and maintaining homeostasis in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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de Lorgeril J, Escoubas JM, Loubiere V, Pernet F, Le Gall P, Vergnes A, Aujoulat F, Jeannot JL, Jumas-Bilak E, Got P, Gueguen Y, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Bachère E. Inefficient immune response is associated with microbial permissiveness in juvenile oysters affected by mass mortalities on field. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:156-163. [PMID: 29567138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 2008, juvenile Crassostrea gigas oysters have suffered from massive mortalities in European farming areas. This disease of complex etiology is still incompletely understood. Triggered by an elevated seawater temperature, it has been associated to infections by a herpes virus named OsHV-1 as well as pathogenic vibrios of the Splendidus clade. Ruling out the complexity of the disease, most of our current knowledge has been acquired in controlled experiments. Among the many unsolved questions, it is still ignored what role immunity plays in the capacity oysters have to survive an infectious episode. Here we show that juvenile oysters susceptible to the disease mount an inefficient immune response associated with microbial permissiveness and death. We found that, in contrast to resistant adult oysters having survived an earlier episode of mortality, susceptible juvenile oysters never exposed to infectious episodes died by more than 90% in a field experiment. Susceptible oysters were heavily colonized by OsHV-1 herpes virus as well as bacteria including vibrios potentially pathogenic for oysters, which proliferated in oyster flesh and body fluids during the mortality event. Nonetheless, susceptible oysters were found to sense microbes as indicated by an overexpression of immune receptors and immune signaling pathways. However, they did not express important immune effectors involved in antimicrobial immunity and apoptosis and showed repressed expression of genes involved in ROS and metal homeostasis. This contrasted with resistant oysters, which expressed those important effectors, controlled bacterial and viral colonization and showed 100% survival to the mortality event. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the immune response mounted by susceptible oysters lacks some important immune functions and fails in controlling microbial proliferation. This study opens the way to more holistic studies on the "mass mortality syndrome", which are now required to decipher the sequence of events leading to oyster mortalities and determine the relative weight of pathogens, oyster genetics and oyster-associated microbiota in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Vincent Loubiere
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR6539, CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrik Le Gall
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34203, Sète, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jeannot
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Got
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | | | - Evelyne Bachère
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Farias ND, de Oliveira NFP, da Silva PM. Perkinsus infection is associated with alterations in the level of global DNA methylation of gills and gastrointestinal tract of the oyster Crassostrea gasar. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:76-81. [PMID: 28800971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bivalves are filter feeders that obtain food from seawater that may contain infectious agents, such as the protozoan parasites Perkinsus marinus and P. olseni that are associated with massive mortalities responsible for losses in the aquaculture industry. Despite all physical and chemical barriers, microorganisms cross epithelia and infect host tissues to cause pathologies. Epigenetics mechanisms play important roles in a variety of human processes, from embryonic development to cell differentiation and growth. It is currently emerging as crucial mechanism involved in modulation of host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis, promoting discovery of targets for drug treatment. In bivalves, little is known about epigenetic mechanism in host parasite interactions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Perkinsus sp. infections on DNA methylation levels in tissues of Crassostrea gasar oysters. Samples were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Mamanguape River estuary (PB). Oyster gills were removed and used for Perkinsus sp. DIAGNOSIS Gills (G) and gastrointestinal tract (GT), as well as cultured P. marinus trophozoites were preserved in 95% ethanol for DNA extractions. DNA methylation levels were estimated from G and GT tissues of uninfected (n=60) and infected oysters (n=60), and from P. marinus trophozoites, by ELISA assays. Results showed that the mean prevalence of Perkinsus sp. infections was high (87.3%) in 2015 and moderate (59.6%) in 2016. DNA methylation levels of G and GT tissues were significantly lower in infected oyster than in uninfected oysters, suggesting that infections are associated with hypomethylation. Methylation level was significantly higher in G than in GT tissues, indicating a likely tissue-specific mechanism. P. marinus trophozoites showed 33% methylation. This was the first study that confirms alterations of DNA methylation in two tissues of C. gasar oysters in association with Perkinsus sp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Dantas Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Naila Francis Paulo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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6
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Guo X, Ford SE. Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0206. [PMID: 26880838 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more infectious diseases affect marine molluscs. Some diseases have impacted commercial species including MSX and Dermo of the eastern oyster, QPX of hard clams, withering syndrome of abalone and ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections of many molluscs. Although the exact transmission mechanisms are not well understood, human activities and associated environmental changes often correlate with increased disease prevalence. For instance, hatcheries and large-scale aquaculture create high host densities, which, along with increasing ocean temperature, might have contributed to OsHV-1 epizootics in scallops and oysters. A key to understanding linkages between the environment and disease is to understand how the environment affects the host immune system. Although we might be tempted to downplay the role of immunity in invertebrates, recent advances in genomics have provided insights into host and parasite genomes and revealed surprisingly sophisticated innate immune systems in molluscs. All major innate immune pathways are found in molluscs with many immune receptors, regulators and effectors expanded. The expanded gene families provide great diversity and complexity in innate immune response, which may be key to mollusc's defence against diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Further advances in host and parasite genomics should improve our understanding of genetic variation in parasite virulence and host disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
| | - Susan E Ford
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
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Guo X, He Y, Zhang L, Lelong C, Jouaux A. Immune and stress responses in oysters with insights on adaptation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:107-119. [PMID: 25989624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08345, USA.
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christophe Lelong
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aude Jouaux
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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9
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Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:121-36. [PMID: 26003824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function. These crucial roles mean that considerable attention has been paid to the immune responses of bivalves such as oysters, clams and mussels against infectious diseases that can threaten the viability of entire populations. As with many invertebrates, bivalves have a comprehensive repertoire of immune cells, genes and proteins. Hemocytes represent the backbone of the bivalve immune system. However, it is clear that mucosal tissues at the interface with the environment also play a critical role in host defense. Bivalve immune cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors and are highly responsive to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Their responses to infection include chemotaxis, phagolysosomal activity, encapsulation, complex intracellular signaling and transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and the induction of anti-viral states. Bivalves also express a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β1,3-glucan-binding proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and antimicrobial proteins. The identification of FREPs and other highly diversified gene families in bivalves leaves open the possibility that some of their responses to infection may involve a high degree of pathogen specificity and immune priming. The current review article provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, description of these factors and how they are regulated by infectious agents. It concludes that one of the remaining challenges is to use new "omics" technologies to understand how this diverse array of factors is integrated and controlled during infection.
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10
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Jemaà M, Morin N, Cavelier P, Cau J, Strub JM, Delsert C. Adult somatic progenitor cells and hematopoiesis in oysters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3067-77. [PMID: 24948634 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived animals show a non-observable age-related decline in immune defense, which is provided by blood cells that derive from self-renewing stem cells. The oldest living animals are bivalves. Yet, the origin of hemocytes, the cells involved in innate immunity, is unknown in bivalves and current knowledge about mollusk adult somatic stem cells is scarce. Here we identify a population of adult somatic precursor cells and show their differentiation into hemocytes. Oyster gill contains an as yet unreported irregularly folded structure (IFS) with stem-like cells bathing into the hemolymph. BrdU labeling revealed that the stem-like cells in the gill epithelium and in the nearby hemolymph replicate DNA. Proliferation of this cell population was further evidenced by phosphorylated-histone H3 mitotic staining. Finally, these small cells, most abundant in the IFS epithelium, were found to be positive for the stemness marker Sox2. We provide evidence for hematopoiesis by showing that co-expression of Sox2 and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, a hemocyte-specific enzyme, does not occur in the gill epithelial cells but rather in the underlying tissues and vessels. We further confirm the hematopoietic features of these cells by the detection of Filamin, a protein specific for a sub-population of hemocytes, in large BrdU-labeled cells bathing into gill vessels. Altogether, our data show that progenitor cells differentiate into hemocytes in the gill, which suggests that hematopoiesis occurs in oyster gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jemaà
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France IGMM CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Julien Cau
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France IGH CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, 34396, France
| | - Jean Marc Strub
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67081 France IPHC CNRS UMR7178, Strasbourg, 67037 France
| | - Claude Delsert
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France IFREMER, LGP, La Tremblade, 17390 France
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11
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Prophenoloxidase system, lysozyme and protease inhibitor distribution in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 172-173:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Iizuka M, Nagasaki T, Takahashi KG, Osada M, Itoh N. Involvement of Pacific oyster CgPGRP-S1S in bacterial recognition, agglutination and granulocyte degranulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:30-34. [PMID: 24201133 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) recognizes invading bacteria through their peptidoglycans (PGN), a component of the bacterial cell wall. Insect PGRPs contribute to effective immune systems as inducers of other host defense responses, while this function has not been reported from PGRP of bivalves. In this study, recombinant CgPGRP-S1S (rCgPGRP-S1S), produced in the mantle and the gill, was synthesized and used to elucidate the immunological function of CgPGRP-S1S. rCgPGRP-S1S bound specifically to DAP-type PGN and to Escherichia coli cells, but not to other DAP-type PGN-containing bacterial species, Vibrio anguillarum, or Bacillus subtilis. Antibacterial activity was not detected, but E. coli cells were agglutinated. Moreover, in addition to these direct interactions with bacterial cells, rCgPGRP-S1S induced secretion of granular contents by hemocyte degranulation. Taken together, these results suggest for the first time that a PGRP of bivalves is, just as in insects, involved in host defense, not only by direct interaction with bacteria, but also by triggering other defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iizuka
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Marine Biology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Keisuke G Takahashi
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Osada
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan.
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13
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Fukushima E, Iwai T, Miura C, Celino FT, Urasaki S, Miura T. A xenograft mantle transplantation technique for producing a novel pearl in an akoya oyster host. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:10-16. [PMID: 23900602 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The brightness and color of pearls varies among different pearl-producing shellfish and have been a source of human fascination since ancient times. When produced through cultivation, the characteristics and quality of a pearl depend on the kind of shellfish used and also the transplanted mantle graft. This suggests that the Akoya pearl oyster, which is generally used in Japan for pearl culturing, can produce different kinds of pearl through the use of mantles from different species of shellfish. However, a transplanted heterogeneous mantle would be rejected by the immune system of the Akoya oyster. We have therefore developed a new method to suppress the Akoya immune system that archives immune tolerance to other shellfish. It is generally known that small quantities of antigens can be used to produce archived immunological tolerance in a clinical setting. We successfully suppressed the Akoya pearl oyster immune response against a Mabé pearl oyster graft through repeat injections of mantle homogenates. We then transplanted a Mabé pearl oyster mantle graft into the immunologically tolerant Akoya pearl oyster and obtained a Mabé pearl from an Akoya pearl oyster. Our new technique thus makes the production of novel and different pearls in the Akoya possible. We believe that this has significant future potential for the advancement of the pearl industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Fukushima
- Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Ehime, Japan
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14
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Bathige SDNK, Umasuthan N, Kasthuri SR, Whang I, Lim BS, Nam BH, Lee J. A bifunctional invertebrate-type lysozyme from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus: genome organization, transcriptional profiling and biological activities of recombinant protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:282-94. [PMID: 23796790 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important enzyme in the innate immune system that plays a vital role in fighting microbial infections. In the current study, we identified, cloned, and characterized a gene that encodes an invertebrate-type lysozyme from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus (abLysI). The full-length cDNA of abLysI consisted of 545 bp with an open reading frame of 393 bp that encodes 131 amino acids. The theoretical molecular mass of mature abLysI was 12.3 kDa with an isoelectric point of 8.03. Conserved features in other homologs, such as catalytic sites for lytic activity (Glu(30) and Asp(41)), isopeptidase activity (His(107)), and ten cysteine residues were identified in abLysI. Genomic sequence analysis with respect to its cDNA showed that abLysI was organized into four exons interrupted by three introns. Several immune-related transcription factor binding sites were discovered in the putative promoter region. Homology and phylogeny analysis of abLysI depicted high identity and closer proximity, respectively, with an annelid i-type lysozyme from Hirudo medicinalis, and indicated that abLysI is a novel molluscan i-type lysozyme. Tissue-specific expressional studies revealed that abLysI is mainly transcribed in hepatopancreas followed by mantle. In addition, abLysI mRNA expression was induced following bacterial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes) and viral (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) challenges. Recombinantly expressed abLysI [(r)abLysI] demonstrated strong lytic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, isopeptidase activity, and antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, (r)abLysI showed optimum lytic activity at pH 4.0 and 60 °C, while exhibiting optimum isopeptidase activity at pH 7.0. Taken together, these results indicate that abLysI is potentially involved in immune responses of the disk abalone to protect it from invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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15
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Molecular characterisation of TNF, AIF, dermatopontin and VAMP genes of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis and analysis of their modulation by diseases. Gene 2013; 533:208-17. [PMID: 24095775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bonamiosis and disseminated neoplasia (DN) are the most important diseases affecting cultured flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in Galicia (NW Spain). Previous research of the response of O. edulis against bonamiosis by suppression subtractive hybridisation yielded a partial expressed sequence tag of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and allograft inflammatory factor (AIF), as well as the whole open reading frame for dermatopontin and vesicle-associated membrane (VAMP). Herein, the complete open reading frames of TNF and AIF genes were determined by the rapid amplification of cDNA, and the deduced amino acid sequences of the four genes were characterised. Phylogenetic relationships for each gene were studied using maximum likelihood parameters. Quantitative-PCR assays were also performed in order to analyse the modulation of the expression of these genes by bonamiosis and disseminated neoplasia. Gene expression profiles were studied in haemolymph cells and in various organs (gill, gonad, mantle and digestive gland) of oysters affected by bonamiosis, DN, and both diseases with regard to non-affected oysters (control). TNF expression in haemolymph cells was up-regulated at heavy stage of bonamiosis but its expression was not affected by DN. AIF expression was up-regulated at heavy stage of bonamiosis in haemolymph cells and mantle, which is associated with heavy inflammatory response, and in haemolymph cells of oysters affected by DN. AIF expression was, however, down-regulated in other organs as gills and gonads. Dermatopontin expression was down-regulated in haemolymph cells and digestive gland of oysters affected by bonamiosis, but DN had no significant effect on its expression. Gills and gonads showed up-regulation of dermatopontin expression associated with bonamiosis. There were significant differences in the expression of TNF and VAMP depending on the bonamiosis intensity stage whereas no significant differences were detected between light and heavy severity degrees of DN for the studied genes. VAMP expression showed also differences among haemolymph cells and the organs studied. The occurrence of both diseases in oysters involved haemolymph cell gene expression patterns different from those associated to each disease separately: no significant effect was observed in TNF expression, dermatopontin was up-regulated and marked up-regulation of AIF and VAMP was recorded, which suggests a multiplier effect of the combination of both diseases for the latter two genes.
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16
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Umasuthan N, Bathige SDNK, Kasthuri SR, Wan Q, Whang I, Lee J. Two duplicated chicken-type lysozyme genes in disc abalone Haliotis discus discus: molecular aspects in relevance to structure, genomic organization, mRNA expression and bacteriolytic function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:284-299. [PMID: 23664908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are crucial antibacterial proteins that are associated with catalytic cleavage of peptidoglycan and subsequent bacteriolysis. The present study describes the identification of two lysozyme genes from disc abalone Haliotis discus discus and their characterization at sequence-, genomic-, transcriptional- and functional-levels. Two cDNAs and BAC clones bearing lysozyme genes were isolated from abalone transcriptome and BAC genomic libraries, respectively and sequences were determined. Corresponding deduced amino acid sequences harbored a chicken-type lysozyme (LysC) family profile and exhibited conserved characteristics of LysC family members including active residues (Glu and Asp) and GS(S/T)DYGIFQINS motif suggested that they are LysC counterparts in disc abalone and designated as abLysC1 and abLysC2. While abLysC1 represented the homolog recently reported in Ezo abalone [1], abLysC2 shared significant identity with LysC homologs. Unlike other vertebrate LysCs, coding sequence of abLysCs were distributed within five exons interrupted by four introns. Both abLysCs revealed a broader mRNA distribution with highest levels in mantle (abLysC1) and hepatopancreas (abLysC2) suggesting their likely main role in defense and digestion, respectively. Investigation of temporal transcriptional profiles post-LPS and -pathogen challenges revealed induced-responses of abLysCs in gills and hemocytes. The in vitro muramidase activity of purified recombinant (r) abLysCs proteins was evaluated, and findings indicated that they are active in acidic pH range (3.5-6.5) and over a broad temperature range (20-60 °C) and influenced by ionic strength. When the antibacterial spectra of (r)abLysCs were examined, they displayed differential activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative strains providing evidence for their involvement in bacteriolytic function in abalone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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17
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Premachandra H, De Zoysa M, Nikapitiya C, Lee Y, Wickramaarachchi W, Whang I, Lee J. Molluskan fasciclin-1 domain-containing protein: Molecular characterizationand gene expression analysis of fasciclin 1-like protein from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). Gene 2013; 522:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Okada Y, Yamaura K, Suzuki T, Itoh N, Osada M, Takahashi KG. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of chitinase from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:83-9. [PMID: 23507628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are necessary enzymes supporting functions as a host defense factor against chitin-coated pathogens. They also function as a digestive enzyme for the hydrolysis of dietary chitin. We conducted characterization and assessed the tissue expression of the encoding gene of a chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), Cg-Chit1, and the production of recombinant protein of Cg-Chit1, from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Chitinase activity in mantle extracts was detected to a marked degree in samples collected in July and August. Mantle chitinase worked well at pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5 tested in this study. RT-PCR showed that Cg-Chit1 expression is highly tissue-specific in the hemocytes and mantle. We then determined the distribution of Cg-Chit1 mRNA in C. gigas hemocytes and mantle histologically using in situ hybridization. Of the two subgroups of oyster hemocytes, granulocytes (main phagocytes) and hyalinocytes, only the former were found to express Cg-Chit1. In the mantle, chitinase-2 was expressed at the inner lobe of the mantle edge. Recombinant Cg-Chit1 clearly showed chitinase activity in a wide range of neutral/basic pH. These findings suggest that Cg-Chit1 functions as a host defense factor to hydrolyze chitin-coated organisms after phagocytosis by granulocytes and to exclude foreign substances from the mantle cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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19
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Schmitt P, Rosa RD, Duperthuy M, de Lorgeril J, Bachère E, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The Antimicrobial Defense of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. How Diversity may Compensate for Scarcity in the Regulation of Resident/Pathogenic Microflora. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:160. [PMID: 22783227 PMCID: PMC3390580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy oysters are inhabited by abundant microbial communities that vary with environmental conditions and coexist with immunocompetent cells in the circulatory system. In Crassostrea gigas oysters, the antimicrobial response, which is believed to control pathogens and commensals, relies on potent oxygen-dependent reactions and on antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) produced at low concentrations by epithelial cells and/or circulating hemocytes. In non-diseased oysters, hemocytes express basal levels of defensins (Cg-Defs) and proline-rich peptides (Cg-Prps). When the bacterial load dramatically increases in oyster tissues, both AMP families are driven to sites of infection by major hemocyte movements, together with bactericidal permeability/increasing proteins (Cg-BPIs) and given forms of big defensins (Cg-BigDef), whose expression in hemocytes is induced by infection. Co-localization of AMPs at sites of infection could be determinant in limiting invasion as synergies take place between peptide families, a phenomenon which is potentiated by the considerable diversity of AMP sequences. Besides, diversity occurs at the level of oyster AMP mechanisms of action, which range from membrane lysis for Cg-BPI to inhibition of metabolic pathways for Cg-Defs. The combination of such different mechanisms of action may account for the synergistic activities observed and compensate for the low peptide concentrations in C. gigas cells and tissues. To overcome the oyster antimicrobial response, oyster pathogens have developed subtle mechanisms of resistance and evasion. Thus, some Vibrio strains pathogenic for oysters are equipped with AMP-sensing systems that trigger resistance. More generally, the known oyster pathogenic vibrios have evolved strategies to evade intracellular killing through phagocytosis and the associated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, UMR 5119, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Ifremer, and Université Montpellier 1, Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier, France
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20
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Van Herreweghe JM, Michiels CW. Invertebrate lysozymes: Diversity and distribution, molecular mechanism and in vivo function. J Biosci 2012; 37:327-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Hurtado MÁ, da Silva PM, Le Goïc N, Palacios E, Soudant P. Effect of acclimatization on hemocyte functional characteristics of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:978-984. [PMID: 21906683 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most experimental procedures on molluscs are done after acclimatization of wild animals to lab conditions. Similarly, short-term acclimation is often unavoidable in a field survey when biological analysis cannot be done within the day of sample collection. However, acclimatization can affect the general physiological condition and particularly the immune cell responses of molluscs. Our aim was to study the changes in the hemocyte characteristics of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus acclimated 1 or 2 days under emersed conditions at 14 ± 1 °C and for 1, 2, 7, or 10 days to flowing seawater conditions (submerged) at 9 ± 1 °C, when compared to hemolymph withdrawn from organisms sampled in the field and immediately analyzed in the laboratory (unacclimated). The hemocyte characteristics assessed by flow cytometry were the total (THC) and differential hemocyte count, percentage of dead cells, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Dead hemocytes were lower in oysters acclimated both in emersed and submerged conditions (1%-5%) compared to those sampled in the field (7%). Compared to oysters, the percentage of dead hemocytes was lower in clams (0.4% vs. 1.1%) and showed a tendency to decrease during acclimatization in both emersed and submerged conditions. In comparison to organisms not acclimated, the phagocytosis of hemocytes decreased in both oysters and clams acclimated under submerged conditions, but was similar in those acclimated in emersed conditions. The ROS production remained stable in both oysters and clams acclimated in emersed conditions, whereas in submerged conditions ROS production did not change in both the hyalinocytes and granulocytes of oysters, but increased in clams. In oysters, the THC decreased when they were acclimated 1 and 2 days in submerged conditions and was mainly caused by a decrease in granulocytes, but the decrease in THC in oysters acclimated 2 days in emersed conditions was caused by a decrease in hyalinocytes and small agranular cells. In clams, the THC was significantly lower in comparison to those not acclimated, regardless of the conditions of the acclimatization. These findings demonstrate that hemocyte characteristics were differentially affected in both species by the tested conditions of acclimatization. The phagocytosis and ROS production in clams and phagocytosis in oysters were not different in those acclimated for 1 day under both conditions, i.e. emersed and submerged, and those sampled in the field (unacclimated). The THC was significantly affected by acclimatization conditions, so the differences between clams and oysters should be considered in studies where important concentrations of hemocytes are required. The difference in the immune response between both species could be related to their habitat (epifaunal vs. infaunal) and their ability of resilience to manipulation and adaptation to captivity. Our results suggest that functional characteristics of hemocytes should be analyzed in both oysters and clams during the first 1 or 2 days, preferably acclimated under emersed rather than submerged conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Hurtado
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
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22
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Xue Q, Hellberg ME, Schey KL, Itoh N, Eytan RI, Cooper RK, La Peyre JF. A new lysozyme from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and a possible evolutionary pathway for i-type lysozymes in bivalves from host defense to digestion. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:213. [PMID: 20633278 PMCID: PMC3020801 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozymes are enzymes that lyse bacterial cell walls, an activity widely used for host defense but also modified in some instances for digestion. The biochemical and evolutionary changes between these different functional forms has been well-studied in the c-type lysozymes of vertebrates, but less so in the i-type lysozymes prevalent in most invertebrate animals. Some bivalve molluscs possess both defensive and digestive lysozymes. RESULTS We report a third lysozyme from the oyster Crassostrea virginica, cv-lysozyme 3. The chemical properties of cv-lysozyme 3 (including molecular weight, isoelectric point, basic amino acid residue number, and predicted protease cutting sites) suggest it represents a transitional form between lysozymes used for digestion and immunity. The cv-lysozyme 3 protein inhibited the growth of bacteria (consistent with a defensive function), but semi-quantitative RT-PCR suggested the gene was expressed mainly in digestive glands. Purified cv-lysozyme 3 expressed maximum muramidase activity within a range of pH (7.0 and 8.0) and ionic strength (I = 0.005-0.01) unfavorable for either cv-lysozyme 1 or cv-lysozyme 2 activities. The topology of a phylogenetic analysis of cv-lysozyme 3 cDNA (full length 663 bp, encoding an open reading frame of 187 amino acids) is also consistent with a transitional condition, as cv-lysozyme 3 falls at the base of a monophyletic clade of bivalve lysozymes identified from digestive glands. Rates of nonsynonymous substitution are significantly high at the base of this clade, consistent with an episode of positive selection associated with the functional transition from defense to digestion. CONCLUSION The pattern of molecular evolution accompanying the shift from defensive to digestive function in the i-type lysozymes of bivalves parallels those seen for c-type lysozymes in mammals and suggests that the lysozyme paralogs that enhance the range of physiological conditions for lysozyme activity may provide stepping stones between defensive and digestive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Michael E Hellberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555 Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ron I Eytan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Richard K Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Jerome F La Peyre
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
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