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Jiang S, Huang X. Host responses against the fish parasitizing ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12967. [PMID: 36606416 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans, which infects almost all marine fish species occurring in both tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The disease, cryptocaryonosis, accounts for significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the biology of the parasite, host-parasite interactions and both specific and non-specific host defense mechanisms are responsible for the protection of fish against challenge infections with this ciliate. Also, this article reflects the current interest in this subject area and the quest to develop an available vaccine against the disease. Due to the high frequency of clinical fish cryptocaryonosis, the study of fish immune responses to C. irritans provides an optimal experimental model for understanding immunity against extracellular protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Jiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Shang Z, Lan W. Eukaryotic communities in coastal water from Shenzhen in South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1644-1651. [PMID: 33452970 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microorganisms are ubiquitous in the marine environment, and have a wide variety of ecosystem functions. Shenzhen is one of the most developed cities in South China, but the eukaryotic communities in the water along its coastlines remain poorly understood. The study applied 18S rRNA gene ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequencing to identify the eukaryotic community from twenty sites of Shenzhen coast water. The alpha-diversity of the samples between these sites were significantly different, and the seawater of eastern coast had higher alpha-diversity compared to that of the western coast. The abundance of Chlorophyta was notably higher in the seawater of western coast, but Picozoa was relatively depleted. Specifically, Cryptocaryon, Pseudovorticella, and Cyclotella were significantly higher in the water of western coast, while Guinardia, Minutocellus, and Amoebophrya were increased in eastern samples. The spatially variations of eukaryotic microorganism community in the seawater of Shenzhen coast were associated with the water quality. The results have important significance for the understanding of coastal eukaryotic community, their interaction network, and build a foundation for future management and protection of coastal water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, Guangdong, PR China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 518088, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- R&D Key Laboratory of Alien Pest Detection Technology, the Shenzhen Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine. Technology Center for Animal and plant Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 518088, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, Guangdong, PR China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 518088, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wensheng Lan
- R&D Key Laboratory of Alien Pest Detection Technology, the Shenzhen Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine. Technology Center for Animal and plant Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, Guangdong, PR China.
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Infectivity and genes differentially expressed between young and aging theront cells of the marine fish parasite Cryptocaryon irritans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238167. [PMID: 32857792 PMCID: PMC7454944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliated protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans infects a wide range of marine fish and causes the highly lethal white spot disease. This parasite possesses three morphologically and physiologically distinct life stages: an infectious theront, a parasitic trophont, and an asexually reproductive tomont. In the past few years, several attempts have been made to help elucidate how C. irritans transforms from one stage to another using transcriptomic or proteomic approaches. However, there has been no research studying changes in transcription profiles between different time points of a single C. irritans life stage—the development of this parasite. Here we use RNA-seq and compare gene expression profiles of theront cells collected by 1 and 10 hrs after they emerged from tomonts. It has been shown that infectivity of theront cells declines 6–8 hours post-emergence, and we used this characteristic as a physiological marker to confirm the aging of theront cells. We identified a total of 41 upregulated and 90 downregulated genes that were differentially expressed between young and aging theront cells. Using Blast2Go to further analyze functions of these genes, we show that genes related to energy production are downregulated, but quite surprisingly many genes involved in transcription/translation processes are upregulated. We also show that expression of all nine detectable agglutination/immobilization antigen genes, with great sequence divergence, is invariably downregulated. Functions of other differentially expressed genes and indications are also discussed in our study.
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Pan Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Barcode sequence could be a good target for developing a species-specific anti-parasite agent based on CRISPR-Cas9. FASEB J 2020; 34:9393-9404. [PMID: 32474999 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000118rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a severe issue in many regions of the world. We assume that if a chemical can destroy a DNA barcode sequence, then this chemical could be developed as a species-specific parasiticidal agent. To test this hypothesis, we designed sgRNAs that target the sequences of both a DNA barcode (ITS-2) and a control (5.8S rDNA) in Cryptocaryon irritans. In in vivo tests, we found that exposure to Cas9 mRNA mixed with sgRNAs was able to significantly reduce the hatching rate of tomont and the survival rate of theront. Quantitative Real-time PCR demonstrated that the DNAs of tomont and theront exposed to sgRNAs and Cas9 mRNA were significantly disrupted, no matter whether they were exposed to a single sgRNA or a mixture of two sgRNAs. DNA sequencing also suggested the test group that was exposed to a single sgRNA mixed with Cas9-induced mutation at sgRNA targeted fragments and the test group exposed to two sgRNAs combined with Cas9-induced deletion of large pieces. The findings and principles provided by this study contribute to the development of novel nucleic acid therapeutic drugs for cryptocaryoniasis and other parasitic diseases and provide insight into the development of species-specific parasiticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlai Pan
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, China
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Food intake, survival, and immunity of Nibea albiflora to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2379-2384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Comparative transcriptional profile of the fish parasite Cryptocaryon irritans. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:630. [PMID: 27923398 PMCID: PMC5142281 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptocaryon irritans is an obligate ectoparasitic ciliate pathogen of marine fishes. It can infect most marine teleosts and cause heavy economic losses in aquaculture. There is currently no effective method of controlling this disease, and little information is available regarding the genes involved in its development and virulence. We aimed to investigate the distinct features of the three major life-cycle stages of C. irritans in terms of gene transcription level, and identify candidate vaccines/drug targets. We established a reference transcriptome of C. irritans by RNA-seq. METHODS Three cDNA libraries using total poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from trophonts, tomonts, and theronts was constructed and sequenced, respectively. Clean reads from the three stages were de novo assembled to generated unigene. Annotation of unigenes and transcriptomic comparison of three stages was performed. RESULTS Totals of 73.15, 62.23, and 109.57 million clean reads were generated from trophont, tomont, and theront libraries, respectively. After de novo assembly, 49,104 unigenes were obtained, including 9,253 unigenes with significant similarities to proteins from other ciliates. Transcriptomic comparisons revealed that 2,470 genes were differentially expressed among the three stages, including 2,011, 1,404, and 1,797 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in tomont/theront, tomont/trophont, and theront/trophont pairwise comparisons, respectively. Based on the results of hierarchical clustering, all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were located in five major clusters. DEGs in clusters 1 and 2 were more highly expressed in tomonts than in other stages, DEGs in cluster 3 were dominant in the tomont and trophont stages, whereas clusters 4 and 5 included genes upregulated in the theront stage. In addition, Immobilization antigens (I-antigens) and proteases have long been considered major targets for vaccine development and potential drug targets in parasites, respectively. In the present study, nine putative I-antigens transcripts and 161 protease transcripts were found in the transcriptome of C. irritans. CONCLUSION It was concluded that DEGs enriched in tomonts were involved in cell division, to increase the number of theronts and ensure parasite continuity. DEGs enriched in theronts were associated with response to stimuli, whereas genes enriched in trophonts were related to nutrient accumulation and cell growth. In addition, the I-antigen and protease transcripts in our transcriptome could contribute to the development of vaccines or targeted drugs. Together, the results of the present study provide novel insights into the physiological processes of a marine parasitic ciliate.
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Lokanathan Y, Mohd-Adnan A, Kua BC, Nathan S. Cryptocaryon irritans recombinant proteins as potential antigens for sero-surveillance of cryptocaryonosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1069-1083. [PMID: 27086498 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryonosis is a major problem for mariculture, and the absence of suitable sero-surveillance tools for the detection of cryptocaryonosis makes it difficult to screen Cryptocaryon irritans-infected fish, particularly asymptomatic fish. In this study, we proposed a serum-based assay using selected C. irritans proteins to screen infected and asymptomatic fish. Eight highly expressed genes were chosen from an earlier study on C. irritans expressed sequence tags and ciliate glutamine codons were converted to universal glutamine codons. The chemically synthesized C. irritans genes were then expressed in an Escherichia coli expression host under optimized conditions. Five C. irritans proteins were successfully expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. These proteins were used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen sera from experimentally immunized fish and naturally infected fish. Sera from both categories of fish reacted equally well with the expressed C. irritans recombinant proteins as well as with sonicated theronts. This study demonstrated the utility of producing ciliate recombinant proteins in a heterologous expression host. An ELISA was successfully developed to diagnose infected and asymptomatic fish using the recombinant proteins as antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lokanathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A Mohd-Adnan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - B-C Kua
- National Fish Health Research Centre (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Josepriya TA, Chien KH, Lin HY, Huang HN, Wu CJ, Song YL. Immobilization antigen vaccine adjuvanted by parasitic heat shock protein 70C confers high protection in fish against cryptocaryonosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:517-527. [PMID: 25957883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization antigen (iAg) has been demonstrated as a protective immunogen against Cryptocaryon irritans infection. In this study, C-terminal domain of heat shock protein 70 cloned from C. irritans (Hsp70C) was tested for its immuno-stimulatory effects. The iAg and Hsp70C cDNAs were constructed independently in secretory forms and were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. In the first immunization trial, grouper fingerlings orally intubated with iAg and iAg:Hsp70C presented 96% and 100% relative percent survival (RPS), respectively, after a lethal challenge. In the second trial, both iAg and iAg:Hsp70C groups showed 100% RPS and the skin trophont burden was significantly lowered. The iAg:Hsp70C still provides a significantly high protection of 51% RPS at 49 days post immunization, when an even more serious lethal infection occurs. RT-qPCR results showed that Hsp70C could up-regulate the expression of i) T cell markers: Cluster of Differentiation 8 alpha (CD8α) and CD4, ii) cytokine genes: Interferon gamma (IFNγ), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin 12 p40 (IL-12/P40), iii) antibody genes: Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IgMH) and IgTH, and iv) major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I & MHC-II), in the spleen of iAg:Hsp70C group. Furthermore, significantly high levels of iAg-specific IgM was detected in skin mucus which efficiently immobilized live theronts in iAg- and iAg:Hsp70C-immunized fish at 5 weeks post immunization. Hsp70C significantly increased the number of nonspecific CD8(+) skin leucocytes which exerted cytotoxicity against theronts, although cytotoxic activity showed no difference among the various groups. Because of this complementary cooperation of cellular and humoral immune responses, Hsp70C enhances the efficacy of iAg vaccine and constrains C. irritans infection. In view of the severe loss caused by cryptocaryonosis, application of this parasitic vaccine in farmed and ornamental fish, is worthy to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Josepriya
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chien
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ning Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Song
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Yin F, Sun P, Tang B, Dan X, Li A. Immunological, ionic and biochemical responses in blood serum of the marine fish Trachinotus ovatus to poly-infection by Cryptocaryon irritans. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mai YZ, Li YW, Li RJ, Li W, Huang XZ, Mo ZQ, Li AX. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the marine fish parasitic ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:1-11. [PMID: 25997646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptocaryoniasis is a severe disease of farmed marine fish caused by the parasitic ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans. This disease can lead to considerable economic loss, but studies on proteins linked to disease development and antigenic proteins for vaccine development have been relatively scarce to date. In this study, 53 protein spots with differential abundance, representing 12 proteins, were identified based on a pair-wise comparison among theronts, trophonts, and tomonts. Meanwhile, 33 protein spots that elicited serological responses in rabbits were identified, representing 9 proteins. In addition, 27 common antigenic protein spots reacted with grouper anti-sera, representing 10 proteins. Most of the identified proteins were involved in cytoskeletal and metabolic pathways. Among these proteins, actin and α-tubulin appeared in all three developmental stages with differences in molecular weights and isoelectric points; 4 proteins (vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit α, mcm2-3-5 family protein, 26S proteasome subunit P45 family protein and dnaK protein) were highly expressed only in theronts; while protein kinase domain containing protein and heat shock protein 70 showed high levels of expression only in trophonts and tomonts, respectively. Moreover, actin was co-detected with 3 rabbit anti-sera while β-tubulin, V-type ATPase α subunit family protein, heat shock protein 70, mitochondrial-type hsp70, and dnaK proteins showed immunoreactivity with corresponding rabbit anti-sera in theronts, trophonts, and tomonts. Furthermore, β-tubulin, the metabolic-related protein enolase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, malate dehydrogenase, as well as polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, glutamine synthetase, protein kinase domain containing protein, TNFR/NGFR cysteine-rich region family protein, and vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit α, were commonly detected by grouper anti-sera. Therefore, these findings could contribute to an understanding of the differences in gene expression and phenotypes among the different stages of parasitic infection, and might be considered as a source of candidate proteins for disease diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia-Zi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
SUMMARYAquaculture, including both freshwater and marine production, has on a world scale exhibited one of the highest growth rates within animal protein production during recent decades and is expected to expand further at the same rate within the next 10 years. Control of diseases is one of the most prominent challenges if this production goal is to be reached. Apart from viral, bacterial, fungal and metazoan infections it has been documented that protozoan parasites affect health and welfare and thereby production of fish in marine aquaculture. Representatives within the main protozoan groups such as amoebae, dinoflagellates, kinetoplastid flagellates, diplomonadid flagellates, apicomplexans, microsporidians and ciliates have been shown to cause severe morbidity and mortality among farmed fish. Well studied examples are Neoparamoeba perurans, Amyloodinium ocellatum, Spironucleus salmonicida, Ichthyobodo necator, Cryptobia salmositica, Loma salmonae, Cryptocaryon irritans, Miamiensis avidus and Trichodina jadranica. The present report provides details on the parasites’ biology and impact on productivity and evaluates tools for diagnosis, control and management. Special emphasis is placed on antiprotozoan immune responses in fish and a strategy for development of vaccines is presented.
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Huang X, Sun Z, Guo G, Zheng C, Xu Y, Yuan L, Liu C. Cloning and characterization of a surface antigen CiSA-32.6 from Cryptocaryon irritans. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Codon changed immobilization antigen (iAg), a potent DNA vaccine in fish against Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:893-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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